Abstract
The American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, is one of the most intensively studied host species. However, most of the records related to the parasites of this anuran are scattered through the literature. The purpose of our study is twofold: 1) to list the helmiths of this host from Pawnee Lake, Lancaster Co., Nebraska, USA, and 2) To compile all published records and those contained by several scientific collections to construct a checklist of helminth parasites associated with the American bullfrog through its range in both native and introduced geographical areas. Twenty-seven specimens of L. catesbeianus were collected and examined for helminth parasites; 20 frogs were infected. Nine species of helminths were collected: 4 digeneans: Haematoloechus coloradensis, H. parviplexus, Gorgoderina attenuata, and Glypthelmins quieta, and 5 nematodes: Rhabdias ranae, Spinitectus gracilis, Cosmocercoides variabilis, Spiroxys sp., and an unidentified ascarid nematode. Pawnee Lake represents a new locality record for S. gracilis. The digenean H. parviplexus had the highest prevalence and mean abundance (33.3% and 3, respectively). As a result of our study, the number of helminth taxa known for this host is 159 (75 digeneans, 4 monogeneans, 10 cestodes, 7 acanthocephalans, and 63 nematodes); these records come from 6 countries (Canada, Cuba, Japan, Korea, United Kingdom, and USA). Although well documented, the helminthological record of this host species could increase after further inventory work in poorly sampled regions.References
Adamson, M.L. (1981a) Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Walton, 1929) n.comb. (Oxyuroidea: Nematoda) from tadpoles in eastern and central Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59, 1344–1350.
Adamson, M.L. (1981b) Development and transmission of Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Walton, 1929) Adamson, 1981 (Pharyngodonidae: Oxyuroidea). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59, 1351–1367.
Adamson, M.L. (1981c) Seasonal changes of Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Walton, 1929) in wild tadpoles. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59, 1377–1386.
Augustine, D.L. & Uribe, C. (1927) Alaria arisaemoides n. sp. a trematode from Vulpes fulva. Parasitology, 19, 236.
Amin, O. (2002) Revision of Neoechinorhynchus Stiles & Hassall, 1905 (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) with keys to 88 species in two subgenera. Systematic Parasitology, 53, 1–18.
Anderson, R.C. (1964) Oxysomatium inglisi n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 42, 255–257.
Anderson R.C. (2000) Nematode parasites of vertebrates: Their development and transmission. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, U.K. 521 pp.
Anderson, M.G. & Anderson, M.A. (1967) The life histories of Proterometra albacauda and Proterometra septimae, spp. n. (Trematoda: Azygiidae) and a redescription of Proterometra catenaria Smith, 1934. Journal of Parasitology, 53, 31–37.
Anderson, R.C. & Bain, O. (1982) Keys to the genera of the Superfamilies Rhabditoidea, Dioctophymatoidea, Trichinelloidea and Muspiceoidea. In: Anderson, R.C., Chabaud, A.G., & Willmott, S. (Eds.) CIH keys of the nematode parasites of vertebrates No.9. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Bucks, England, pp. 1-26.
Andrews, K.D., Lampley, R.L., Gillman, M.A., Corey, D.T., Ballard, S.R., Blasczyk, M.J. & Dyer, W.G. (1992) Helminths of Rana catesbeiana in Southern Illinois with a checklist of helminths in bullfrogs of North America. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 85, 147–172.
Ashton, A.D. & Rabalais, F.C. (1978) Helminth parasites of some anurans of Northwestern Ohio. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 45, 141–142.
Babero, B.B. & Golling, K. (1974) Some helminth parasites of Nevada bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Revista de Biología Tropical, 21, 207–220.
Baer, J.G. (1933) Note sur un noveaux trématode, Clinostomum lophophallum sp. nov. avec quelques considerations génerales sur la famille des Clinostomidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 40, 317–342.
Baird, W. (1858) Descriptions of five new species of Entozoa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 26, 224–225.
Baker, M.R. (1977) Redescription of Oswaldocruzia pipiens Walton, 1929 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from amphibians of eastern North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 55, 104–109.
Baker, M.R. (1978a) Transmission of Cosmocercoides dukae (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) to amphibians. Journal of Parasitology, 64, 765–766.
Baker, M.R. (1978b) Morphology and taxonomy of Rhabdias spp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from reptiles and amphibians of southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 56, 2127–2141.
Baker, M.R. (1980) Reclassification of Oxysomatium inglisi Anderson, 1964 and Aplectana gigantica Olsen, 1938 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) from North American frogs. Systematic Parasitology, 1, 245–253.
Baker, M.R. (1985) Raillietnema longicaudata (Walton, 1929) n.comb. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from North American frogs. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 52, 76–79.
Baker, M.R. (1986a) Falcaustra species (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae) parasitic in turtles and frogs in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 228–237.
Baker, M.R. (1986b) Revision of Hedruris Nitzsch (Nematoda: Habronematoidea) from aquatic vertebrates of North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 1567–1572.
Baker, M.R. (1987) Synopsis of the Nematoda parasitic in amphibians and reptiles. Memorial University of Newfoundland Occasional Papers in Biology, 11, 1–325.
Bartlett, C.M. (1986) The reptilian filarioid genus Foleyella Seurat, 1917 (Onchocercidae: Dirofilariinae) and its relationship to other dirofilariine genera. Systematic Parasitology, 9, 43–56.
Barus, V. (1972) Nematodes parasitizing hosts of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia) from Cuba. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Sponecnosti Zoologicke, 36, 161–168.
Barus, V. (1973) Nematodes parasitizing hosts of the genus Bufo (Amphibia) in Cuba. Folia Parasitologica, 20, 29–39.
Barus, V. & Moravec, F. (1967) Systematic studies of parasitic worms, found in the hosts Lepisoteus tristoechus (Ginglymodi, Lepisosteidae) and Hyla insulsa (Ecaudata: Hylidae) from Cuba. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Sponecnosti Zoologicke, 31, 1–14.
Beaver, P.C. (1929) Studies on the development of Allassostoma parvum Stunkard. Journal of Parasitology, 16, 13–23.
Ben Slimane, B. & Durette-Desset, M-C. (1997) Révision du genre Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) en zone néarctique avec description de cinq nouvelles espèces. Zoosystema, 19, 61–79.
Benach, J.L. (1972) Studies on amphibians filariasis: relationships of Foleyella sp. (Filarioidea: Nematoda) from the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana and Culex territans (Culicidae: Diptera). Dissertation Abstracts International, 32B, 5231.
Benach, J.L. & Crans, W.J. (1973) Larval development and transmission of Foleyella flexicauda Schacher and Crans, 1973 (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in Culex territans (Culicidae: Diptera). Journal of Parasitology, 59, 797–800.
Bennett, H.J. (1938) A partial check list of the trematodes of Louisiana vertebrates. Louisiana Academy of Science, 4, 178–181.
