Abstract
A new toad, Rhinella cerradensis, is described, including its tadpole and the advertisement call. The new species occupies Cerrado habitats in the Brazilian states of Piauí, Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Distrito Federal. The species is characterized by its large size; absence of tibial glands; well developed cranial crests; short hands; sexually dimorphic coloration; and by the absence of a spiracle tube of the tadpole. The new species is included in the Rhinella marina group by the presence of a jagged suture formed by the articulation between the pterygoid medial ramus and the parasphenoid alae, as well as other shared morphological features. Morphological characters and statistical analyses inferred by morphometric feature suggest the existence of two subgroups of species within R. marina group. However, taxonomic rearrangements are not made here and await phylogenetic analysis.References
Altig, R. & McDiarmid, R.W. (1999) Body Plan: Development and Morphology. In: McDiarmid, R.W. & Altig, R. (Eds.), Tadpoles: the Biology of Anuran Larvae. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, pp. 24–51.
Brandão, R.A., Maciel, N.M. & Sebben A. (2007) A new species of Chaunus from Central Brazil (Anura; Bufonidae). Journal of Herpetology, 41, 304–311.
Cei, J.M. (1980) Amphibians of Argentina. Monitore Zoologico Italiano (N.S.), Monografia, 2, 1–609.
Chaparro, J.C., Pramuk, J.B. & Gluesenkamp, A.G. (2007) A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica, 63,203–212.
Cochran, D.M. Frogs of southeastern Brazil. United States National Museum Bulletin, 206, 1–423.
Crocroft, R., Morales, V.R. & McDiarmid, R.W. (2001) Frogs of Tambopata, Peru (CD). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds.
De La Riva, I., Bosch, J. & Marquez, R. (1996) Advertisement calls of two Bolivian toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Bufo). Herpetological Journal, 6, 59–61.
Duellman, W.E & Schulte, R. (1992) Description of a New Species of Bufo from Northern Peru with Comments on Phenetic Groups of South American Toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Copeia, 1992, 162–172.
Eterovick, P.C. & Sazima, I. (1999) Description of the tadpole of Bufo rufus with notes on aggregative behavior. Journal of Herpetology, 33, 711–713.
Fitzinger, L.J.F.J. (1826) Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren natu¨rlichen Verwandtschaften nebst einer Verwandtschafts-Tafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des k.k. zoologisch Museum’s zu Wien. Wien: J.G. Heubner.
Frost, D., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., De Sá, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1–370.
Frost, D.R. (2006) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference, American Museum of Natural History, New York. Available from http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. (accessed 01 September 2006).
Gosner, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes in identification. Herpetologica, 16, 183–190.
Gridi-Papp, M. (2004) Sound Ruler. V0941. http://soundruler.sourceforge.net. (accessed 09 July 2006).
Haddad, C.F.B., Andrade, G.V. & Cardoso, A.J. (1988) Anfíbios anuros no parque nacional da Serra da Canastra, Estado de Minas Gerais. Brasil Florestal, 64, 9–20.
Hanken, J. & Wassersug, R.J. (1981) The visible skeleton. A new double-stain technique reveals the native of the "hard" tissues. Functional Photography, 16, 22–26.
Heyer, W.R., Rand, A.S., Cruz, C.A.G., Peixoto, O.L. & Nelson, C.E. (1990) Frogs of Boracéia. Arquivos de Zoologia, 31, 231–410.
Köhler, J., Reichle, S. & Peters, G. (1997) Advertisement calls of three species of Bufo (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from lowland Bolivia. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie A (Biologie), 562, 1–8.
Kwet, A., Di-Bernardo, M. & Maneyro, R. (2006) First record of Chaunus achavali (Anura, Bufonidae) from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with a key for the identification of the species in the Chaunus marinus group. Iheringia, Série Zoológica, 96, 479–485.
Maneyro, R., Arrieta, D. & De Sá, R.O. (2004) A new toad (Anura: Bufonidae) from Uruguay. Journal of Herpetology, 38, 161–165.
Marcus, L.F. (1990) Traditional Morphometrics. In: Rohlf, F.J. & Bookstein, F. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop. Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, pp.77–120.
Martin, W.F. (1972) Evolution of vocalization in the Genus Bufo. In: Blair, W.F. (Ed.), Evolution in the Genus Bufo. Austin and London, University of Texas Press, pp.279–309.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier,C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853–858.
Pauly, G.B., Hillis, D.M. & Cannatella, D.C. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution, 58, 2517–2535.
Pramuk, J.B. (2006) Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 407–452.
Pramuk, J.B., Robertson, T., Sites Jr., J.W., Noonan, B.P. (2007) Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 1–12.
Ribeiro, J.F. & Walter, B.M.T. (2001) Fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado. In: Sano, S.M. & Almeida, S.P. (Eds.), Cerrado: Ambiente e Flora. Brasília, Embrapa, pp. 87–166.
Rosa, C.N. (1951) Notas sobre o desenvolvimento larval de um sapo (Bufo ictericus L.). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo (Zoologia), 16, 281–287.
Rosa, C.N. (1965) Sistemática e biologia de alguns girinos do estado de São Paulo. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo (Zoologia), 25, 467–487.
Savage, J.M. (1960) Geographic variation in the tadpole of the toad, Bufo marinus. Copeia, 1960, 233–236.
Souza, I.F., Vaz-Silva, W., Silva, H.L.R. & Silva Jr., N.J. (2001) Bufo ictericus –Geographic Distribution, Herpetological Review, 32, 269.
Straneck, R., Olmedo, E.V., Carrizo, G.R. (1993) Catalogo de voces de anfibios argentinos, parte 1, L.O.L.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina, 127pp.
Taylor, W.R., & Van Dyke, G.C. (1985) Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Cybium, 9, 107–119.
Wagler, J. (1828) Auszüge aus seinem Systema Amphibiorum. Isis, von Oken, 21, 740–744.