Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Articles
Published: 2010-08-31
Page range: 1–252
Abstract views: 71
PDF downloaded: 39

Taxonomy and phylogeny of New World Polyplectropus Ulmer, 1905 (Trichoptera: Psychomyioidea: Polycentropodidae) with the description of 39 new species

Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave, 219 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A. Current address: Department of Entomology, MRC 187, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, U.S.A.
Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave, 219 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A.
Trichoptera phylogeny taxonomy Neotropics Nearctric Bayesian methods parsimony classification cladistics morphology Polycentropodidae Polyplectropus new species

Abstract

The taxonomy of the New World species of Polyplectropus (Ulmer, 1905a) is revised to include detailed male and female diagnoses, descriptions, illustrations, distribution records, and keys to males of all species and species groups. A phylogenetic analysis based on 59 morphological characters, 89 of 92 (97%) New World Polyplectropus species, and 2 outgroup taxa was inferred using parsimony and Bayesian methods, which resulted in minor topological differences. Conflicting estimates of relationship among and within most species groups led to a less resolved Bayesian tree (vs. parsimony tree) due to high variation in rates of change among characters and an overall low number of characters. A new classification for New World Polyplectropus is proposed with revised characterization of 10 recognized species groups, 6 newly established. Four species remain unassigned to species group. A key to genera of New World Polycentropodidae, including a redescription of Polyplectropus is provided. The homology of the male genitalia of Polyplectropus is discussed. Ninety-two species are treated. The following 39 new species are described: Polyplectropus adamsae (Peru), P. alatespinus (Brazil), P. amazonicus (Brazil), P. andinensis (Argentina, Bolivia), P. blahniki (Venezuela), P. bolivianus (Bolivia), P. brasilensis (Brazil), P. brborichorum (Ecuador), P. cressae (Venezuela), P. colombianus (Colombia), P. corniculatus (Peru), P. cuzcoensis (Peru), P. ecuadoriensis (Ecuador), P. flintorum (Venezuela), P. gaesum (Brazil), P. guyanae (Guyana, Venezuela), P. hollyae (Brazil), P. hystricosus (Brazil), P. insularis (Panama), P. juliae (Brazil), P. kanukarum (Guyana), P. maculatus (Venezuela), P. manuensis (Peru), P. matatlanticus (Brazil), P. minensium (Brazil), P. novafriburgensis (Brazil), P. peruvianus (Peru), P. petrae (Brazil), P. pratherae (Brazil), P. puyoensis (Ecuador), P. robertsonae (Bolivia), P. rodmani (Brazil), P. rondoniensis (Brazil), P. tragularius (Brazil), P. tripunctatum (Peru), P. venezolanus (Venezuela), P. woldai (Panama), P. zamoranoensis (Honduras), and P. zuliae (Venezuela). Polyplectropus buchwaldi (Ulmer, 1911) is designated as a nomen dubium.Key words: phylogeny, taxonomy, Neotropics, Nearctric, Bayesian methods, parsimony, classification, cladistics, morphology, Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae, Polyplectropus, new speciesThe polycentropodid caddisfly genus Polyplectropus Ulmer contains 219 species found primarily in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, with 125 species recorded from the Oriental biogeographic region, 53 from the Neotropical region (6 species extending their ranges into the Nearctic region), 37 from the

References

  1. Adler, P.H., Currie, D.C. & Wood, D.M. (2004) The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 941 pp.

    Angrisano, E.B. (1994) Contribución al conocimiento de los Trichoptera de Uruguay. I: familias Ecnomidae y Polycentropodidae. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 53, 129–139.

    Banks, N. (1913) Neuropteroid insects from Brazil. Psyche, 20, 83–89.

    Banks, N. (1936) Trichoptera from the Fiji islands. Psyche, 43, 29–36.

    Biovolution (2006) iMap 3.5. Biovolution. Available from: http://biovolution.com/imap/index.html (Accessed 11 August 2009).

    Blahnik, R.J. (1998) A revision of the Neotropical species of the genus Chimarra, subgenus Chimarra (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 59, vi+1–318.

    Blahnik, R.J., Holzenthal, R.W. & Prather, A.L. (2007) The lactic acid method for clearing Trichoptera genitalia. In: Bueno-Soria, J, Barba-Alvarez, R. & Armitage, B. J. (Eds), Proceedings of the XIIth International Symposium on Trichoptera. The Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 9–14.