Bensley, R.R. (1897) Two forms of Distomum cygnoides. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie Parasitenkunde und Infections Krankheitem, 21, 326–331.
Bolek, M.G. (1997) Seasonal ocurrence of Cosmocercoides dukae and prey analysis in the blue-spotted salamander, Ambystoma laterale, in southeastern Wisconsin. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 64, 292–295.
Bolek, M.G. & Coggins, J.R. (2003) Helminth community structure of sympatric eastern American toad, Bufo americanus americanus, northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, and blue-spotted salamander, Ambystoma laterale, from southeastern Wisconsin. Journal of Parasitology, 89, 673–680.
Bolek, M.G., & Janovy, J. Jr. (2007) Evolutionary avenues for and constraints on the transmission of frog lung flukes (Haematoloechus spp.) in dragonfly second intermediate hosts. Journal of Parasitology, 93, 593–607.
Bosma. N.J. (1931) Alaria mustelae sp. nov. a trematode requiring four hosts. Science, 74, 521–522.
Bosma, N.J. (1934) The life history of the trematode, Alaria mustelae, Bosma, 1931. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 53, 116–153.
Brandt, B.B. (1936) Parasites of certain North Carolina Salientia. Ecological Monographs, 6, 491–532.
Bray, R.A., Jones, A. & Andersen, K.I. (1994) Order Pseudophyllidea Carus, 1863. In: Khalil, L.F., A. Jones & R.A. Bray (eds.), Keys to the cestode parasites of vertebrates, CAB International, Wallingford, U.K., 205–247.
Britt, H.G. (1947) Chromosomes of digenetic trematodes. American Naturalist, 81, 276–296.
Brooks, D.R. (1974) Cladistics of frog lung flukes in Nebraska. Proceedings of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, 84, 7.
Brooks, D.R. (1975a). Systematic studies on the platyhelminth parasites of Nebraska amphibians. M. Sc. Thesis. University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Brooks, D.R. (1975b) A review of the genus Allassostomoides Stunkard, 1924 (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) with a redescription of A. chelydrae (MacCallum 1919) Yamaguti 1958. Journal of Parasitology, 61, 882–885.
Brooks, D.R. (1976) Parasites of the amphibians of the Great Plains. Part 2. Platyhelminths of amphibians in Nebraska. Bulletin of the Nebraska State Museum, 10, 65–92.
Brooks, D.R. (1977) Evolutionary history of some Plagiorchioid trematodes of anurans. Systematic Zoology, 26, 277–289.
Brooks, D.R. (1979) New records for amphibian and reptile trematodes. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 46, 286–289.
Brooks, D.R. & Ferrao, A.L. (2005) The historical biogeography of co-evolution: emerging infectious diseases are evolutionary accidents waiting to happen. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 1291–1299.
Brooks, D.R., León-Règagnon, V., McLennan, D.A. & Zelmer, D. (2006a). Ecological fitting as a determinant of the community structure of platyhelminth parasites of anurans. Ecology, 87, S76–S85.
Brooks, D.R. & McLennan, D.A. (2003) Parascript: Parasites and the language of evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 448 pp.
Brooks, D.R., McLennan, D.A., León-Règagnon, V. & Hoberg, E. (2006b) Phylogeny, ecological fitting and lung flukes: helping solve the problem of emerging infectious diseases. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 77, 225–233.
Buhler, G.A. (1968) Development of the larval stages of Ophiotaenia gracilis, a cestode parasite of bullfrogs. Journal of Colorado-Wyoming Academy of Science, 6, 59.
Buhler, G.A. (1970) The post-embryonic development of Ophiotaenia gracilis Jones, Cheng and Gillespie, 1958, a cestode parasite of bullfrogs. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 6, 149–151.
Bursey, C.R. & DeWolf, W.F. II. (1998) Helminths of the frogs, Rana catesbeiana, Rana clamitans, and Rana palustris, from Coshocton County, Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science, 98: 28–29.
Bursey, C.R. & Goldberg, S.R. (2001) Falcaustra lowei n. sp. and other helminths from the Tarahumara frog, Rana tarahumarae (Anura: Ranidae), from Sonora, Mexico. Journal of Parasitology, 87, 340–344.
Bursey, C.R. & Goldberg, S.R. (2003) Acanthocephalus saurius n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) and other helminths from the lizard Norops limifrons (Sauria: Polychrotidae) from Costa Rica. Journal of Parasitology, 89, 573–576.
Bursey, C.R. & Goldberg, S.R. (2005) New species of Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda: Molineoidae), new species of Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae), and other helminths in Rana cf. forreri (Anura: Ranidae) from Costa Rica. Journal of Parasitology, 91, 600–6005.
Bursey, C.R. & Goldberg, S.R. (2007) New species of Hedruris (Nematoda: Hedruridae), Anuracanthorhynchus lutzi (Hamann, 1891) n. comb. and other helminths in Lithobates warszewitschii (Anura: Ranidae) from Costa Rica. Caribbean Journal of Science, 43, 1–10.
Bursey, C.R., Goldberg, S.R. & Kraus, F. (2006a) A new species of Cosmocerca (Nematoda, Cosmocercidae) and other helminths from Genyophryne thomsoni (Anura, Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea. Acta Parasitologica, 51, 213–216.
Bursey, C.R., Goldberg, S.R. & Vitt, L.V. (2006b) New species of Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda: Molineoidae) in Ameiva festiva (Squamata: Teiidae) from Nicaragua. Journal of Parasitology, 92, 350–352.
Bush, A.O., Lafferty, K.D., Lotz, J.M. & Shostak, A.W. (1997) Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revised. Journal of Parasitology, 83, 575–583.
Bychowsky, B.E. (1933) Eine neue Gyrodactylus – Art aus den Seen Kareliens. Trudy Borodinsk Biologiya Stantsii Karelii, 6, 51–55.
Bychowsky, B.E. (1937) Ontogenez i filogeneticheskie vzaimootnosheniia ploskikh paraziticheskikh chervei. Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 4, 1353–1383.
Caballero, E. & Bravo-Hollis, M. (1949) Description d’un nouveau genre de Pleurogeninae (Trematoda: Lecithodendriidae) de grenouilles du Mexique Langeronia macrocirra n. g. n. sp. Annales d’Parasitologie Humainee et Comparee, 24,193–199.
Cable, R.M. (1935) Cercaria kentuckiensis n.sp., first representative of the Vivax group known to occur in the United States. Journal of Parasitology, 21, 436.
Cabrera-Guzmán, E., León-Règagnon, V. & García-Prieto, L. (2007) Helminths of the leopard frog Rana cf. forreri (Amphibia: Ranidae) in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. Comparative Parasitology, 74, 96–107.
