Abstract
Agathidinae is a large subfamily of braconid wasps that are koinobiont endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae. Although the group is relatively well studied in the northern hemisphere, the Australian fauna is poorly known, with only 36 species recorded from the continent. This study presents a synopsis of the genera and species that occur in Australia, including a key to genera, information on their distribution and apparent species richness, and a list of species according to the latest generic concepts. Ten genera occur in Australia: Amputostypos Sharkey, Baeognatha Kokujev, Biroia Szépligeti, Braunsia Kriechbaumer, Coccygidium Saussure, Cremnops Foerster, Disophrys Foerster, Euagathis Szépligeti, Lytopylus Foerster and Therophilus Wesmael, with Lytopylus known only from a single introduced species. Baeognatha stat. rev. is taken out of synonymy with Therophilus and two genera are synonymised: Platyagathis Turner with Disophrys (syn. nov.) and Camptothlipsis with Baeognatha (syn. nov.). The genera Agathis Latreille and Bassus Fabricius are excluded from the Australian fauna, as the species described under these genera are here transferred to Therophilus, and no other species of either genus have been discovered from the continent. Further, the genera Baeognatha and Coccygidium are recorded from Australia for the first time, although not represented by any described species. The following new combinations are proposed: Amputostypos dilutum (Turner), comb. nov. (from Hypsostypos), A. exornatum (Turner), comb. nov. (from Hypsostypos), Disophrys leaena (Turner), comb. nov. (from Platyagathis), Lytopylus rufipes (Nees von Esenbeck) comb. nov. (from Bassus), Therophilus antipodus (Ashmead) comb. nov. (from Orgiloneura), T. festinatus (Turner), comb. nov. (from Bassus), T. latibalteatus (Cameron) comb. nov. (from Agathis), T. leucogaster (Holmgren) comb. nov. (from Agathis), T. malignus (Turner). comb. nov. (from Bassus), T. martialis (Turner) comb. nov. (from Agathis), T. meridionalis (Turner comb. nov. (from Bassus), T. minimus (Turner) comb. nov. (from Bassus), T. minor (Szépligeti) comb. nov. (from Bassus), T. pedunculatus (Szépligeti) comb. nov. (from Bassus), T. ruficeps (Szépligeti). comb. nov. (from Bassus), T. rufithorax (Turner) comb. nov. (from Agathis), T. rufobrunneus (Turner) comb. nov. (from Agathis), T. rugosus (Turner) comb. nov. (from Bassus), T. tricolor (Szépligeti) comb nov. (from Bassus), and T. xanthopsis (Turner) comb. nov. (from Agathis). In addition, Bassus tenuissimus (Turner) is synonomised with T. ruficeps (Szépligeti) syn. nov., and Agathis dimidiata (Brullé) is designated a nomen dubium.References
Achterberg, C. van (1982) Notes on some type-species described by Fabricius of the subfamilies Braconinae, Rogadinae, Microgastrinae and Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Entomologische Berichten, 42, 133–139.
Achterberg, C. van (1988) Three new genera of the subfamily Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 62, 43–58.
Achterberg, C. van (2004) Revision of the Euagathis species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae) from Wallacea and Papua. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 78, 1–76.
Achterberg, C. van & Chen, X. (2002) Revision of the Euagathis species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae) from China and the northern Vietnam. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 76, 309–346.
Achterberg, C. van & Chen, X. (2004) Six new genera of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from China. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 78, 77–100.
Ashmead, W.H. (1900) Notes on some New Zealand and Australian parasitic Hymenoptera, with descriptions of new genera and new species. Proceedings of the Linneaen Society of New South Wales, 25, 327–360.
Austin, A.D., White, T.C.R., Maelzer, D.A. & Taylor, D.G. (1993) Biology of Etiella behrii Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): a pest of seed lucerne in South Australia. Transactions Royal Society of South Australia, 117, 67–76.