    Blahnik, R.J., Paprocki, H. & Holzenthal, R.W. (2004) New distribution and species records of Trichoptera from southern and southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 4, 1–6.

    Botosaneanu, L. (1988) Trichoptères de la Martinique. Annales de la Société Entomologique Francaise (N.S.), 24, 215–228.

    Botosaneanu, L. & Alkins-Koo, M. (1993) The caddis flies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Bulletin de l'Institut des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie, 63, 5–45.

    Brauer, F. (1865) Zweiter bericht uber die auf der Weltfahrt der kais. Fregatte Novara gesammelten Neuroptera. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-koniglichen Zoologischen-Botanischen Gesselschaft in Wien, 15, 415–422.

    Bremer, K. (1988) The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution, 42, 795–803.

    Bremer, K. (1994) Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics, 10, 295–304.

    Brown, R.W. (1985) Composition of scientific words, A manual of methods and lexicon of materials for the practice of logotechnics. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 882 pp.

    Bueno-Soria, J. (1990) Estudios en insectos acuáticos VIII. revision para Mexico y Centroamérica del género Polyplectropus Ulmer (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología, 61, 357–404.

    Bryant, H.N. (1995) Why autapomorphies should be removed: a reply to Yeates. Cladistics, 11, 381–384.

    Chamorro-Lacayo, M.L. (2003) Seven new species of Polycentropodidae (Trichoptera) from Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 105, 484–498.

    Chamorro-Lacayo, M.L. (2009) Systematics of the family Polycentropodidae (Insecta: Trichoptera: Psychomyioidea) and taxonomic revision of New World Polyplectropus Ulmer. University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 525 pp.

    Chamorro-Lacayo, M.L. & Holzenthal, R.W. (2004) Seven new species of Polyplectropus Ulmer (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 106, 202–216.

    Colwell, R.K. (2003) Biota 2: the biodiversity database manager. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

    Curtis, J. (1834) Descriptions of some hitherto nondescript British species of mayflies of anglers. The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 3, 212–218.

    Curtis, J. (1835) British Entomology being Illustrations and Descriptions of the Genera of Insects found in Great Britain and Ireland Containing Coloured Figure from Nature of the Most Rare and Beautiful Species, and in Many Instances of the Plants Upon Which They are Found (Vol. XII). Richard Taylor, London.

    Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A. & Zurcher, E.J. (1999 onwards) User’s guide to the DELTA Editor. Available from: http://delta-intkey.com/www/delta-ed.htm (Accessed 11 August 2009).

    Denning, D.G. (1962) New Trichoptera from Mexico. Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 35, 402–408.

    Edwards, S.W. (1973) Texas caddisflies. Texas Journal of Science, 24, 491–516.

    Evenhuis, N.L. (2008) The insect and spider collections of the world website. Available from: http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/ (7 April 2008).

    Falling Rain Genomics (2006) Global Gazetteer version 2.1. Falling Rain Genomics Inc. Available from: http://www.fallingrain.com/world/index.html (Accessed 11 August 2009)

    Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence Limits on Phylogenies: An Approach Using the Bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783–791.

    Fitch, W.M. (1971) Toward Defining the Course of Evolution: Minimum Change for a Specific Tree Topology. Systematic Zoology, 20, 406–416.

    Flint, O.S., Jr. (1964) Notes on some Nearctic Psychomyiidae with special reference to their larvae (Trichoptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 115, 467–481.

    Flint, O.S., Jr. (1966a) Notes on certain Nearctic Trichoptera in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Proceeding of the United States National Museum, 118, 373–389.

    Flint, O.S., Jr. (1966b) Studies of Neotropical caddis flies, III: types of some species described by Ulmer and Brauer. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 120, 1–20, plates 21–22.

    Flint, O.S., Jr. (1967) Studies of Neotropical caddis flies, V: types of the species described by Banks and Hagen. Proceeding of the United States National Museum, 123, 1–37, plate 31.

    Flint, O.S., Jr. (1968) Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica, 9. The Trichoptera (Caddisflies) of the Lesser Antilles. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 125, 1–86.

    Flint, O.S., Jr. (1971) Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XII: Rhyacophilidae, Glossosomatidae, Philopotamidae, and Psychomyiidae from the Amazon Basin (Trichoptera). Amazoniana, 3, 1–67.

    Flint, O.S., Jr. (1972) Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XIV: on a collection from northern Argentina. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 85, 223–248.

    Flint, O.S., Jr. (1974) The Trichoptera of Surinam. Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XV. Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and other Guyanas, 14, 1–151, plates 151–154.

    Flint, O.S., Jr. (1981) Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XXVIII: The Trichoptera of the Río Limón Basin, Venezuela. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 330, 1–61.

    Flint, O.S., Jr. (1983) Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XXXIII: New Species from Austral South America (Trichoptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 377, 1–100.

    Flint, O.S., Jr., Holzenthal, R.W. & Harris, S.C. (1999) Catalog of the Neotropical Caddisflies (Trichoptera). Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, 239 pp.

    Geraci, C.J. & Laughlin, R.C. (2006) Examining Trichoptera Genitalia with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. In: Chamorro-Lacayo, M. L. (Ed), Nectopsyche, Neotropical Trichoptera Newsletter. University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, pp. 1–4.

    Hamilton, S.W. (1986) Systematics and Biogeography of the New World Polycentropus sensu stricto (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). Clemson University, Clemson, 257 pp.

    Hamilton, S.W. & Holzenthal, R.W. (2005) Five new species of Polycentropodidae (Trichoptera) from Ecuador and Venezuela. Zootaxa, 810, 1–14.

    Hamilton, S.W. (1987) Phylogeny of the Polycentropus insularis species-group (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). In: Bournaud, M. & Tachet, H. (Eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Dr. W. Junk, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 145–148.

    Harris, S.C. & Holzenthal, R.W. (1993) Phylogeny of the species groups of Alisotrichia, sensu lato, with the description of a new species from Costa Rica (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). In: Otto, C. (Ed), Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 155–160.

    Hawkins, J.A., Hughes, C.E. & Scotland, R.W. (1997) Primary homology assessment, characters and character states. Cladistics, 13, 275–283.

    Holzenthal, R.W. (1995) The caddisfly genus Nectopsyche: new gemma group species from Costa Rica and the Neotropics (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae). Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 14, 61–83.

    Holzenthal, R.W. (2008) Digital illustration of insects. American Entomologist, 54, 218–221.

    Holzenthal, R.W. & Almeida, G.L.d. (2003) New species of Polycentropodidae (Trichoptera) from southeastern and southern Brazil. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 105, 22–29.

    Holzenthal, R.W. & Andersen, T. (2004) The caddisfly genus Triaenodes in the Neotropics (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae). Zootaxa, 511, 1–80.

    Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics, 17, 754–755.

    Ivanov, V.D. (1990) Structure and function of setose warts of caddisflies [in Russian]. Latvijas Entomologs, 33, 96–110.

    Johanson, K.A. & Ward, J.B. (2009) Description of twenty-one new Polyplectropus species from New Caledonia (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (nouvélle Série) 45, 1, 11–47.

    Kass, R.E. & Raftery, A.E. (1995) Bayes factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90, 773–795.

    Kearney, M. (2002) Fragmentary Taxa, Missing Data, and Ambiguity: Mistaken Assumptions and Conclusions. Systematic Biology, 51, 369–381.

    Kearney, M. & Clark, J.M. (2003) Problems Due to Missing Data in Phylogenetic Analyses Including Fossils: A Critical Review. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 263–274.

    Kitching, I.J., Forey, P.L., Humphries, C.J. & Williams, D.J. (1998) Cladistics (Second edition) The theory and practice of parsimony analysis. Systematic Association Publication 11. Oxford University Press, Oxford, xii+228 pp.

    Klaus, A.V., Kulasekera, V.L. & Schawaroch, V. (2003) Three-dimensional visualization of insect morphology using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Journal of Microscopy, 212, 107–212.

    Konstantinov, A.S. & Lingafelter, S.W. (2002) Revision of the Oriental Species of Aphthona Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomological Society of Washington, 2002, 1–349.

    Lestage, J.A. (1925) Notes Trichopterologiques. VIII. Etude de Groupe Polycentropidien et Catalogue Systématique des Genres et Espèces Décrits depuis 1907 (in Genera Insectorum). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomoliguique Belgique, 65, 93–120.

    Lewis, P.O. (2001) A Likelihood Approach to Estimating Phylogeny from Discrete Morphological Character Data. Systematic Biology, 50, 913–925.

    Li, Y.J. & Morse, J.C. (1997) Polyplectropus species (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from China, with considerations of their phylogeny. Insecta Mundi, 11, 300–310.

    Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P. (1998) A dictionary of ecology, evolution, and systematics. Second edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 361 pp.

    Maddison, W.P., Donoghue, M.J. & Maddison, D.R. (1984) Outgroup Analysis and Parsimony. Systematic Zoology, 33, 83–103.

    Maddison, D.R. & Maddison, W.P. (2000) MacClade 4: Analysis of phylogeny and character evolution. Version 4.0. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

    Maddison, W.P. (1993) Missing Data versus Missing Characters in Phylogenetic Analysis. Systematic Biology, 42, 576–581.

    Malicky, H. (1991) Some unusual caddisflies (Trichoptera) from southeastern Asia (Studies on caddisflies of Thailand, No. 5). In: Tomaszewski, C. (Ed), Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Adam Mickiewicz University Press, Poznan, Poland, pp. 381–384.

    Malicky, H. (1997) Weitere neue Köcherfliegen-Arten (Trichoptera) aus Asien. Linzer Biologische Beitragen, 29, 217–238.

    Marshall, I.K. (2003) A morphological phylogeny for four families of amblyceran lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera: Menoponidae, Boopiidae, Laemobothriidae, Ricinidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 138, 39–82.

    McLachlan, R. (1864) On the Trichopterous Genus Polycentropus, and the Allied Genera. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 1, 25–31.

    Morse, J.C. (2010) Trichoptera World Checklist. Clemson University. Available from: http://entweb.clemson.edu/database/trichopt/index.htm (Accessed 25 April 2010).

    Mosely, M.E. & Kimmins, D.E. (1953) The Trichoptera of Australia and New Zealand. British Museum (Natural History), London, 550 pp.

    Moulton, S.R., II (1996) Neotype designations and synonyms of some Texas caddisflies (Trichoptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69, 272–273.

    Neboiss, A. (1989) The Oecetis reticulata species-group from the South-West Pacific area (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 59, 191–202.

    Nielsen, A. (1957) A comparative study of the genital segments and their appendages in male Trichoptera. Biologiske Skrifter Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 8, 1–159.

    Nielsen, A. (1970) Trichoptera. In: Tuxen, S.L. (Ed), Taxonomist's Glossary of Genitalia in Insects, 2nd Edition, Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp. 104–115.

    Nielsen, A. (1980) A comparative study of the genital segments and the genital chamber in female Trichoptera. Biologiske Skrifter Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 23, 1–200.

    Nixon, K.C. (1999) The Parsimony Ratchet, a new method for rapid parsimony analysis. Cladistic, 15, 407–414.

    Novacek, M.J. (1992) Fossils, Topologies, Missing Data, and Higher Level Phylogeny of Eutherian Mammals. Systematic Biology, 41, 58–73.

    Nylander, J.A.A., Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J. P. & Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. (2004) Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of Combined Data. Systematic Biology, 53, 47–67.

    Oláh, J., & Johanson, K.A. (2010) Generic review of Polycentropodidae with description of 32 new species and 19 new species records from the Oriental, Australian and Afrotropical Biogeographical Regions. Zootaxa, 2435, 1–63.

    Poe, S. & Wiens, J.J. (2000) Character selection and the methodology of morphological phylogenetics. In: Wiens, J.J. (Ed), Phylogenetic analysis of morphological data. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., pp. 20–36.

    Prather, A.L. (2003) Revision of the Neotropical caddisfly genus Phylloicus (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae). Zootaxa, 275, 1–214.

    Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003) MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574.

    Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P. & van der Mark, P. (2007) MrBayes 3.2 Manual. Florida State University. Available from: http://mrbayes.csit.fsu.edu/wiki/index.php/Manual (Accessed August, 11, 2009)

    Ross, H.H. (1941) Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 67, 35–126.

    Ross, H.H. (1944) The caddisflies or Trichoptera of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 23, 1–326.

    Ross, H.H. (1947) Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera, with synoptic notes. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 73, 105–124.

    Roy, D., Décamps, H. & Harper, P.P. (1980) Taxonomy of male and female Plectrocnemia (Trichoptera; Polycentropodidae) from the French Pyrenees. Aquatic Insects, 2, 19–31.

    Schmid, F. (1958) Trichoptères de Ceylan. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 54, 1–173.

    Schmid, F. (1970) Le genre Rhyacophila et la famille des Rhyacophilidae (Trichoptera). Memoires de la Société Entomologique du Canada, 66, 1–230.

    Schmid, F. (1980) Genera des trichoptères du Canada et des états adjacents (Vol. 1692). Agriculture Canada Publications, Ottawa, 296 pp.

    Schmid, F. (1998) Genera of the Trichoptera of Canada and adjoining or adjacent United States. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 319 pp.