Cain, G.D. & French, J.A. (1975) Effects of parasitism by the lung fluke, Haematoloechus medioplexus, on lung fatty acis and sterol composition in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. International Journal for Parasitology, 5, 159–164.
Campbell, R.A. (1968) A comparative study of the parasites of certain Salientia from Pocahontas State Park, Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science, 19, 13–20.
Canavan, W.P.N. (1929) Nematode parasites of vertebrates in the Philadelphia Zoological Garden and vicinity. I. Parasitology, 21, 63–102.
Causey, O.R. (1939a) The development of frog filarial larvae, Foleyella ranae in Aedes and Culex mosquitos. American Journal of Hygiene, 29, 131–132.
Causey, O.R. (1939b) Description of three species of frog microfilariae with notes of staining methods. American Journal of Hygiene, 30, 117–121.
Chandler, A.C. (1923) Three new trematodes from Amphiuma means. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 63, 55–58.
Chandler, A.C. & Rausch, R. (1947) Study of strigeids from owls in North Central United States. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 66, 283–292.
Chen, H.T. (1933) A preliminary report on a survey of animal parasites of Canton China rats. Lingnan Scientific Journal, 12, 65–74.
Cheng, T.C. (1973) Parasitología General. Academic Press, Madrid, 965 pp.
Choudhury, A. & Dick, T.A. (1998) Patterns and determinants of helminth communities in the Acipenseridae (Actinopterygii: Chondrostei), with special reference to the lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76, 330–349.
Choudhury, A. & León-Règagnon, V. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of Bunodera spp. (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae), parasites of percid and gasterosteid fishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 83, 1540–1546.
Christensen, B.M. (1981) A taxonomic review of the genus Loxogenoides (Digenea: Lecithodendriidae) with a description of Loxogenoides loborchis sp. n. from Rana catesbeiana Shaw in western Kentucky. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 48, 65–70.
Christian, F.A. (1971) Pseudosonsinotrema catesbianae sp. n. (Trematoda: Pleurogenidae) from the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 38, 37–39.
Clark, R.T. & Longest, W.D. (1969) The distribution and occurrence of frog lung flukes in Lafayette, Pontotoc, and Panola Counties, Mississippi. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences, 15, 63.
Corkum, K.C. (1966) Sparganosis in some vertebrates of Louisiana and observations on a human infection. Journal of Parasitology, 52, 444–448.
Cort, W.W. (1912) North American frog bladder flukes. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 31, 151–166.
Cort, W.W. (1913) Notes on the trematode genus Clinostomum. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 32, 169–182.
Cort, W.W. (1914) Larval trematodes from North American freshwater snails. Preliminary report. Journal of Parasitology, 1, 65–84.
Cort, W.W. (1915) North American frog lung flukes. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 34, 203–240.
Cort, W.W. (1919) A new distome from Rana aurora. University of California Publications in Zoology, 19, 283–289.
Cort, W.W. (1926) Megalodiscus Chandler should sink in favor of Diplodiscus Dies. Journal of Parasitology, 12, 180.
Coy-Otero, A. & Barus, V. (1979) Nematodes parasitizing Cuban reptiles. Acta Scientarum Naturalium Academiae Scientiarum Bohemicae Borneo, 13, 1–43.
Coy-Otero, A. & Martinez, J. (1987) Nuevo hallazgo en Cuba de larvas de Eustrongyloides Jaegerskiöld 1909 (Nematoda: Dyoctophrynidae) en la rana toro (Rana catesbeiana). Miscelanea Zoológica de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, 17, 3.
Coy-Otero, A. & Ventosa, M.L. (1984) Nemátodos parásitos de anfibios cubanos. Poeyana, 269, 1-20.
Crans, W.J. (1969) Preliminary observations of frog filariasis in New Jersey. Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association, 5, 342–347.
Crawshaw, G.J. (1997). Disease in Canadian amphibian populations. Herpetological Conservation, 1, 258–270.
de Chambrier, A., Coquille, S.C. & Brooks, D.R. (2006) Ophiotaenia bonneti sp. n. (Eucestoda: Proteocephalidea), a parasite of Rana vaillanti (Anura: Ranidae) in Costa Rica. Folia Parasitologica, 53, 125–133.
de Chambrier, A., Zehnder, M.P., Vaucher, C. & Mariaux, J. (2004) The evolution of the Proteocephalidea (Platyhelminthes, Eucestoda) based on an enlarged molecular phylogeny, with comments on their uterine development. Systematic Parasitology, 57, 159–171.
Dronen, N.O. (1977) Studies on the population structure of two species of Haematoloechus Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) in raniid frogs in New Mexico. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 44, 68–72.
Durette-Desset, M-C., Alves Dos Anjos, L. & Vrcibradic, D. (2006) Three new species of the genus Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) parasites of Enyalius spp. (Iguanidae) from Brazil. Parasite, 13, 115–125.
Dzikowski, R., Levy, M.G., Poore, M.F., Flowers, J.R. & Paperna, I. (2004) Clinostomum complanatum and Clinostomum marginatum (Rudolphi, 1819) (Digenea: Clinostomidae) are separate species based on differences in ribosomal DNA. Journal of Parasitology, 90, 413–414.
Esch, G.W. & Kocan, R. (1966) Teloporia (Trematoda: Pronocephalidae) from an amphibian. Journal of Parasitology, 52, 497.
Espinoza-Jiménez, A., García-Prieto, L., Osoro-Sarabia, D. & León-Règagnon,V. (2007) Checklist of the helminth parasites of Bufo marinus in Mexico. Journal Parasitology, 93, 937–944.
Esslinger, J.H. (1986) Redescription of Foleyellides striatus (Ochoterena & Caballero, 1932) (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from a Mexican frog, Rana montezumae, with reinstatement of the genus Foleyellides Caballero, 1935. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 53, 218–223.
Fantham, H.B. & Porter, A. (1948) The parasitic fauna of vertebrates in certain Canadian freshwaters with some remarks on their ecology, structure, and importance. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 117, 609–649.
Faust, E.C. (1918) Studies on Illinois cercariae. Journal of Parasitology, 4, 93–110.
Freitas, J.F.T. (1941) Sobre alguns trematódeos de ras. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 1, 122–123.
Freitas, J.F.T. & Lent, H. (1941) Contribuicao ao conhecimento da sub-familia Kathlaniinae Lane, 1914 (Nematoda: Subuluroidea). Arquivos Zoologicos do Estado de Sao Paulo, 3, 13–41.
Freze, V.I. & Rysavy, B. (1976) Cestodes of the suborder Proteocephalata Spassky, 1957 (Cestoda-Pseudophyllidea) from Cuba and description of a new species Ophiotaenia habanensis sp. n. Folia Parasitologica, 23, 97–104.
Fried, B. & Bradford, J.D. (1997) In vitro excystation of metacercarial cyst of Echinostoma trivolvis from Rana species tadpoles. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 35, 75–77.
Frölich, J.A. (1789) Beschreibungen einiger neuer Eingeweidwürmer. Naturforscher Halle, 24, 101–162.
Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., de Sá, R.O., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Wilkinson, M., Channing, A., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D. & Wheeler, W.C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 370 pp.
Führmann, O. (1928) Zweite klasse des cladus Plathelminthes: Trematoda. Handb Zoologischer, 2, 1–140.
Fukui, T. (1929) Studies on Japanese amphistomatous parasites, with revision of the group. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 2, 91–102.
Fukui, T. (1933) Teloporia (Tremat.) = Opisthoporus. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 103, 332–333.
Garner, T.W.J., Perkins, M.W., Govindarajulu, P., Seglie, D., Walker, S., Cunningham, A.A. & Fisher, M.C. (2006) The emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biology Letters, 2, 455–459.
Gastaldi, B. (1854) Cenni sopra alcuni nuovi elminti della Rana esculenta, con nuove osservazione sul Codonocephalus mutabilis Dies., Torino, 14 pp.
Global Invasive Species Database (2005) Lithobates catesbeianus. Available from: http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=19&fr=1&sts=sss [Accessed July 2009].
Goeze, J.A. (1782) Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewürmer thierischer Körper. XI + 471 pp. Blankenburg.
Goldberg, S.R. & Bursey, C.R. (2002a) Helminths of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Ranidae), in California with revisions to the California anuran helminth list. Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences). Journal on line.
Goldberg, S.R. & Bursey, C.R. (2002b) Helminths of 10 Species of Anurans from Honshu Island, Japan. Comparative Parasitology, 69, 162–176.
Goldberg, S.R. & Bursey, C.R. (2007) Helminths of two species of frogs, Lithobates taylori and Lithobates vaillanti (Ranidae), from Costa Rica. Caribbean Journal of Science, 43, 65–72.
Goldberg, S.R. & Bursey, C.R. (2008) Helminths from 10 species of Brachycephalid frogs (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from Costa Rica. Comparative Parasitology, 75, 255–262.
Goldberg, S.R., Bursey, C.R. & Cheam, H. (1998) Helminths of two native frog species (Rana chiricahuensis, Rana yavapaiensis) and one introduced frog species (Rana catesbeiana) (Ranidae) from Arizona. Journal of Parasitology, 84, 175–177.
Goldberg, S.R., Bursey, C.R., McKinnell, R.G. & Tan, I.S. (2001) Helminths of northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens (Ranidae) from North Dakota and South Dakota. Western North American Naturalist, 61, 248–251.
Goldberg S.R., Bursey, C.R. & Walser, C.M. (2000) Intestinal helminths of seven species of agamid lizards from Australia. Comparative Parasitology, 67, 109–114.
Goldberg, S.R., Bursey, C.R. & Wong, C. (2002) Helminths of the western chorus frog from Eastern Alberta, Canada. Northwest Science, 76, 77–79.
Goodchild, C.G. (1945) Additional observations on the life history of Gorgodera amplicava Looss, 1899. Journal of Parasitology, 31, 22–23.
Goodchild, C.G. (1948) Additional observations on the bionomics and life history of Gorgodera amplicava Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Gorgoderidae). Journal of Parasitology, 34, 407–427.
Goodchild, C.G. (1950) Establishment and pathology of gorgoderid infections in anuran kidneys. Journal of Parasitology, 36, 439–446.
Goodchild, C.G. (1954) Survival of gorgoderine trematodes into challenging habitats. Experimental Parasitology, 40, 591–602.
Goodchild, C.G. (1955) Transplantation of gorgoderine trematodes into challenging habitats. Experimental Parasitology, 4, 351– 60.
Guberlet, J.E. (1919) A new bladder fluke from the frog. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the American Society of Zoologists (Abstracts), Anat. Record, 17, 331.
Guberlet, J.E. (1920) A new bladder fluke from the frog. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 39, 142–148.
Hannum, C.A. (1925) A new species of cestode, Ophiotaenia magna n. sp. from the frog. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 44, 148–155.
Harwood, P.D. (1930) A new species of Oxysomatium (Nematoda) with some remarks on the genera Oxysomatium and Aplectana, and observations on the life history. Journal of Parasitology, 17, 61–73.
Harwood, P.D. (1932) The helminths parasitic in the Amphibia and Reptilia of Houston, Texas and vicinity. Proceedings of the US National Museum, 81, 1–71.
Hasegawa, H. (2006) First record of Falcaustra catesbeianae Walton, 1929 (Nematoda, Cosmocercoidea, Kathlaniidae) from the Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in Japan. Biogeography, 8, 1–5.
Hasegawa, H. & Asakawa, M. (2004) Parasitic nematodes recorded from amphibians and reptiles in Japan. Current Herpetology, 23, 27–35.
Hedrick, L.R. (1935) Taxonomy of the nematode genus Spiroxys (Family Spiruridae). Journal of Parasitology, 21, 397–409.
Hoffman, G.L. & Dunbar, C.E. (1963) Studies on Neogogatea kentuckiensis (Cable, 1935) n. comb. (Cyathocotylidae). Journal of Parasitology, 49, 737–744.
Holl, F.J. (1928) Two new nematode parasites. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Science Society, 43, 184–186.
Hollis, P.D. (1972) A survey of parasites of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw, in Central East Texas. Southwestern Naturalist, 17, 198–200.
Hunt, G.W. (1952) The life history of Gorgodera vivata n. sp. (Trematoda: Gorgoderidae). Dissertation Abstract International, 12, 233–234.
Hunter, G.W. III. (1930) Diplodiscus intermedius sp. nov., from Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Journal of Parasitology, 17, 74–79.
Ingles, I.G. (1936) Worm parasites of California amphibia. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 55, 73–92.
Irwin, M.S. (1929) A new lung fluke from Rana clamitans Latreille. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 48, 74–79.
Jacobs, B. & Morrison, E.O. (1966) Ectopic lung fluke. Southwestern Naturalist, 11, 412.
Jewel1, M.E. (1916) Cylindrotaenia americana nov. spec. from the cricket frog. Journal of Parasitology, 2, 181–193.
Jinks, J.L. & Johnston, J.C. Jr. (1971) Trematodes of Rana catesbeiana from three strip-mine lakes in southeast Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences, 73, 519–520.
Johnson, A.D. (1968) Life history of Alaria marcianae (La Rue, 1917) Walton, 1949 (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae). Journal of Parasitology, 54, 324–332.
Johnson, A.D. (1979) Morphology and life history of Alaria mustelae Bosma 1931 (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae) from Minnesota mustelids. Journal of Parasitology, 65, 154–60.
Johnson, P.T.J., Lunde, K.B., Ritchie, E.G. & Launer, A.E. (1999) The effect of trematode infection on amphibian limb development and survivorship. Science, 284, 802-804.
