Abstract
A phylogeny for 28 cichlid species that have been included in or near the same clade as Archocentrus centrarchus (type species of the genus) in previous phylogenetic analyses is presented, based on 98 morphological characters (osteology, gutcoiling pattern, pigmentation, squamation, meristics, and others), plus one cytogenetic character. Monophyly is supported for Archocentrus sensu stricto, Cryptoheros, Hypsophrys, Amatitlania, and Rocio; the relationships among these genera are not resolved. The three subgenera of Cryptoheros are also supported; Cr. panamensis is the sister group of the rest of the species in the genus. Within Cryptoheros (Cryptoheros), Cr. chetumalensis is the sister group of the clade Cr. spilurus + Cr. cutteri. Within Amatitlania the pattern is: (Am. coatepeque (Am. nigrofasciata (Am. siquia + Am. kanna))).References
Agassiz, L. (1859) Remarks on new fishes from Lake Nicaragua. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 6, 407–408.
Allgayer, R. (1994) Description d’une espèce nouvelle du genre Archocentrus. Revue Française des Cichlidophiles, 135, 6–24.
Allgayer, R. (2001) Description d'un genre nouveau, Cryptoheros, d'Amérique Centrale et d'une espèce nouvelle du Panama (Pisces: Cichlidae). L’An Cichlidé, 1, 13–20.
Álvarez del Villar, J. (1977) Relación entre la geomorfología mesoamericana y la distribución actual de los peces. In : Ferrusquía-Villafranca, I. (Ed.) Conexiones Terrestres entre Norte y Sudamérica: Simposio Interdisciplinario sobre Paleogeografía Mesoamericana. Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, pp. 182-192.
Archie, J. (1989) Homoplasy excess ratios: new indices for measuring levels of homoplasy in phylogenetic systematics and a critique of the consistency index. Systematic Zoology, 38, 253–269.
Barrientos-Medina, R.C. (2005) Estado Taxonómico de la Mojarra Rayada ‘Cichlasoma’ urophthalmus Günther, 1862 (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Unpubl. M.Sc. Thesis, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, 108 pp.
Burgess, W.E. (2000) The Cichlasoma story. Herichthys, the break-up. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 48, 44–54.
Bussing, W.A. (1974) Two new species of cichlid fishes, Cichlasoma sajica and C. diquis, from southeastern Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 22, 29–49.
Bussing, W.A. (1976) Geographic distribution of the San Juan ichthyofauna of Central America with remarks on its origin and ecology. In: Thorson, T.B. (Ed.), Investigations of the Ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, pp.157–175.
Bussing, W.A. (1989) Cichlasoma loisellei, a new Nandopsis group cichlid fish from Central America. Revista de Biología Tropical, 37, 153–161.
Bussing, W.A. (1998) Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 46, 1–468.
Casciotta, J. & Arratia, G. (1993) Jaws and teeth of American cichlids (Pisces: Labroidei). Journal of Morphology, 217, 1–36.
Cichocki, F.P. (1976) Cladistic History of Cichlid Fishes and Reproductive Strategies of the American Genera Acarichthys, Biotodoma, and Geophagus. Vol. 1. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 356 pp.
Coddington, J.A. (1988) Cladistic tests of adaptational hypotheses. Cladistics, 4, 3-22.
Concheiro Pérez, G.A, Řičan, O., Ortí, G., Bermingham, E., Doadrio, I. & Zardoya, R. (2007) Phylogeny and biogeography of 91 species of heroine cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae) based on sequences of the cytochrome b gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 91–110.
Doyle, J.J. (1992) Gene trees and species trees: Molecular systematics as one-character taxonomy. Systematic Botany, 17, 144–163.
Farias, I.P., Ortí, G. & Meyer, A. (2000) Total evidence: molecules, morphology, and the phylogenetics of cichlid fishes. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 288, 76–92.
Farias, I.P., Ortí, G., Sampaio, I., Schneider, H. & Meyer, A. (1999) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the family Cichlidae: monophyly and fast evolution of the Neotropical assemblage. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 48, 703–711.
Farias, I.P., Ortí, G., Sampaio, I., Schneider, H. & Meyer, A. (2001) The cytochrome b gene as a phylogenetic marker: the limits of resolution for analyzing relationships among cichlid fishes. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 53, 89–103.