    Schuh, R.T. (2000) Biological Systematics: Principles and applications. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, ix+239 pp.

    Sikes, D.S. & Lewis, P.O. (2001a) beta software, version 1. PAUPRat: PAUP* implementation of the parsimony ratchet. Distributed by the authors. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs.

    Sikes, D.S. & Lewis, P.O. (2001b) Software manual for PAUPRat: A tool to implement Parsimony Ratchet searches using PAUP*, Available from: http://users.iab.uaf.edu/~derek_sikes/software2.htm (Accessed 11 August 2009)

    Snodgrass, R.E. (1935) Principles of Insect Morphology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc, New York, xiv + 667 pp.

    Sorenson, M.D. & Franzosa, E.A. (2007) TreeRot, version 3. Boston University, Boston.

    Stephens, J.F. (1836) Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a Synopsis of Indigenous Insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable: Mandibulata Vol. VI. Baldwin and Cradock, London, pp. 146–179; Plates XXXII, XXXIV.

    Strong, E.E. & Lipscomb, D. (1999) Character Coding and Inapplicable Data. Cladistics, 15, 363–371.

    Swofford, D.L. (2003) PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods), Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.

    Swofford, D.L., Olsen, G.J. Waddell, P.J. & Hillis, D.M. (1996) Phylogenetic Inference. In: Hillis, D.M., Moritz C. & Mable, B.K. (Eds), Molecular Systematics, 2nd edition. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp. 407–514.

    Tuxen, S.L. (1970) Taxonomist's Glossary of Genitalia in Insects, 2nd Edition. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 359 pp.

    Ulmer, G. (1905a) Zur Kenntniss außereuropäischer Trichopteren. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 66, 1–119.

    Ulmer, G. (1905b) Neue und wenig bekannte außereuropäische Trichopteren, hauptsächlich aus dem Wiener Museum. Annalen des K.K. Naturhistorische Hofmuseums Wien, 20, 59–98.

    Ulmer, G. (1911) Einige Südamerikanische Trichopteren. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 55, 15–26.

    Ulmer, G. (1962) Ein neuer Name für Ecnomodes Ulm. (Trichoptera). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 21, 5.

    Vishivkova, T. (2006) Phylogeny of family Limnephilidae (Insects: Trichoptera) with emphasis on tribe Limnephilini (subfamily Limnephilinae). UMI Dissertation Services: i–xxiii + 1–686.

    Wallace, A.R. (1876) The geographical distribution of animals with a study of relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth's surface with maps and illustrations (Vol. I & II). MacMillan, London, 503 and 607 pp.

    Weidner, H. (1964) Die Entomologische Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. X. Teil, Insecta VII. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 62, 55–100.

    Wiens, J.J. (2004) The Role of Morphological Data in Phylogeny Reconstruction. Systematic Biology, 53, 653–661.

    Wiens, J.J. (2006) Missing data and the design of phylogenetic analyses. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 39, 34–42.

    Wiens, J.J., Fetzner, J.W., Parkinson, C.L. & Reeder, T.W. (2005) Hylid Frog Phylogeny and Sampling Strategies for Speciose Clades. Systematic Biology, 54, 719–748.

    Wiens, J.J. & Moen, D.S. (2008) Missing data and the accuracy of Bayesian phylogenetics. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 46, 307–314.

    Wiggins, G.B. (1996) Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 457 pp.

    Wilkinson, M. (1992) Ordered versus unordered characters. Cladistics, 8, 375–385.

    Wilkinson, M. (1995) A Comparison of Two Methods of Character Construction. Cladistics, 11, 297–308.

    Yamamoto, T. (1966) Five new species of the caddisfly genus Polycentropus from South America (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). Canadian Entomologist, 98, 908–912.

    Yamamoto, T. (1967) New species of the caddisfly genus Polycentropus from Central America (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). Kansas Entomological Society, 40, 127–132.

    Yeates, D. (1992) Why Remove Autapomorphies? Cladistics, 8, 387–389.

    Zhong, H., Yang, L. & Morse, J.C. (2010) Four new species and two new records of Polyplectropus from China (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). Zootaxa, 2428, 37–46.

    Zill, S.N., Frazier, S.F., Neff, D., Quimby, L., Carney, M., Dicaprio, R., et al. (2000) Three-dimensional graphic reconstruction of insect exoskeleton through confocal imaging of endogenous fluorescence. Microscopy Research and Technique, 48, 367–384.