Johnson, P.T.J., Lunde, K.B., Thurman, E.M., Ritchie, E.G., Wray, S.N., Sutherland, D.R., Kapfer, J.M., Frest, T.J., Bowerman, J. & Blaustein, A.R. (2002) Parasite (Riberoia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States. Ecological Monographs, 72, 151–168.
Jones, A.W., Cheng, T.C. & Gillespie, R.F. (1958) Ophiotaenia gracilis n. sp. a proteocephalid cestode from a frog. Journal of Tennessee Academy of Sciences, 33, 84–88.
Jones, A., Bray, R.A. & Gibson, D.I. (2005) Keys to the Trematoda. Vol. 2. CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum, London.
Karmanova, E.M. (1961) The first report of Dioctophyme renale in fish. In. E. USSR. Akademi Nauka, SSSR, 11, 118–121.
Kaw, B.L. (1945) On the present status of the genus Loxogenes. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, 21, 342–343.
Kaw, B.L. (1950) Studies in helminthology: helminth parasites of Kashmir. Part I. Trematoda. Indian Journal of Helminthology, 2, 6 –126.
Kennedy, M.J. (1981) A revision of species of the genus Haematoloechus Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Haematoloechidae) from Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59, 1836–1846.
Kim, K-H., Rim, H-J. & Yoon, I-B. (1992) Trematodes of the genus Haematoloechus (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) from frogs in Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 30, 245–253.
Knight, M.T., Barbay, C.J. & Morrison, E. (1965) Incidence and infection by lung-fluke (Haematoloechus) of the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana, in Jefferson County, Texas. Southwestern Naturalist, 10, 141–142.
Kotcher, E. (1941) Studies on the development of frog filariae. American Journal of Hygiene, 34, 36–65.
Krissinger, W.A. & Mehra, K.N. (1968) Studies on the biology of Proterometra albacauda Anderson and Anderson, 1967, an Azygiid trematode. ASB Bulletin, 15, 43.
Krull, W.H. (1930) The life history of two North American frog lung flukes. Journal of Parasitology, 16, 207–212.
Krull, W.H. (1932) Studies on the life history of Pneumobites longiplexus (Stafford). Zoologische Anzeiger, 99, 231–239.
Krull, W.H. (1933) Loxogenes bicolor, a new pigmented fluke from the frog, Rana clamitans. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 52, 47–50.
Krull, W.H. (1935) Studies on the life history of a frog bladder fluke, Gorgodera amplicava Looss, 1899. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, 20, 697–710.
Krull, W.H. & Price, H.F. (1932) Studies on the life history of Diplodiscus temperatus Stafford from the frog. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 237, 1–37.
Kung, C.C. (1948) On new some species of spirurids from terrestrial vertebrates, with notes on Habronema mansoni, Physaloptera paradoxa, and Hartertia zuluensis. Journal of Helminthology, 22, 141–164.
Kuntz, R.E. & Self, J.T. (1944) An ecological study of the Metazoan parasites of the Salientia of Comanche County, Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Sciences, 24, 35–38.
Kuzmin, Y., Tkach, V.V. & Snyder, S.D. (2003) The nematode genus Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from amphibians and reptiles of the Nearctic. Comparative Parasitology, 70, 101–114.
Lamothe-Argumedo, R. & García-Prieto, L. (1988) Helmintiasis del hombre en México. Tratamiento y Profilaxis. AGT Editores, Mexico City, 139 pp.
La Rue, G.R. (1917) Two new larval trematodes from Thamnophis marciana and Thamnophis eques. Ocassional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 35, 1–12.
Lang, B.Z. (1968) The life cycle of Cephalogonimus americanus Stafford, 1902 (Trematoda: Cephalogonimidae). Journal of Parasitology, 54, 945–949.
Lank, D.R. (1971) Parasites of the bullfrog in Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 81, 359–364.
Lehmann, D.L. (1965) Intestinal parasites of northwestern amphibians. Yearbook of the American Philosophical Society, 1965, 284–285.
Leidy, J. (1851) Contributions to Helminthology. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 249–351.
Leidy, J. (1856) A synopsis of Entozoa and some of the other ecto-congeners observed by the author. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 42–58.
Leigh, W.H. (1937a) The life-cycle of a trematode of frogs. Science, 86, 423.
Leigh, W.H. (1937b) The life-cycle of a trematode of frogs. Journal of Parasitology, 23, 563.
Leigh, W.H. (1946) Experimental studies on the life cycle of Glypthelmins quieta (Stafford, 1900), a trematode of frogs. American Midland Naturalist, 35, 460–483.
Leigh, W.H. & Van Cleave, H. (1945) Metamorphosis of the frog host as a factor in cercarial penetration by Glypthelmins quieta. Journal of Parasitology, 31, 205–209.
Lemke, L.B., Dronen, N., Fox, J.G. & Nambiar, P.R. (2008) Infestation of wild-caught American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) by multiple species of metazoan parasites. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 47, 42–46.
León-Règagnon, V. (2003) Incorporating morphological and molecular data in biodiversity inventories. Parasites of leopard frogs. Journal of Parasitology, 89, S141-S148.
León-Règagnon, V. & Brooks, D.R. (2003) Molecular phylogeny of Haematoloechus Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae), with emphasis on North American species. Journal of Parasitology, 89, 1206–1211.
León-Règagnon, V., Brooks, D.R. & Perez-Ponce de León, G. (1999) Differentiation of Mexican species of Haematoloechus Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchiformes): Molecular and morphological evidence. Journal of Parasitology, 85, 935–946.
León-Règagnon, V., Gillén-Hernández, S. & Arizmendi-Espinoza, M.A. (2005) Intraspecific variation of Haematoloechus floedae Harwood, 1932 (Digenea: Plagiorchidae) from Rana spp. from North and Central America. Journal of Parasitology, 91, 915–921.
León-Règagnon, V. & Paredes-Calderón, L. (2002) Haematoloechus danbrooksi n. sp. (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Rana vaillanti from Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Parasitology, 88, 1215–1221.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentitiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decimal, reformata, I, 823 pp. Holmiae.
Loftin, H. (1960) An annotated checklist of trematodes and cestodes and their vertebrate hosts from northwest Florida. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Science, 23, 302–324.
Looss, A. (1899a) Weitere beitrage zur kenntnis der trematodenfauna Aegyptens, zugleich versuch einernaturlichen gliederung des genus Distomum retzius. Zoologischer Jahrbuecher Systematik, 12, 521–784.
Looss, A. (1899b) Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Trematoden-Fauna Aegyptens. Zoologischer Jahrbuecher Systematik, 12, 605–607.
Looss, A. (1905) Ueber neve und bekkante Trematoden aus Seechildtröten. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abtheilung für Systematik, 16, 411–894.
