Abstract
The adult females of three new scale insect species are described from Fiji: Crystallotesta marika Hodgson & Łagowska (Coccidae: Cardiococcinae); Paracoccus boumaensis Hodgson & Łagowska (Pseudococcidae) and Pseudaulacaspis pyrrosiae Hodgson & Łagowska (Diaspididae). The genus Crystallotesta had previously only been known from New Zealand. P. pyrrosiae is the third possibly endemic species of Pseudaulacaspis to be described from Fiji. In addition, Icerya imperatae Rao (Monophlebidae), Bambusaspis bambusae (Boisduval) and B. robusta (Green) (Asterolecaniidae), Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) and Milviscutulus ciliatus Williams & Watson (Coccidae), and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell) and Phenacoccus parvus Morrison (Pseudococcidae) are recorded from Fiji for the first time. The adult female of I. imperatae is redescribed. It is considered that M. hirsutus and N. nipae could be potentially very important ecologically and economically. A complete checklist of Coccoidea known from Fiji, along with their known island distributions and host plants, is appended. We also record Pseudaulacaspis coluisuvae Williams & Watson from the Solomon Islands for the first time.References
Ash, J. (1992) Vegetation ecology of Fiji: past, present, and future perspectives. Pacific Science, 46, 111–127.
Ben-Dov, Y, Miller, D.R. & Gibson, G.A.P. (2010) ScaleNet: a Database of the Scale Insects of the World. [Online] http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet.htm (last assessed Aug. 2010).
Bigger, M. (1988) The insect pests of forest plantation trees in the Solomon Islands. Solomon Islands’ Forest Record, No. 4, pp. v + 190.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1893) Note on the genus Pseudococcus Westwood. Entomological News, 4, 317–318.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1902) The nomenclature of the Coccidae. The Entomologist, 35, 114.
Cox, J.M. (1987) Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera: Insecta). Fauna of New Zealand, 11, 230 pp.
De Lotto, G. (1965) On some Coccidae (Homoptera), chiefly from Africa. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 16, 175–239.
Doyle, M.F. & Fuller, D. (1998) Palms of Fiji – I. Endemic, indigenous and naturalised species: changes in nomenclature, annotated checklist, and discussion. Harvard Papers in Botany, 3, 101–106.
Ezzat, Y.M. (1958) Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), a new genus, with redescription of the species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae – Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société entomologique d’Egypte, 42, 377–383.
Ezzat, Y.M. & McConnell, H.S. (1956) A classification of the mealybug tribe Planococcini (Pseudococcidae: Homoptera). Bulletin of the University of Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, A-84, 1–108.
Hardy, N.B. (2007) A new mealybug species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) from ant-plant Hydnophytum (Rubiaceae) in Fiji. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 94, 35–40.
Hinckley, A.D. (1965) Trophic records of some insects, mites and ticks in Fiji. Department of Agriculture, Fiji, No. 45, 1–116.
Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. (2000) Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Fauna of New Zealand, 41, 1–264.
Lever, R.J.A.W. (1940) Insect pests of citrus, pineapple and tobacco. Agricultural Journal, Department of Agriculture, Fiji, 11, 99–101.
Lever, R.J.A.W. (1945a) An annotated checklist of the mealybugs and scale insects of Fiji. Agricultural Journal, Department of Agriculture, Fiji, 16, 41–44.
Lever, R.J.A.W. (1945b) Insect pests of some economic crops in Fiji. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 35, 367–377.
Lever, R.J.A.W. (1947) Insect pests of some economic crops in Fiji. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 38, 137–143.
MacGillivray, A.D. (1921) The Coccidae. Urbana, Ill. Scarab Co., 502 pp.
Maskell, W.M. (1895) Further coccid notes, with descriptions of new species from New Zealand, Australia, Sandwich Islands and elsewhere, and remarks on many species already reported. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 27, 36–75.
Morrison, H. (1924) The Coccidae of the Williams Galapagos Expedition. Zoologica, 5, 143–152.
Mueller-Dombois, D. & Fosberg, F.R. (1998) Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer, New York.
O’Connor, B.A. (1949) Scale insects of Fiji. Agricultural Journal, Department of Agriculture, Fiji, 20, 88.
Rao, V.P. (1951) Iceryine scale insects recorded from the Orient. The Entomological Society of India, 12, part I, 39–66.
Sanders, J.G. (1906) Catalogue of recently described Coccidae. Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agricultural Technical Services, 12, 1–18.
Schneider, S.A. & LaPolla, J.S. (2011) Systematics of the mealybug tribe Xenococcini (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), with a discussion of trophobiotic associations with Acropyga Roger ants. Systematic Entomology, 36, 57-82.
Signoret, V. (1875) Essai sur la cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 14e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (ser. 5), 5, 374–394.
Simmonds, H.W. (1924) Insects attacking coconuts in Fiji and in adjacent groups. Agricultural circular (Department of Agriculture, Fiji), 5(1), 50–55.
Simmonds, H.W. (1925) Pests and diseases of the coconut palm in the islands of the southern Pacific. Bulletin, Department of Agriculture, Fiji, 16, 1–31.
Simmonds, H.W. (1938) Coconut pests and diseases in Melanesia and southern Polynesia. Bulletin, Department of Agriculture, Fiji, 20, 1–39.
Stickney, F.S. (1934) The external anatomy of the Red Date Scale, Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell, and its allies. Technical Bulletin United States Department of Agriculture, 404, 162 pp.
Šulc, K. (1945) Zevni morfologie, metamorfosaa heh života červce Nipaecoccus n. gn. piceae Low 1883. Práce Moravske Přirodovĕdeckĕ Společnosti, 17, 1–18.
Unruh, C.M. & Gullan, P.J. (2008) Identification guide to species in the scale insect tribe Iceryini (Coccoidea: Monophlebidae). Zootaxa, 1803, 1–106.
Waterhouse, D.F. (1997) The distribution and importance of the major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture in southern and western Pacific. Pp. 156–171 in Waterhouse, D.F. & Ferrar, P. (Eds), Second Workshop on Biological Control in the Pacific. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 181 pp.
Waterhouse, D.F. & Norris, K.R. (1987) Biological Control, Pacific Prospects. Inkata Press, Melbourne. 454 pp.
Williams, D.J. (1985) Australian Mealybugs. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK. [vii], 431 pp.
Williams, D.J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum & Southdene. SDN. BHD. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [vi], 896 pp.
Williams, D.J. (2005) An account of the mealybug genus Paraputo Laing (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) in the Pacific region. Journal of Natural History, 39 (37), 3343–3358.
Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. (1992) Mealybugs of South and Central America. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 635 pp.
Williams, D.J., Gullan, P.J., Englberger, K. & Moore, A. (2006) Report on the scale insect Icerya imperatae Rao (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) seriously infesting grasses in the Republic of Palau. Micronesia, 38, 276–272.
Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. (1988a) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 1. The Armoured Scales (Diaspididae). CAB International Institute of Entomology, London. 290 pp.
Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. (1988b) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 2. The Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). CAB International Institute of Entomology, London. 262 pp.
Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. (1990) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3. The Soft Scales (Coccidae) and other families. CAB International Institute of Entomology, London. 267 pp.
Worldwildlife.org. Oceania > Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf Forests > Fiji tropical moist forests (OC0105). www.worldwildlife.org (visited Sept. 2010).
Yan, C.Y. & Kroenke, L.W. (1993) A plate-tectonic reconstruction of the Southwest Pacific, 0–100 Ma. Pp. 697–709 in Berger, W.H., Kroenke, L.W., and Mayer, L.A., eds. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 130. Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas.