Abstract
Recent sampling of seamount and ridge habitats in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone has yielded new cyclostome bryozoan taxa. We describe here one new genus, a new name, Dartevellopora (to replace the generic homonym Dartevellia Borg, 1944) and ten new species, comprising Filicisparsa albobrunnea n. sp. (Oncousoeciidae), Discantenna tumba n. gen., n. sp. (Diastoporidae), Supercytis gracilis n. sp. (family incertae sedis), Filifascigera brevicaudex (Frondiporidae); Plagioecia parva n. sp. (Plagioeciidae), Favosipora bathyalis n. sp. (Densiporidae), and Dartevellopora neozelanica n. sp., D. rugosa n. sp., Disporella minicamera and D. minutissima n. sp. (Lichenoporidae). Seven of the new species occurred in the “Graveyard Seamount Complex” on the north-central Chatham Rise to the east of the South Island. Of these, three species and one new genus are known only from the type locality on “Graveyard” Seamount ― the most intensively fished of the seamounts in the complex by heavy bottom-trawl gear, which has implications for species conservation. Evidence based on discrimination between benthic invertebrate assemblages of hard bottoms on fished and unfished seamounts in the area suggests that small, short-lived taxa like cyclostome bryozoans might not be disadvantaged by bottom-trawling.References
Bassler, R.S. (1935) Bryozoa. Fossilium Catalogus 1, Animalia, 67, 1–229.
Bassler, R.S. (1953) Bryozoa. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, G, 1–253.
Bishop, J.D.D. (1989) Colony form and the exploitation of spatial refuges by encrusting Bryozoa. Biological Reviews, 64, 197–218.
Boardman, R.S., McKinney, F.K. & Taylor, P.D. (1992) Morphology, anatomy, and systematics of the Cinctiporidae, new family (Bryozoa: Stenolaemata). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 70, i–iv, 1–80.
Borg, F. (1944) The stenolaematous Bryozoa. Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901–1903, 3(5), 1–276, 16 pls.
Brian, A. (1939) Copépodes parasites receullis par M.E. Dartevelle à l’embouchure du fleuve Congo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines, 32, 176–198.
Brood, K. (1972) Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from the upper Cretaceous and Danian in Scandinavia. Stockholm Contributions in Geology, 26, 1–464, 78 pls.
Busk, G. (1852) An account of the Polyzoa, and sertularian zoophytes, collected in the voyage of the Rattlesnake, on the coasts of Australia and the Louisiade Archipelago, &c. In: MacGillivray, J. (ed.), Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, commanded by the late Captain Owen Stanley ... 1846–1850; including discoveries and surveys in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago, etc., to which is added the account of Mr E. B. Kennedy's expedition for the exploration of the Cape York Peninsula [including Mr W. Carron's narrative] Volume 1. W. Boone, London. Pp. 343–402, pl. 1.
Busk, G. (1859) A Monograph of the Fossil Polyzoa of the Crag. The Palaeontographical Society, London. 136 p., 22 pls.
Busk, G. (1875) Catalogue of the Cyclostomatous Polyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London. 41 pp., 34 pls.
Canu, F. (1918) Les ovicelles des Bryozoaires cyclostomes. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, sér. 4, 16 [for 1916], 324–335.
Canu, F. & Bassler, R.S. (1920) North American Early Tertiary Bryozoa. Bulletin. U.S. National Museum, 106, i–xx, 1–879, 162 pls.
Canu, F. & Bassler, R.S. (1929) Bryozoa of the Philippine region. United States National Museum Bulleti, 100(9): 1–685, 94 pls.
Clark, M. & O’Driscoll, R. (2003) Deepwater fisheries and aspects of their impact on seamount habitat in New Zealand. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 31, 441–458.
Clark, M.R. & Rowden, A.A. (2009) Effect of deepwater trawling on the macro-invertebrate assemblages of seamounts on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Deep-Sea Research I, 56, 1540–1554.
David, L. & Pouyet, S. (1986) Bryozoaires abyssaux des campagnes Safari (Océan Indien). Annales de l’Institut Océanographique, n.s., 62, 141–191.
Edwards, H.M. (1838) Mémoire sur les Polypes du genre des Tubulipores. Annales des Sciences naturelles, sér. 2, Zoologie, 8, 321–338.
Fabricius, O. (1780). Fauna Groenlandica. J.G. Rothe, Hafniae & Lipsiae. 452 p.
Fleming, J. (1828) A History of British Animals. Bell & Bradfute, Edinburgh. xxiii + 565 p.
Gordon, D.P. & Ballantine, W.J. (1977) Cape Rodney to Okakari Point Marine Reserve: Review of knowledge and bibliography to December 1976. Tane, 22 (Suppl.), 1–146.
Gordon, D.P. & Mawatari, S.F. (1992). Atlas of marine-fouling Bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbours. Miscellaneous Publications, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 107, 1–52.
Gordon, D.P. & Taylor, P.D. (1997) The Cretaceous–Miocene genus Lichenopora (Bryozoa), with a description of a new species from New Zealand. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Geology Series, 53, 71–78.
Gordon, D.P. & Taylor, P.D. (2001) New Zealand Recent Densiporidae and Lichenoporidae (Bryozoa: Cyclostomata). Species Diversity, 6, 243–290.
Gordon, D.P., Taylor, P.D. & Bigey, F.P. (2009) Phylum Bryozoa — moss animals,sea mats, lace corals. In: Gordon, D.P. (ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Bryozoa. Volume 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch. Pp. 271–297.
Gray, J.E. (1843) Additional radiated animals and annelides. In: Dieffenbach, E. (ed.), Travels in New Zealand; with Contributions to the Geography, Geology, Botany, and Natural History of that Country 2. John Murray, London. Pp. 292–295.
Gray, J.E. (1848) List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Centroniae or Radiated Animals. Trustees of the British Museum, London. xiii + 173 p.
Gregory, J.W. (1899) Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in the Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History). The Cretaceous Bryozoa. Volume I. Trustees of the British Museum, London. 457 p., 17 pls.
Hamilton, A. (1898) A list of Recent and fossil Bryozoa collected in various parts of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 30, 192–199.
Harmer, S.F. (1915) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 1. Entoprocta, Ctenostomata and Cyclostomata. Siboga-Expeditie, 28a, i–vi, 1–180, pls 1–12.
Hayward, P.J. (1985) Ctenostome bryozoans. Keys and notes for the identification of the species. Synopses of the British Fauna, n.s., 33, 1–169.
Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. (1985) Cyclostome bryozoans. Keys and notes for the identification of the species. Synopses of the British Fauna, n.s., 34, 1–147.
Hutton, F.W. (1873) Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of New Zealand, with Diagnoses of the Species. Government Printer, Wellington. xx + 116 p., 1 pl. [Polyzoa, pp. xiii, 87–104].
Hutton, F.W. (1877) Corrections and additions to the list of Polyzoa in the Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of New Zealand (1873). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 9, 358–361.
Hutton, F.W. (1880) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. James Hughes, Wellington. xvi + iii + 224 p. [Polyzoa, pp. iii, 179–199].
Hutton, F.W. (1891) Revised list of the marine Bryozoa of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 23, 102–107.
Hutton, F.W. (1904) Index Faunae Novae Zelandiae. Dulau & Co., London. viii + 372 p. [Polyzoa, pp. 293–299].
Jackson, J.B.C. & Winston, J.E. (1981) Modular growth and longevity in bryozoans. In: Larwood, G.P. & Nielsen, C. (eds), Recent and Fossil Bryozoa. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg. Pp. 121–126.
Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. de (1816) Les Polypes. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, II. Verdière, Paris. 568 p.
Lonsdale, W. (1845) Account of twenty-six species of Polyparia obtained from the Eocene Tertiary Formation of North America. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 1, 509–533.
MacGillivray, P.H. (1885) Descriptions of new, or little known, Polyzoa. Part VII. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 21, 92–99, 3 pls.
McKinney, F.K.; Galloway, G.M. & McKinney, M.J. (1996) Colony shapes and sizes: some life-history attributes of encrusting cyclostomate bryozoans (Eocene, North Carolina). In: Gordon, D.P., Smith, A.M. & Grant-Mackie, J.A. (eds), Bryozoans in Space and Time. NIWA, Wellington. Pp. 179–185.
Milne Edwards, H. (1838) Mémoire sur les Crisies, les Hornères et plusieurs autres Polypes. Annales des Sciences naturelles, 9, 193–238.
Morton, J. & Miller, M. (1968) The New Zealand Sea Shore. Collins, Auckland. 638 p.
Moyano, G., H.I. (1991) Bryozoa from deep-sea waters in Chile: Cyclostomata. In: Bigey, F.P. (ed.), Bryozoaires actuels et fossiles : Bryozoa Living and Fossil. Société des Sciences Naturelles de l’Ouest de la France, Mémoire h.s., 1, 281–290.
Orbigny, A.D. d’ (1851–54) Paléontologie française. Description des Mollusques et Rayonnées fossiles. Terrains crétacés 5 Bryozoaires, 1–188 (1851), 185 bis–472 (1852), 473–984 (1853), 985–1192 (1854), pls 600–800 [fide Sherborn (1899)].
Osburn, R.C. (1953) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America. Part 3, Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, Entoprocta, and addenda. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14, 613–841.
Ramalho, L.V., Muricy, G. & Taylor, P.D. (2009). Cyclostomata (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Zootaxa, 2057, 32–52.
Richer de Forges, B.; Koslow, J.A.; Poore, G.C.B. (2000) Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest Pacific. Nature, 405, 944–947.
Rogers, A.D. (1994) The biology of seamounts. Advances in Marine Biology, 30, 305–350.
Rowden, A.A., Clark, M.R. & O’Shea, S. (2004) Benthic biodiversity of seamounts on the Northland Plateau. Marine Biodiversity Biosecurity Report, 5, 1–21.
Rowden, A.A., Clark, M.R., O’Shea, S. & McKnight, D.G. (2003) Benthic biodiversity of seamounts on the southern Kermadec volcanic arc. Marine Biodiversity Biosecurity Report, 3, 1–23.
Rowden, A.A., Clark, M.R. & Wright, I.C. (2005) Physical characterisation and a biologically focused classification of “seamounts” in the New Zealand region. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 39, 1039–1059.
Rowden, A.A., O’Shea, S. & Clark, M.R. (2002) Benthic biodiversity of seamounts on the northwest Chatham Rise. Marine Biodiversity Biosecurity Report, 2, 1–[21].
Ryland, J.S. (1975) Parameters of the lophophore in relation to population structure in a bryozoans community. In: Barnes, H. (ed.), Proceedings of the 9th European Marine Biology Symposium. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen. Pp. 363–393, 1 pl.
Schäfer, P. (1991) Brutkammern der Stenolaemata (Bryozoa): Konstruktionsmorphologie und phylogenetische Bedeutung. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 136, 1–263.
Smitt, F.A. (1867) Kritisk förteckning öfver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 23, 395–533, pls 3–13.
Taylor, P.D. (1991) Observations on symbiotic associations of bryozoans and hermit crabs from the Otago shelf of New Zealand. In: Bigey, F.P. (ed.), Bryozoaires actuels et fossiles : Bryozoa Living and Fossil. Société des Sciences Naturelles de l’ouest de la France, Mémoire h.s., 1, 487–495.
Taylor, P.D. 1994. Evolutionary palaeoecology of symbioses between bryozoans and hermit crabs. Historical Biology, 9, 157–205.
Taylor, P.D. & Gordon, D.P. (1997) Fenestulipora gen. nov., an unusual cyclostome bryozoan from New Zealand and Indonesia. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 11, 689–703.
Taylor, P.D. & Gordon, D.P. (2001) Taxonomy of the cyclostome bryozoans Liripora MacGillivray and some related Australasian taxa. Species Diversity, 6, 87–110.
Taylor, P.D. & Gordon, D.P. (2003) Endemic new cyclostome bryozoans from Spirits Bay, a New Zealand marine-biodiversity ‘hotspot’. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 37, 653–669.
Taylor, P.D. & Grischenko, A.V. (1999) Rodinopora gen. nov. and the taxonomy of fungiform cyclostome bryozoans. Species Diversity, 4, 9–33.
Taylor, P.D. & McKinney, F.K. (2006) Cretaceous Bryozoa from the Campanian and Maastrichtian of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, United States. Scripta Geologica, 132, 1–346.
Taylor, P.D., Schembri, P.J. & Cook, P.L. (1989) Symbiotic associations between hermit crabs and bryozoans from the Otago region, southeastern New Zealand. Journal of Natural History, 23, 1059–1085.
Tenison-Woods, J. (1880) Palaeontology of New Zealand. Part 4. Corals and Bryozoa of the Neozoic period in New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington. xvi, 34 pp. frontis + 3 pls.
Voigt, E. (1994) Zwei neue Bryozoengenera (Filicisparsa sommerae n.g.n.sp. und Craticulacella schneemilchae n.g.n.sp.) aus der Oberkreide von Misburg und Höver bei Hannover und von Lägerdorf (Holstein). Bericht der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Hannover, 136, 7–25.
Waeschenbach, A., Cox, C.C., Littlewood, D.T.J., Porter, J.S. & Taylor, P.D. (2009) First molecular estimate of cyclostome bryozoan phylogeny confirms extensive homoplasy among skeletal characters used in traditional taxonomy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 241–251.
Waters, A.W. (1887) On Tertiary cyclostomatous Bryozoa from New Zealand. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 43, 337–350, pl. 18.
Winston, J.E. (1985) Life history studies of Disporella and Drepanophora in Jamaica. In: Nielsen, C. & Larwood, G.P. (eds), Bryozoa: Ordovician to Recent. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg. P. 350.