Abstract
The adult female of the scale insect Stictococcus vayssierei Richard is described and illustrated. The species feeds on the root system of cassava (Manihot esculenta) (Euphorbiaceae) in Equatorial Africa, affecting tuber formation of the plant. Although damage has been reported only recently, the species has probably remained unnoticed because of its subterranean habit. The distribution and host plants of this species are listed and the segmentation of the adult female of Stictococcus is discussed to help describe the characters in detail when specimens are prepared on microscope slides. Six other species of Stictococcus are described or discussed: S. formicarius Newstead, S. intermedius Newstead, S. pujoli Richard, S. sjostedti Cockerell & Cockerell, S. subterreus Williams, Matile-Ferrero & Miller sp. n., and S. formicarius var. tuberculata Laing which is here raised to specific rank as S. tuberculatus Laing.References
Ambe, J.T., Intonifor, N.N., Awah, E.T. & Yaninek, J.S. (1999) The effect of planting dates on the incidence and population dynamics of the cassava root scale, Stictococcus vayssierei, in Cameroon. International Journal of Pest Management, 45, 125–130.
Bani, G., Marpangou Divassa, S., Nzemba, M.D. & Magema, J.-M. (2003) Présance au Congo-Brazzaville de Stictococcus vayssierei Richard, ravageur du manic, (Manihot esculenta Crantz) (Hem., Sticococcidae). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 108, 529.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1903) Two remarkable new Coccidae. Canadian Entomologist, 35, 64–66.
Cook, L.G. & Gullan, P.J. (2004) The gall-inducing habit has evolved multiple times among the eriococcid scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 83, 441–452.
Cook, L.G., Gullan, P.J. & Trueman, H.E. (2002) A preliminary phylogeny of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) based on nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 25, 43–52.
Dejean, A. & Matile-Ferrero, D. (1996) How a ground-dwelling forest ant species favors the proliferation of an endemic scale insect (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Homoptera: Stictococcidae). Sociobiology, 28, 183–195.
Guesquière, J. (1932) Quelques Coccides congolais Bulletin du Cercle zoologique congolais, 9, 58–61.
Gullan, P.J., Miller, D.R. & Cook, L.G. (2005) Gall-inducing scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). In: Raman A., Schaefer C.W. & Withers P.M. (Eds), Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall-inducing Arthropods, Volume 1. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield (NH), USA, Plymouth, UK., 774 pp.
Herren, H.R. & Neuenschwander, P. (1991) Biological control of cassava pests in Africa. Annual Review of Entomology, 36, 257–283.
Hodgson, C.J. (2001) Preliminary phylogeny of some non-margarodid Coccoidea (Hemiptera) based on adult male characters. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, 33, 129–137.
Koteja, J. (1974) Comparative studies on the labium in the Coccinea (Homoptera). Zesztyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczey w Krakowie, 27, 1–163.
Laing, F. (1932) On a small collection of Coccidae from the Belgian Congo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine, 23, 61–69.
Lutete, D., Tat-Hangy, K. & Tombo, K. (1997) Présence au Zaïre de Stictococcus vayssierei (Homoptera, Stictococcidae), un ravageur du manioc (Manihot esculenta). Journal of African Zoology, 111, 71–73.
Miller, D.R., Gimpel, M.E. & Rung, A. (2005) A Systematic Catalogue of the Cerococcidae, Halimococcidae, Micrococcidae, Ortheziidae, Phenacoleachiidae, Phoenicococcidae & Stictococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World. Intercept Limited, Wimborne, UK., 554 pp.
Miller, D.R., Rung, A., Venable, G.L. & Gill, R.J. (2007) Scale insects. Compact disk produced by Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Animal and Plant Health Service, USDA. Also on line at http://www.sel.barc.usda. gov/ScaleKeys/ScaleInsectsHome/ScaleInsectsOthers.html
Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. (1966) An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publications, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture 1015: i–vi, 1–206.
Neuenschwander, P. & Herren, H.R. (1988) Biological control of the cassava mealybug , Phenacoccus manihoti, by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 318, 319–333.
Newstead, R. (1910) On two new species of African Coccidae. Journal of Economic Biology, 5, 18–22.
Newstead, R. (1913) Notes on scale-insects (Coccidae). Part I. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 4, 67–81.
Newstead, R.. (1917) Observations on scale-insects (Coccidae) – IV. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 8, 1–34.
Ngeve, J.M. (1995) Outbreak of a new tuberous root mealybug (Stictococcus vayssierei) [Homoptera: Stictococcidae] of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Cameroon. In: Akoroda, M.O. & Ekanayake, I.J. (Eds), Proceedings of the 6th Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crop-Africa Branch ISTRC-AB. IITA, Lilongwe, Malawi.
Ngeve, J.M. (2003) The cassava root mealybug (Stictococcus vaysierrei Richard) (Homoptera: Stictococcidae): a threat to cassava production and utilization in Cameroon. International Journal of Pest Management, 49, 327–323.
Pursglove, J.W. (1981) Tropical Crops, Monocotyledons. Longman Group Ltd. Harlow, Essex, U.K., 607 pp.
Pursglove, J.W. (1982) Tropical Crops, Dicotyledons. Longman Group Ltd. Harlow, Essex, U.K., 719 pp.
Richard, C. (1971) Contribution à l’étude morphologique et biologique des Stictococcinae [Hom. Coccoidea]. Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.), 7, 571–609.
Richard, C. (1976) Révision du groupe des Stictococcus et création de taxa nouveaux [Homoptera, Coccoidea]. Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.), 12, 653–669.
Strickland, A.H. (1951a) The entomology of swollen shoot of cacao. I–The insect species involved, with notes on their biology. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 41, 725–748.
Strickland, A.H. (1951b) The entomology of swollen shoot of cacao. II–The bionomics and ecology of the species involved. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 42, 65–103.
Takagi, S. & Hodgson, C.J. (2005) A new dipterocarp-associated coccoid from Borneo (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Insecta Matsumurana (N.S.), 61, 11–41.
Tchuanyo, M., Van Huis, A. & Van Lenteren, J.C. (2000) Distribution, incidence and abundance of the cassava brown root scale insect, Stictococcus vayssierei, in Cameroon. Tropical Science, 40, 20–24.
Tindo, M., Doumtsop, A., Goergen, G. & Hanna, R. (2006) Morphological description and illustration of female developmental stages of Stictococcus vayssierei (Homoptera: Stictococcidae). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 26, 126–133.
Vayssière, P. (1936) Remarques sur la morphologie et la biogéographie des Stictococcinae (Hemipt. Coccidae). In (Anonymous) Livre Jubilaire de M. Eugène-Louis Bouvier. Firmin – Didot et Cie, Paris. 349–356 pp.
Williams, D.J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia, The Natural History Museum, Londonn, U.K. & Southdene SDN. BHD. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 896 pp.
Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. (1992) Mealybugs of Central and South America, Wallingford, CAB International, 635 pp.