Baltazar, C.R. (1961) New generic synonyms in parasitic Hymenoptera. Philippines Journal of Science, 90, 391–395.
Baltazar, C.R. (1963) New combinations in some Indo-Australian Agathidinae and description of a new genus. Acta Hymenoptera, 2, 1–4.
Belokobylskij, S.A., Iqbal, M. & Austin, A.D. (2004) Systematics, distribution and diversity of the Australasian doryctine wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Doryctinae). Records of the South Australian Museum Monograph Series, 8, 1–175.
Bhat, S. & Gupta, V.K. (1977) Ichneumonologia Orientalis Part VI. The subfamily Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Oriental Insects Monograph No. 6, 1–344.
Bradley, J.D. (1956) New genus for Tortrix postvittana (Walker) and certain other Australian and New Zealand species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 47, 101–105.
Briceno, G.R.A. (2003) Taxonomic revision of the genus Sesioctonus Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 12, 238–271.
Brues, C.T. (1926) Studies on Ethiopian Braconidae with a catalogue of the African species. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 61, 206–436.
Brullé, G.A. (1846) Hyménoptères. In: Fargeau, A.L.M.L.d.S. (Ed.) Suites a Buffon: Histoire Naturelle des Insects, Hyménopteres. Roret, Paris, 689 pp.
Cameron, P. (1902) On the Hymenoptera collected by Mr. Robert Shelford in Sarawak, and on the Hymenoptera of the Sarawak Museum. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 37, 29–131.
Cameron, P. (1903) Descriptions of new genera and species of Hymenoptera taken by Mr. Robert Shelford at Sarawak, Borneo. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 39, 89–181.
Cameron, P. (1904) Descriptions of a new genus and some new species of east Indian Hymenoptera. Entomologist, 37, 306–310.
Cameron, P. (1906) Descriptions of two new species of Braconidae from Australia. Entomologist, 39, 26.
Cameron, P. (1911) Hymenoptera (except Anthophila and Formicidae). Nova Guinea, 9, 185–248.
Chou, L.Y. & Sharkey, M.J. (1989) The Braconidae (Hymenoptera) of Taiwan 1. Agathidinae. Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 42, 147–223.
Curtis, J. (1825) British Entomology; being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol. 2. J. Curtis, London, 98 pp.
Dalla Torre, C.G. (1898) Catalogus Hymenopterorum. 4 Braconidae. Leipzig G. Engelman, 1–323.
Danthanarayana, W. (1983) Population ecology of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The Journal of Animal Ecology, 52, 1–33.
Dondale, C.D. (1954) Biology of Agathis laticinctus (Cress.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) a parasite of the eye-spotted bud moth in Nova Scotia. The Canadian Entomologist, 86, 40–44.
Enderlein, G. (1904) Die Braconiden-Gattung Braunsia Kriechb. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, 20, 429–452.
Enderlein, G. (1908) Biologisch-faunistische Moor und Dünnen-Studien. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis biosynocisher Regionen in Westpreussen. Berliner westpreussischem botanisch und zoologisch Vereins 30, 54-238.
Enderlein, G. (1920) Zur Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Braconiden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 84A, 51–224.
Fabricius, J.C. (1798) Supplementum entomologiae systematicae. Hafniae, 1–572.
Fabricius, J.C. (1804) Systema Piezatorum: secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Carolum Reichard, Brunsvigae, 439+32 pp.
Flanders, S.E. (1973) Particularities of diverse egg deposition phenomena characterizing carnivoroid Hymenoptera (with morphological and physiological correlations). The Canadian Entomologist, 105, 1175–1187.
Foerster, A. (1862) Synopsis der Familien und Gattungen der Braconiden. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, 19, 225–288.
Geier, P. W., & D. T. Briese. 1980. The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker): a native leafroller fostered by European settlement. pp. 131–155 In: Kitching, R.L. & Jones, R.E.. (Eds). The Ecology of Pests. CSIRO, Melbourne.
Godfray, H.C.J. (1994) Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 473 pp.
Haliday, A.H. (1833) Essay on the classification of parasitic Hymenoptera. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 1, 480–491.
Haliday, A.H. (1840) Braconides. In: Westwood, J.O. (Ed.) An Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects. Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, pp. 61–65.
Heatwole, H. (1987) Major components and distributions of the terrestrial fauna. In: Dyne, G.R. & Walton, D.W. (Eds) Fauna of Australia. Volume 1A. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 271–305 pp.
Holmgren, A.E. (1868) Hymenoptera. Species novas descripsit. Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resa omkring jorden. Zoologi, 6, 391–442.
Iqbal, M., Austin, A.D. & Belokobylskij, S.A. (2006) Systematics of the Australasian endemic wasp genus Syngaster Brullé (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae). Journal of Natural History, 40, 819–853.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (1989) Opinion 1531. Disophrys Foerster, 1862 (Insecta, Hymenoptera): Agathis caesa Klug, 1835 designated as the type species. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 46, 76.
Kokujev, N.R. (1902) Matériaux pour la faune hyménoptèrologique de la Russie. Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye [Entomological Review.], 2, 4–12.
Kokujev, N.R. (1903) New Transcaspian species of the subfamily Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Trudy Russkago Entomologicheskago Obshchestva. [Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae], 36, 240–247.
Kriechbaumer, J. (1894) Hymenoptera Ichneumonidea a medico nautico Dr. Joh. Brauns in itinere ad oras Africae occidentalis lecta. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 39, 43–68.
Latreille, P.A. (1805 (1802–1804)) Histoire naturelle, genérale et particuliere, des Crustacés et des Insectes. Tome treizième. Paris, 432 pp.
Leathers, J.W. & Sharkey, M.J. (2003) Taxonomy and life history of Costa Rican Alabagrus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with a key to world species. Contributions in Science (Los Angeles), 497, 1–78.
Linnaeus, C.v. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurnetii Salvii, Holmiae. 824 pp.
Marsh, P.M. (1979) Braconidae. Aphidiidae. Hybrizontidae. In: Krombein, K.V., H.J.P.D., Smith, D.R. & Burks, B.D. (Eds) Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 144–313.
Muesebeck, C.F.W. (1927) A revision of the parasitic wasps of the subfamily Braconinae occurring in America north of Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 69, 1–73.
Muesebeck, C.F.W. (1933) Five new hymenopterous parasites of the Oriental fruit moth. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 35, 48–54.
Muesebeck, C.F.W. & Walkley, L.M. (1951) Family Braconidae. In: Muesebeck, C.F.W., Krombein, K.V. & Townes, H.K. (Eds) Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico – Synoptic Catalog. U.S. Dept. Agriculture Monograph No. 2, pp. 90–184.
Naumann, I.D. (Ed.) (1991) The Insects of Australia: A Textbook for Students and Research Workers. 2nd Edition Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1000 pp.
Nees von Esenbeck, C.G. (1812) Ichneumonides Adsciti, in Genera et Familias Divisi. Magazin Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 6, 183–221.
Nees von Esenbeck, C.G. (1834) Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affinium monographiae, genera Europaea et species illustrantes. Stuttgartiae et Tubingae, 1, 1–320.
Nixon, G.E.J. (1986) A revision of the European Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of the British Museum, 52, 183–242.
Odebiyi, F.W. & Oatman, E.R. (1972) Biology of Agathis gibbosa (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a primary parasite of the potato tuberworm. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65, 1104–1114.
Odebiyi, F.W. & Oatman, E.R. (1977) Biology of Agathis unicolor (Schrottky) and Agathis gibbosa (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), primary parasites of the potato tuberworm. Hilgardia, 45, 123–151.
Panzer, G.W.F. (1809) Faunae Insectorum Germanicae. 102, 107.
Papp, J. (1971) Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungen von Dr. Z. Kaszab in der Mongolei. 215. Braconidae (Hym.) 3. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 63, 307–363.
Papp, J. (2004) Type specimens of the braconid species by Gy. Szépligeti deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Annales Historico–Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 96, 153–223.
Parrot, A.W. (1953) A systematic catalogue of Australian Braconidae. Pacific Science, 7, 193–202.
Paull, C. & Austin, A.D. (2006) The hymenopteran parasitoids of light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology, 45, 142–156.
Quednau, F.W. (1970) Notes on life–history, fecundity, longevity and attack pattern of Agathis pumila (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasite of the larch casebearer. The Canadian Entomologist, 102, 736–745.
Quicke, D.L.J. (1997) Parasitic Wasps. Chapman and Hall, London, 470 pp.
Quicke, D.L.J., Ingram, S.N., Proctor, J. & Huddleston, T. (1992) Batesian and Mullerian mimicry between species with connected life histories, with a new example involving braconid wasp parasites of Phoracantha beetles. Journal of Natural History, 26, 1013–1034.
Sarmiento, C.E. & Sharkey, M.J. (2004) The first gregarious species of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 13, 295–301.
Sarmiento, C.E. & Sharkey, M.J. (2005) On the status of some species of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) described by J. C. Fabricius and the synonymy of Dichelosus Szépligeti with Coccygidium De Saussure. Zootaxa, 1067, 59–68.
Saussure, H.de (1892) Hymenopteres. In: Grandidier, A. (Ed.) Histoire physique naturelle et politique de Madagascar 20, Paris, pp. 590.
Schulz, W.A. (1911) Zweihundert alte Hymenopteren. Zoologische Annalen Wuerzburg, 4, 1–220.
Sharkey, M.J. (1992) Cladistics and tribal classification of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Natural History, 26, 425–447.
Sharkey, M.J. (1996) The Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Japan. Bulletin of the National Institute of Agro Environmental Sciences, 13, 1–100.
Sharkey, M.J. (1997) Subfamily Agathidinae. In: Wharton, R.A., Marsh, P.M. & Sharkey, M.J. (Eds) Manual of the new world genera of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). The International Society of Hymenopterists, Washington, D.C., pp. 69–74.
Sharkey, M.J., Laurenne, N.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Sharanowski, B. & Murray, D. (2006) Revision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with comparisons of static and dynamic alignments. Cladistics, 22, 546–567.
Sharkey, M.J., Yu, D.S., Noort, S., Seltmann, K. & Penev, L. (2009) Revision of the Oriental genera of Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) with an emphasis on Thailand including interactive keys to genera published in three different formats. ZooKeys, 21, 19–54.
Shaw, M.R. & Huddleston, T. (1991) Classification and Biology of Braconid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Royal Entomological Society of London, London, 126 pp.
Shaw, M.R. & Quicke, D.L.J. (2000) The biology and early stages of Acampsis alternipes (Nees), with comments on the relationships of the Sigalphinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Natural History, 34, 611–628.
Shenefelt, R.D. (1970a) Braconidae 2. Helconinae, Calyptinae, Mimagathidinae, Triaspinae. In: Vecht, J.v.d. & Shenefelt, R.D. (Eds) Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio). Dr W. Junk, Gravenhage, pp. 177–306.
Shenefelt, R.D. (1970b) Braconidae 3. Agathidinae. In: J. van der Vecht & Shenefelt, R.D. (Eds) Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio). Dr W. Junk, Gravenhage, pp. 307–428.
Simbolotti, G. & Achterberg, C. van (1990) Revision of the Euagathis species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Bassinae) from Sulawesi. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 256, 1–86.
Simbolotti, G. & Achterberg, C. van (1992) Revision of the west Palaearctic species of the genus Bassus Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 281, 1–80.
