Abstract
Patterns of interspecific and intraspecific variation were investigated on samples of postembryos, juveniles, and adults of the two species of the osteoglossid genus Osteoglossum (O. bicirrhosum and O. ferreirai). Twenty-two morphometric characters were analyzed, utilizing principal component analysis (PCA) that discriminate ontogenetic classes and between species. The results showed differences in both categories. Morphometric characters related to dorsal and anal fin lengths proved to be the most important in taxonomic recognition. The comparison of growth trajectories for these characters showed that growth offset for O. bicirrhosum overlaps with growth onset for O. ferreirai, which may be indicative of a peramorphic morphology in the latter species.References
Aitchinson J. (1986) The statistical analysis of compositional data. Chapman and Hall, New York, 416 pp.
Alberch, P., Gould, S.J., Oster, G.F. & Wake, D.B. (1979) Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny. Paleobiology, 5, 296–317.
Aragão, L.P. (1984) Contribuição ao estudo da biologia do aruanã, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Vandelli 1829, do lago Janauaca — Estado do Amazonas — Brasil. II — Desenvolvimento e alimentação larval (Osteichthyes — Osteoglossiformes). Ciências Agronômicas de Fortaleza. 15 (1/2), 7–17.
Aragão, L.P. (1989) Contribuição ao estudo da biologia do aruanã, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Vandelli 1829, do lago Janauaca — Estado do Amazonas — Brasil. III–Reprodução e relações biométricas (Osteichthyes — Osteoglossiformes). Ciências Agronômicas de Fortaleza. 20 (1/2), 59–72.
Cuvier, G. (1829) Le Règne Animal, distribué d’après son organisation, pour servir de base à l’histoire naturelle des animaux et d’introduction à l’anatomie comparée. Edition 2. i–xv + 1–406.
Ferraris, C.J. (2003) Family Osteoglossidae / Family Arapaimatidae. In: Reis, R.E., Kullander, SO. & Ferraris, C.J. (Ed.). Check list of the freshwater fishes of South América. EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, 30–31.
Fink, W.L. (1989) Ontogeny and phylogeny of shape and diet in the SOUTH AMERICAN fishes called piranhas. Geobios Memoir Special, 12, 167–172.
Goulding, M. (1980) The Fishes and The Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History. University of California Press, Los Angeles, 200 pp.
Greenwood, P.H. (1966) The caudal fin skeleton in osteoglossoid fishes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 9 (13), 581–597.
Hall, B.K. (1992) Evolutionary developmental biology. Chapman and Hall, London, 275 pp.
Hilton, E. J. (2003) Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 137 (1), 1–100.
Kanazawa, R. H. (1966) The fishes of the genus Osteoglossum with a description of a new species from the Rio Negro. Ichthyological Aquarium Journal, 37 (4), 161–172.
Kumazawa, Y. & Nishida, M. (2000) Molecular phylogeny of Osteoglossoids: a new model for Gondwanian origin and plate tectonic transportation of the Asian arowana. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17 (12), 1869–1878.
Kunz, Y.W. (2004) Developmental Biology of Teleost Fishes. Fish & Fisheries Series, Springer, The Netherlands. Vol.28, 636 pp.
Mabee, P., Olmstead, K.L., & Cubbage, C.C. (2000) An experimental study of intraspecific variation, developmental timing, and heterochrony in fishes. Evolution, 54 (6), 2091–2106.
McKinney, M.L. (Ed.) (1988) Heterochrony in evolution: a multi-disciplinary approach. Plenum Press, New York, 372 pp.
Peres-Neto, P. & Magnan, P. (2004) The influence of swimming demand on phenotypic plasticity and morphological integration: a comparison of two polymorphic charr species. Oecologia, 140, 36–45.
Rabello-Neto, J.G. (2002) Variabilidade morfológica do aruanã preto, Osteoglossum ferreirai (Kanazawa, 1966) em seis áreas de pesca do médio Rio Negro, Município de Barcelos, AM, Brasil. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biologia de Água Doce e Pesca Interior) - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 45 pp.
Reilly, S.M., Wiley, E.O., & Meinhardt, D.J. (1997) An integrative approach to heterochrony: the distinction between interspecific and intraspecific phenomena. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1997), 60, 119–143.
Reis, R.E., Zelditch, M.L., & Fink, W.L. (1998) Ontogenetic allometry of body shape in the Neotropical catfish Callichthys (Teleostei : Siluriformes). Copeia, 1998 (1), 177–182.
Saint-Paul, U., J. Zuanon, M. Villacorta, M. Garcia, & F. Noemi March (2000) Fish communities in central Amazonian white- and blackwater floodplains. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57 (3), 235–250.
Statsoft Patch Ink. (2001) STATISTICA (data analysis software sistem), version 6. Available from: www.statsoft.com (05/12/2005).
Strauss, R.E. (1985) Evolutionary allometry and variation in body form in the South-American catfish genus Corydoras (Callychthyidae). Systematic Zoology, 34 (4), 381–396.
Strauss, R.E. & Fuiman, L.A. (1985) Quantitative comparisons of body form and allometry in larval and adult Pacific sculpins (Teleostei : Cottidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63, 1582–1589.
Taverne, L. (1979) Ostéologie, phylogénese et systématique des téléostéens fossiles et actuels du superordre des ostéoglossomorphes. Troisième Partie. Académie Royale de Belgique, Mémoires de la Classe des Sciences, XLIII-Fascicule 3, 1–168.
Zelditch, M.L. (Ed.) (2001) Beyond heterochrony - The Evolution of Development. Wiley & Sons, New York, 392 pp.
Zelditch, M.L., Sheets, H.D., & Fink, W.L. (2000) Spatiotemporal reorganization of growth rates in the evolution of ontogeny. Evolution, 54 (4), 1363–1371.