MacCallum, G.A. (1921) Studies in helminthology Part 1. Trematodes. Zoopathologica, 1, 137–284.
Mace, T.F. & Anderson, R.C. (1975) Development of the giant kidney worm, Dioctophyma renale (Goeze, 1782) (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53, 1552–1568.
Macy, R.W. (1964) A new species of trematode, Pycnoporus remsesi (Lecithodendriidae) from Egypt and notes on P. acetabulatus Looss, 1899. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 31, 292–297.
Manter, H.W. (1938) A collection of trematodes from Florida amphibia. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 57, 26–38.
Martínez, J., Coy, A. & Ventosa, L. (1982) Helmintos de Rana catesbeiana Shaw (Ranidae) en Cuba. Poeyana, 243, 2–10.
Martínez-Salazar, E. (2004) Estudio taxonómico de algunas poblaciones del género Langeronia Caballero y Bravo, 1949 (Trematoda: Lecithodendriidae) en México. M.Sc. Thesis, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 92 pp.
Martínez-Salazar, E.A. (2006) A new rhabdiasid species from Norops megapholidotus (Sauria: Polychrotidae) from Mexico. Journal of Parasitology, 92, 1325–1329.
Mata-López, R., León-Règagnon, V. & Brooks, D.R. (2005) Species of Gorgoderina (Digenea: Gorgoderidae) in Rana vaillanti and Rana cf. forreri (Anura: Ranidae) from Guanacaste, Costa Rica, including a description of a new species. Journal of Parasitology, 91, 403–410.
Mayberry, L.F., Canaris, A.G., Bristol, J.R. & Gardner, S. L. (2000) Bibliography of parasites and vertebrate hosts in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas (1893 - 1984). Electronic publication of the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraka, 100 pp.
McAllister, C.T., Bursey, C.R. & Trauth, S.E. (2008) New host and geographic distribution records for some endoparasites (Myxosporea, Trematoda, Cestoidea, Nematoda) of amphibians and reptiles from Arkansas and Texas, U.S.A. Comparative Parasitology, 75, 241–254.
MacCallum, G.A. (1917) Some new forms of parasitic worms. Zoopathologica, 1, 42–75.
MacCallum, G.A. (1919) Notes on the genus Telorchis and other trematodes. Zoopathologica, 1, 88–89.
McAlpine, D.F. (1996) Acanthocephala parasitic in North American amphibians: a review with new records. Alytes, 14, 115–121.
McAlpine, D.F. (1997a) Systematics and ecology of frog helminths in New Brunswick, Canada. Dissertation Abstracts International Part B: Science and Engineering, 58, 2902.
McAlpine, D.F. (1997b) Helminth communities in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), green frogs (Rana clamitans), and leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) from New Brunswick, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75, 1883–1890.
McAlpine, D.F. (2006) Halipegus occidualis Krull, 1935 and Halipegus eccentricus Thomas, 1939 (Digenea, Hemiuridae): proposed conservation of the specific names. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 63, 12–16.
McAlpine, D.F. & Burt, M.D.B. (1998a) Helminths of Bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, Green Frogs, R. clamitans and Leopard Frogs, R. pipiens, in New Brunswick. Canadian Field- Naturalist, 112, 50–68.
McAlpine, D.F. & Burt, M.D.B. (1998b) Taxonomic status of Halipegus spp. (Digenea: Derogenidae) parasitic in the mouth and Eustachian tubes of North American and Mexican amphibians. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 65, 10–15.
Meggitt, F.J. (1925) On the life history of an amphibian tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium ranarum. Annals Magazine of Natural History, 16, 654–655.
Merritt, S.V. & Pratt, I. (1964) The life history of Neoechinorhynchus rutili and its development in the intermediate host (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae). Journal of Parasitology, 50, 394–400.
Miller, E.L. (1930) Studies on Glypthelmins quieta Stafford. Journal of Parasitology, 16, 237–243.
Miller, G.C., Harkema, R. & Harris, A. (1965a) Life history notes on Strigea elegans Chandler and Rausch, 1947 (Trematoda: Strigeidae). Journal of Parasitology, 51, 22.
Miller, G.C., Harkema, R. & Harris, A. (1965b) Notes on the life history of Strigea elegans Chandler and Rausch, 1947 (Trematoda: Strigeidae). Journal of Parasitology, 51, 894–895.
Miller, G.C., Harkema, R. & Harris, A. (1965c) Life history notes on Strigea elegans Chandler and Rausch, 1947 (Trematoda: Strigeidae). Journal of Elisha Mitchell Science Society, 81, 86–87.
Miyazaki, I. (1991) An illustrated book of helminthic zoonoses. International Medical Foundation of Japan, Fukuoka, Japan, 494 pp.
Modzelewski, E. & Culley, D.D. (1974) Ocurrence of the nematode Eustrongylides wenrichi in laboratory reared Rana catesbeiana. Copeia, 1974, 1000–1001.
Moravec, F. (1998) Nematodes of freshwater fishes of the Neotropical Region. Academia, Praha. 464 pp.
Moravec, F. & Kaiser, H. (1995) Helminth parasites from West Indian frogs, with descriptions of two new species. Caribbean Journal of Science, 31, 252–268.
Morgan, B.B. (1941) Additional notes on North American Physalopterinae (Nematoda). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 8, 63–64.
Morrison, E.O. (1966) Crayfish, posible secondary intermediate host for lung flukes (Haematoloechus) of bullfrogs in Jefferson County, Texas. Yearbook of the American Philosphical Society, 1966, 361-362.
Morrison, E.O. (1967) Rhabdias ranae infections in three species of Oklahoma Anura. Southwestern Naturalist, 12, 335– 336.
Mueller, J.F. (1935) A Diphyllobothrium from cats and dogs in the Syracuse region. Journal of Parasitology, 22, 471–478.
Mueller, J.F. (1974) The biology of Spirometra. Journal of Parasitology, 60, 3–14.
Müller, O.F. (1780) Unterbrochene Bemühungen bei den intestinalwürmern. Schriften Berlinische Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, 1, 202–218.
Muzzall, P.M. (1991) Helminth infracommunities in frogs Rana catesbeiana and Rana clamitans from Turkey Marsh, Michigan. Journal of Parasitology, 77, 366–371.
Muzzall, P.M. (2005) Parasites of amphibians and reptiles from Michigan. A review of the literature 1916–2003. State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Research Report, 2077, 30 pp.
Muzzall, P.M. & Baker, M.R. (1987) First report of Hedruris siredonis (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from North American frogs. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 54, 276–277.
Muzzall, P.M., Gillilland, M.G.III, Summer, C.S. & Mehne, C.J. (2001) Helminth communities of green frogs Rana clamitans Latreille, from Southwestern Michigan. Journal of Parasitology, 87, 962–968.