Farris, J.S. (1989) The retention index and the rescaled consistency index. Cladistics, 5, 417–419.
Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783–791.
Fowler, H.W. (1932) Notes on the freshwater fishes from Central America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 64, 379–385.
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (Eds.) (2004) FishBase. Available from www.fishbase.org (accessed 15 December 2004)
Gill, T. & Bransford, J.F. (1877) Synopsis of the fishes of Lake Nicaragua. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 29, 175–218.
Günther, A. (1862) Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Vol. IV. British Museum, London, 534 pp.
Günther, A. (1864) Report on a collection of fishes made by Messrs. Dow, Godman and Salvin in Guatemala. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1864, 114–154.
Günther, A. (1867) Memoir on the Fishes of the States of Central America, founded upon specimens collected in the fresh and marine waters of various parts of that country by Messrs. Salvin and Godman and Capt. J.M. Dow. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1866, 600–609.
Hulsey, C.D., García de León, F.J., Sánchez Johnson, Y., Hendrickson, D.A. & Near, T.J. (2004) Temporal diversification of Mesoamerican cichlid fishes across a major biogeographic boundary. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31, 754–764.
Jordan, D.S. & Evermann, B.W. (1898) The fishes of North and Middle America: A descriptive catalogue of the species of fishes and fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. United States National Museum Bulletin, 47, 955–1936.
Kesler, S.E. (1971) Nature of ancestral orogenic zone in Nuclear Central America. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 55, 2116–2129.
Kitching, I.J., Forey, P.L., Humphries, C.J. & Williams, D.M. (1998) Cladistics. The Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis. 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 228 pp.
Kullander, S.O. (1996) Heroina isonycterina, a new genus and species of cichlid fish from Western Amazonia, with comments on cichlasomine systematics. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 7, 149–172.
Kullander, S.O. (1998) A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). In: Malabarba, L.R., Reis, R.E., Vari, R.P., Lucena, Z.M.S. & Lucena, C.A.S. (Eds.), Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 461–498.
Kullander, S.O. (2003) Family Cichlidae (Cichlids). In: R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander & C.J. Ferraris, Jr., Jr. (eds.). Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 605–654.
Kullander, S.O. & Silfvergrip, A. (1991) Review of the South American cichlid genus Mesonauta Günther (Teleostei, Cichlidae), with descriptions of two new species. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 98: 407–448.
Loiselle, P.V. (1997) Diagnosis of two new cichlids from the Río Sixaola drainage, Costa Rica. Buntbarsche Bulletin, 180, 1–8.
Martin, P.A. & Bermingham, E. (1998) Systematics and evolution of lower Central American cichlids inferred from analysis of cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 9, 192–203.
Mayland, H.J. (1995) Cichliden. Landbuch, Hannover, 596 pp.
Meek, S.E. & Hildebrand, S.F. (1913) New species of fishes from Panama. Field Columbian Museum of Natural History Publications, Zoological Series, 166, 77–91.
Meyer, A. (1994) Shortcomings of the cytochrome b gene as a molecular marker. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 278–280.
Miller, R.R. (1957) Biological investigations in the Selva Lacandona, Chiapas. Fishes from Laguna Ocotal. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 116, 238–242.
Miller, R.R. (1993) [Review of] North and Central American Cichlids, by Donald Conkel. Buntbarsche Bulletin, 157, 18–19.
Miller, R.R., Minckley, W.L. & Norris, S.M. (2005) Freshwater Fishes of México. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, & University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 652 pp.
Moore, W.S. (1995) Inferring phylogenies from mtDNA variation: mitochondrial-gene trees versus nuclear-gene trees. Evolution, 49, 718–726.
Oliveira, R.F., Hirschenhauser, K., Carneiro, L.A. & Canario, A.V.M. (2002). Social modulation of androgen levels in male teleost fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, B 132, 203–215.
Pellegrin, J. (1904) Contribution à l’étude anatomique, biologique et taxinomique des poissons de la famille des Cichlidés. Mémoires de la Societé Zoologique de la France, 16, 41–399.