Simbolotti, G. & Achterberg, C. van (1995) Revision of the Euagathis species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Bassinae) from the Sunda Islands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 293 (1994), 1–62.
Simbolotti, G. & Achterberg, C. van (1999) Revision of the West Palaearctic species of the genus Agathis Latreille (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 325, 1–167.
Simmonds, F.J. (1947) The biology of the parasites of Loxostege sticticalis L., in North America– Bracon vulgaris (Cress.) (Braconidae: Agathidinae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 38, 145–155.
Smith, F. (1859) Descriptions of new species of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A.R. Wallace at Celebes. Journal and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology), 5, 57–93.
Strand, E. (1911) Zur Kenntnis papuanischer und australischer Hymenopteren, insbesondere Schlupfwespen. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift, 5, 131–132.
Szépligeti, G.V. (1900) Braconiden aus New-Guinea in der Sammlung des Ungarischen National Museums. Természetrajzi Füzetek, 23, 49–65.
Szépligeti, G.V. (1902) Tropische Cenocoelioniden und Braconiden aus der Sammlung des Ungarischen National–Museums. Természetrajzi Füzetek, 25, 39–84.
Szépligeti, G.V. (1905) Exotische Braconiden aus den aethiopischen, orientalischen und australischen Regionen. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 3, 26–55.
Szépligeti, G.V. (1908) E. Jacobons'sche Hymenopteren aus Semarang (Java). Evaniden, Braconiden und Ichneumoniden. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 209–260.
Szépligeti, G.V. (1915) Braconidae. In: Ergebnisse der zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1910–1911 unter Führung Adolf Friedrichs, Herzogs zu Mecklenburg Vol. 1. Verlag Klinkhart & Biermann, Leipzig, pp. 139–154.
Telenga, N.A. (1955) Braconidae, subfamily Microgasterinae, subfamily Agathinae. [Translated from Russian by Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem. 1964.]. Fauna USSR, Hymenoptera, 5, 1-311.
Thompson, W.R. (1953) A Catalogue of the Parasites and Predators of Insect Pests. Section 2 Host Parasite Catalogue. Part 2 Hosts of the Hymenoptera (Agaonidae to Braconidae). The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Ottawa, pp. 1–189.
Tobias, V.I. (1976) Braconidae of the Caucasus. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR, 110, 1–286.
Turner, R.E. (1918a) Australian Braconidae in the British Museum. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society in London, 1918, 91–114.
Turner, R.E. (1918b) Notes on the Braconidae in the British Museum. III. On new Australian Agathidine. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 221–230.
Varela, L.G., Johnson, W.M. Strand, L. Wilen, C.A. & Pickel, C (2008) Light brown apple moth's arrival in California worries commodity groups. California Agriculture, 62, 57–61.
Viereck, H.L. (1905) Notes and descriptions of Hymenoptera from the western United States, in the collection of the University of Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 19, 264–326.
Viereck, H.L. (1913) Descriptions of ten new genera and twenty-three new species of ichneumon flies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 44, 555–568.
Viereck, H.L. (1914) Type species of the genera of ichneumon flies. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 83, 1–186.
Wakamura, S., Hattori, M., Igita, K., Yasuda, K. & Tridjaka. (1999) Sex pheromone of Etiella behrii, a pod borer of soybean in Indonesia: identification and field attraction. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 91, 413–420.
Watanabe, C. (1934) On some species of Braconidae from Formosa and the Philippines in the Deutsches entomologisches Museum. Insecta Matsumurana, 8, 119–123.
Wesmael, C. (1837) Monographie des Braconides de Belgique (Suite.). Nouveaux Mémoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles–Lettres de Bruxelles, 10, 1–68.
Yu, D.S., Achterberg, C. van & Horstmann, K. (2005) World Ichneumonoidea 2004. Taxonomy, Biology, Morphology and Distribution. CD/DVD. Taxapad, Vancouver, Canada.