Myer, D.G. (1960) On the life history of Mesostephanus kentuckiensis (Cable, 1935) n. comb. (Trematoda: Cyathocotylidae). Journal of Parasitology, 46, 819–832.
Myers, B.J. & Kuntz, R.E. (1969) Nematodes of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles taken by U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 expedition to North Borneo (Malaysia). Journal of the Fishery Research Board of Canada, 26, 793–797.
Nagasawa, K. & Egusa, S. (1981) Acanthocephalus lucidis Van Claeve (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from cultured rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 47, 1153–1156.
Najarian, H.H. (1955) Trematodes parasitic in the Salientia in the vicinity of Ann Arbour, Michigan. American Midland Naturalist, 53, 195–197.
Nicol, J.T., Demaree, R. Jr. & Wootton, D.M. (1985) Levinseniella (Monarrhenos) ophidea sp. n. (Trematoda: Microphallidae) from the western garter snake, Thamnophis elegans and the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 52, 180-183.
Nickerson, W.S. (1900) Note on Distomum arcanum (n. sp.) in American frogs. American Naturalist, 34, 811–815.
Nickol, B.B. (1972) Fessisentis, a genus of acanthocephalans parasitic in North American poikilotherms. Journal of Parasitology, 58, 282–289.
O’Grady, R.T. (1987) Phylogenetic systematics and the evolutionary history of some intestinal flatworms parasites (Trematoda: Digenea: Plagiorchioiidea) of anurans. Ph. D. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C., Canada. 210 pp.
Ochi, S. (1930) Über die Entwicklungsgeschichte von Mesocoelium brevicaecum n. sp. Okayama–Igakkai–Zasshi, 42, 388–402.
Odening, K. (1960) Plagiorchiidae III. (Haematoloechinae) und Omphalometrinae. In: Mertens, R. & Hennig, W. (Eds) Das Tierreich. Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten Tierformen, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, Germany, pp. 75.
Odening, K. (1968) Einige Trematoden aus Fröschen und Schildkröten in Vientnam und Kuba. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 181, 289–302.
Odlaug, T.O. (1936) Notes on the development of Gorgodera amplicava in the final host. Journal of Parasitology, 22, 535.
Odlaug, T.O. (1937) Notes on the development of Gorgodera amplicava in the final host. Biological Bulletin, 72, 80–87.
Odlaug, T.O. (1954) Parasites of some Ohio amphibia. Ohio Journal of Science, 54, 126–128.
Osler, C.P. (1931) A new cestode from Rana clamitans Latr. Journal of Parasitology, 17, 183–186.
Otsuru, M. (1977) Angiostrongylus cantonensis. In: Sasa (Ed.), Animals of Medical Importance in the Nasei Islands in Japan. Shinjyuku-shobo, Tokyo, pp. 343–374.
Owen, R. (1836) Anatomical description of two species of Entozoa from the stomach of a tiger (Felis trigris Linn.) one of which forms a new genus of Nematoidea, Gnathostoma. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 4, 123–126.
Paetow, L., Cone, D.K., Huyse, T., McLaughlin, D. & Marcogliese, D. (2009) Morphology and molecular taxonomy of Gyrodactylus jennyae n. sp. (Monogenea) from tadpoles of captive Rana catesbeiana Shaw (Anura), with a review of the species of Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832 parasitising amphibians. Systematic Parasitology, 73, 219–227.
Pande, B.P. (1937) On the morphology and systematic position of a new bladder fluke from an Indian frog. Annals of the Magazine Natural History, 20, 250–256.
Panesar, T.S. & Beaver, P.C. (1979) Morphology of the advanced-stage larva of Eustrongylides wenrichi Canavan 1929, occurring encapsulated in the tissues of Amphiuma in Louisiana. Journal of Parasitology, 65, 96–104.
Paredes-León, R., García-Prieto, L., Guzmán-Cornejo, C., León-Règagnon, V. & Pérez, T.M. (2008) Metazoan parasites of Mexican amphibians and reptiles. Zootaxa, 1904, 1–166.
Parker, M.V. (1941) The trematode parasites from a collection of amphibians and reptiles. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Sciences, 16, 27–45.
Pérez-Ponce de León, G., García-Prieto, L. & Mendoza-Garfias, B. (2007) Trematode parasites (Platyhelminthes) of wildlife vertebrates in Mexico. Zootaxa, 1534, 1–247.
Pérez-Vigueras, I. (1938) Notas sobre algunos nematodes parasitos nuevos de Cuba. Livro Jubilar de Travassos, 501–508.
Pérez-Vigueras, I. (1942) Notas helmintológicas. Revista de la Universidad de la Habana, 40-41-42, 193–213.
Prudhoe, S. & Bray, R. (1982) Plathelminth parasites of the Amphibia. British Museum (Natural History) Oxford University Press, New York, 135 pp.
Pryor, G.S. & Bjorndal, K.A. (2005) Effects of the nematode Gyrinicola batrachiensis on development, gut morphology, and fermentation in bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana): a novel mutualism. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 303, 704–712.
Pryor, G.S. & Greiner, E.C. (2004) Expanded geographical range, new host accounts, and observations of the nematode Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) in tadpoles. Journal of Parasitology, 90, 189–191.
Ralph, P.H. (1938) Cercaria concavocorpa Sizemore becomes Tetrapapillatrema, a new Telorchid-like genus of Plagiorchioidea Dollfus. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 57, 376–382.
Rankin, J.S. (1937) An ecological study of parasites of some North Carolina salamanders. Ecological Monographs, 7, 169–269.
Rankin, J.S. (1938) Studies on the trematode genus Brachycoelium Duj. I. Variation in specific characters with reference to the validity of the described species. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 57, 358 –375.
Rankin, J.S. (1944a) A review of the trematode genus Glypthelmins Stafford, 1905, with an account of the life cycle of G. quieta (Stafford, 1900) Stafford, 1905. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 63, 30–43.
Rankin, J.S. (1944b) A review of the trematode genus Halipegus Looss, 1899, with an account of the life history of H. amhertensis n. sp. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 63, 149–164.
Rankin, J.S. (1945) An ecological study of the helminth parasites of amphibians and reptiles of western Massachusetts and vicinity. Journal of Parasitology, 31, 142–150.
Rao, R. (1977) On a new species of Pleurogenoides Travassos, 1971 (Lecithodendriidae Odhner, 1910) and P. sitapurii, Srivastava, 1934 from frogs in Hyderabad. Rivista di Parassitologia, 38, 23–29.
Rau, M.E., Doyle, J. & Gordon, D. (1978) Les parasites des animaux sauvages du Quebec. 2. Les parasites des grenouilles et des serpents de la region del l’Ile Perrot. Le Naturaliste Canadien, 105, 56–57.