Perdices, A., Bermingham, E., Montilla, A. & Doadrio, I. (2002) Evolutionary history of the genus Rhamdia (Teleostei: Pimelodidae) in Central America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 25, 172–189.
Pimentel, R.A. & Riggins, R. (1987) The nature of cladistic data. Cladistics, 3, 201–209.
Rae, T.C. (1998) The logical basis for the use of continuous characters in phylogenetic systematics. Cladistics, 14, 221–228.
Rasotto, M.B. & Shapiro, D.Y. (1998). Morphology of gonoducts and male genital papilla, in the bluehead wrasse: implications and correlates on the control of gamete release. Journal of Fish Biology, 52, 716-725.
Regan, C.T. (1903) Descriptions de poissons nouveaux faisant partie de la collection du Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 11, 413–418.
Regan, C.T. (1905) A revision of the fishes of the American cichlid genus Cichlosoma and of the allied genera. Annual Magazine of Natural History, 7, 60–77, 225–243, 316–340, 433–445.
Regan, C.T. (1906) Pisces. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana. Vol. 8, 203 pp.
Regan, C.T. (1908) A collection of freshwater fishes made by Mr. C.F. Underwood in Costa Rica. Annual Magazine of Natural History, 8, 84–88.
Regan, C.T. (1909) Descriptions of three new freshwater fishes from South America, presented to the British Museum by Herr J. Paul Arnold. Annual Magazine of Natural History, 3, 234–235.
Roe, K.J., Conkel, D. & Lydeard, C. (1997) Molecular systematics of Middle American cichlid fishes and the evolution of trophic-types in ‘Cichlasoma (Amphilophus)’ and ‘C. (Thorichthys)’. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 7, 366–376.
Salas, E. & J. Boza (1991) Citotaxonomía comparativa de tres especies de Cichlasoma (Pisces: Cichlidae) nativas de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 39, 219–224.
Schmitter-Soto, J.J. (2007) A systematic revision of the genus Archocentrus (Perciformes: Cichlidae), with the description of two new genera and six new species. Zootaxa 1603: 1–76.
Shen S.-C. & Wu K.-Y. (1995) Phylogenetic study of Balistoid fishes based on intestinal coiling pattern. Acta Zoologica Taiwanica, 6, 41–56.
Simon, C. (1983) A new coding procedure for morphometric data with an example from periodical cicada wing veins. In: Felsenstein, J. (Ed.), Numerical Taxonomy. Springer, Berlin, 378–383.
Sparks, J.S. (2003) Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the Malagasy and South Asian cichlids (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30, 599–614.
Stawikowski, R. & Werner, U. (1998) Die Buntbarsche Amerikas. Bd. I. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 540 pp.
Stiassny, M.L.J. (1991) Phylogenetic intrarelationships of the family Cichlidae. In: Keenleyside, M.H.A. (Ed.), Cichlid Fishes — Behavior, Ecology and Evolution. Chapman & Hall, London, 1–31.
Swofford, D.L. (1998) PAUP*, Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4. Sinauer, Sunderland.
Takahashi T. (2003) Systematics of Xenotilapia Boulenger, 1899 (Perciformes, Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika, Africa. Ichthyological Research, 50, 36–47.
Taylor, W.R. & van Dyke, G.C. (1985) Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Cybium, 9, 107–119.
Thompson, K.W. (1979) Cytotaxonomy of 41 species of Neotropical Cichlidae. Copeia, 1979, 679–691.
Vaillant, L. & Pellegrin, J. (1902) Cichlidés nouveaux de l’Amérique centrale. Bulletin du Muséum Nationa d’Histoire Naturelle, 8, 84–88.
Velasco, F.T. (2001) Cutter’s cichlid, not! A review of the literature concerning a colourful and possibly undescribed Archocentrus from northern Honduras. Buntbarsche Bulletin, 2001, 206.
Wiens, J.J. & Hollingsworth, B.D. (2000) War of the Iguanas: conflicting molecular and morphological phylogenies and long-branch attraction in iguanid lizards. Systematic Biology, 49, 143–159.
Yamaoka K. (1982) Morphology and feeding behavior of five species of genus Petrochromis (Teleostei, Cichlidae). Physiology and Ecology, Japan, 19, 57–75.