Razo-Mendivil, U., León-Règagnon, V. & Pérez-Ponce de León, G. (2006) Monophyly and systematic position of Glypthelmins (Digenea), based on partial lsrDNA sequences and morphological evidence. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 6, 308–320.
Razo-Mendivil, U.J. & Pérez-Ponce de León, G. (2008) Taxonomic revision of the genus Glypthelmins Stafford, 1905. Zootaxa, 1882, 1–45.
Reiber, R.J. (1941) Nematodes of Amphibia and Reptilia. I. Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee. Journal of Tennessee Academy of Sciences, 16, 92–99.
Reiber, R.J., Byrd, E.E. & Parker, M.V. (1940) Certain new and already known nematodes from Amphibia and Reptilia. Lloydia, 3, 12–144.
Ridgeway, B.T. (1964) Observations on the morphology and life history of Oswaldocruzia sp. in frogs. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 71, 525–531.
Rodriguez-Ortiz, B., Garcia-Prieto, L. & Perez-Ponce de Leon, G. (2004) Checklist of the helminth parasites of vertebrates in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 52, 313–354.
Rosen, R. & Manis, R. (1976) Trematodes of Arkansas amphibians. Journal of Parasitology, 62, 833–834.
Rudolphi, C.A. (1808) Entoozoorum sive vermium intestinalium historia naturalis. I. XXIV + 527 pp. Amstelaedami.
Rudolphi, C.A. (1819) Entozoorum synopsis, cui accedunt mantissa duplex et indices locupletimmimi. Augusti Rücker, Berlin, 811 pp.
Santos-Barrera, G., Hammerson, G., Hedges, B., Joglar, R., Inchaustegui, S., Kuangyang, L., Wenhao, C., Huiqing, G., Haitao, S., Diesmos, A., Iskandar, D., van Dijk, P.P., Matsui, M., Schmidt, B. & Miaud, C. (2006) Lithobates catesbeianus. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 17 April 2009.
Schacher, J.F. & Crans, W.J. (1973) Foleyella flexicauda sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Rana catesbeiana in New Jersey, with a review of the genus and erection of two new subgenera. Journal of Parasitology, 59, 685–691.
Schell, S.C. (1962) Development of the sporocyst generations of Glypthelmins quieta (Stafford, 1900) (Trematoda: Plagiorchioidea), a parasite of frogs. Journal of Parasitology, 48, 587–593.
Schell, S.C. (1965) The life history of Haematoloechus breviplexus Stafford, 1902 (Trematoda: Haplometridae McMullen, 1937) with emphasis on the development of the sporocyst. Journal of Parasitology, 51, 587–593.
Schrank, F.P. (1788) Verzeichniss der bisher hinlänglich bekannten Eingeweidewürmer, nebst einer Abhandlung über ihre Anverwandtschafen. München, 116 pp.
Seely, L.B. (1900) Two Distomes. Biological Bulletin, 10, 249–254.
Seno, H. (1907) Distomes of Japan. Zoological Magazine of Tokyo, 19, 121–359.
Shields, J.D. (1987) Pathology and mortality of the lung fluke Haematoloechus longiplexus (Trematoda) in Rana catesbeiana. Journal of Parasitology, 73, 1005–1013.
Shoop, W.L. (1985) Life cycle of Alaria marcianae in Louisiana. Dissertation Abstracts International B, (Sciences and Engineering), 46, 1087–1088.
Skrjabin, K.I. (1947) Trematodes of Animal and Man. Osnovy Trematodolgii, Moskow, 515 pp.
Slagle, W.G. (1966) A survey of the helminths parasitic in Rana catesbeiana Shaw and Rana pipiens Schreber from Brazos County, Texas, and vicinity. M.Sc. Thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 45 pp.
Slom, T.J., Cortese, M.M., Gerber, S.I., Jones, R.C., Holtz, T.H. & Lopez, A.S. (2002) An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the Caribbean. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 668–675.
Smith, R.J. (1953) The life history of Megalodiscus ferrissianus n. sp. (Trematoda: Paramphistomatidae). Dissertation Ph.D. The University of Michigan.
Smythe, A.B. & Font, F.F. (2001) Phylogenetic analysis of Alloglossidium (Digenea: Macroderoididae) and related genera: life-cycle evolution and taxonomic revision. Journal of Parasitology, 87, 386–391.
Snyder, S.D. & Janovy, J. Jr. (1994) Second intermediate host-specificity of Haematoloechus complexus and Haematoloechus medioplexus (Digenea: Haematoloechidae). Journal of Parasitology, 80, 1052–1055.
Snyder, S.D. & Tkach, V.V. (2001) Phylogenetic and biogeographical relationships among some holartic frog lung flukes (Digenea: Haematoloechidae). Journal of Parasitology, 87, 1433–1440.
Sprent, J.F.A. (1977) Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Dujardinascaris. Journal of Helminthology, 51, 253–287.
Stafford, J. (1900) Some undescribed Trematodes. Zoologischer Jahrbucher Systematic, 13, 399–414.
Stafford, J. (1902a) Cephalogonimus americanus (new species). Zentralblatt Bakteriologie, 32, 719–725.
Stafford, J. (1902b) On the representation of Distomum variegatum. Zoologische Jahrbuecher Abteilung fuer Systematik Oekologie und Geographie der Tiere, 16, 895–912.
Stafford, J. (1903) The American representatives of Distomum cygnoides. Zoologiche Jahrbucher, 17, 411–424.
Stafford, J. (1905) Trematodes from Canadian vertebrates. Zoologische Anzeiger, 28, 681–694.
Steiner, G. (1924) Some nemas from the alimentary tract of the Carolina tree frog (Hyla carolinensis Pennant). Journal of Parasitology, 11, 1–32.
Stunkard, H.W. (1916) On the anatomy and relationships of some North American trematodes. Journal of Parasitology, 3, 21–27.
Stunkard, H.W. (1924) On some trematodes from Florida turtles. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 43, 97–117.
Stunkard, H.W. (1973) Observations on Tubulovesicula pinguis (Linton, 1910) Manter, 1947 and on the systematics of the hemiurid trematodes. Biological Bulletin, 145, 607–626.
Stunkard, H.W. & Dunihue, F.W. (1933a) Gyrodactylus as parasite of the tadpoles of Rana catesbeiana. Anatomical Record, 57, 98–99.
Stunkard, H.W. & Dunihue, F.W. (1933b) Gyrodactylus as a parasite of the tadpoles of Rana catesbeiana. Journal of Parasitology, 20, 137.
Sullivan, J.J. (1972) The status of the “glypthelminth” trematodes with an account of the life-cycle of Hylotrema pennsylvaniensis (Cheng, 1961) n. gen., n. comb. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Georgia, USA 158 pp.
Sullivan, J.J. (1976) The trematode genus Glypthelmins Stafford, 1905 (Plagiorcho