Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Monograph
Published: 2011-07-08
Page range: 1–72
Abstract views: 143
PDF downloaded: 96

Identification of exotic pest and Australian native and naturalised species of Tetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, 4101, Australia
Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, 4101, Australia Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Acari Systematics taxonomy illustrated key diagnostics spider mites

Abstract

An illustrated dichotomous key to the 3 endemic Australian, 9 naturalised exotic, and 14 exotic pest species of Tetranychus Dufour, 1832, deemed to be of greatest risk of accidental introduction to Australia is presented. Each species is diagnosed, illustrated with line drawings and/or photographs, and supplied with remarks on its biology, potential to enter Australia and economic importance. We establish that Tetranychus desertorum Banks, 1900, previously thought to be present in Australia, is absent. The erroneous record of T. desertorum is due to confusion between this species and T. ludeni. Tetranychus gloveri Banks, 1900 was absent from Australia until a recent incursion in Darwin, now considered eradicated. All previous records of Tetranychus gloveri, Tetranychus tumidus Banks, 1900 and Allonychus braziliensis (McGregor, 1950) in Australia are Oligonychus digitatus Davis, 1966. Tetranychus ludensis Attiah, 1969 syn. nov. is synonymised with Tetranychus ludeni Zacher, 1913. Lectotype and paralectotype specimens are designated for Tetranychus marianae McGregor, 1950 and Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor, 1950).

References

  1. Adango, E., Onzo, A., Rachid, H., Atachi, P. & Braima, J. (2006) Comparative demography of the spider mite, Tetranychus ludeni, on two host plants in West Africa. Journal of Insect Science, 6, 1–9.

    André, M. (1933) Note sur un Tétranyque nuisible au Cotonnier en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Bulletin du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, 5, 302–308.

    Attiah, H.H. (1969) The Tetranychini of the U.A.R. I. — the genus Tetranychus Dufour (Acarina, Tetranychidae). Acarologia, 11, 733–741.

    Bailly, X., Migeon, A. & Navajas, M. (2004) Analysis of microsatellite variation in the spider mite pest Tetranychus turkestani (Acari: Tetranychidae) reveals population genetic structure and raises questions about related ecological factors. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 82, 69–78.

    Baker, J.E. & Connell, W.A. (1961) Mites on soybeans in Delaware. Journal of Economic Entomology, 54, 1024–1026.

    Baker, E.W. (1975) B. Plant feeding mites of Thailand (Tetranychidae, Tenuipalpidae, Tuckerellidae). Plant Protection Services Technical Bulletin, 35, 1–50.

    Baker, E.W. & Pritchard, A.E. (1953) A guide to the spider mites of cotton. Hilgardia, 22, 203–234.

    Baker, E.W. & Pritchard, A.E. (1960) The tetranychoid mites of Africa. Hilgardia, 29, 445–574.

    Baker, E.W. & Pritchard, A.E. (1963) Aranas rojas de America central. (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, 23, 309–348.

    Baker, E.W. & Tuttle, D.M. (1994) A guide to the spider mites (Tetranychidae) of the United States. Indira Publishing House: Michigan, USA. 347 pp.

    Banks, N. (1900) The red spiders of the United States (Tetranychus and Stigmaeus). United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology Technical Series, 8, 65–77.

    Banks, N. (1908) A new Tetranychus (Acarina, Tetranychidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 10, 36.

    Beard, J.J., Walter, D.E. & Allsopp, P.G. (2003) Spider mites of sugarcane in Australia: a review of grass-feeding Oligonychus Berlese (Acari: Prostigmata: Tetranychidae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 42, 51–78.

    Berlese, A. (1886) Acari dannosi alle Piante Coltivate. Sacchetto, Padova. 33 pp + plates I-V.

    Boczek, J. & Kropczynska, A.D. (1964) Studies on mites (Acarina) living on plants in Poland. I. Fragmenta Faunistica Warszawa, 11, 161–188.

    Boisduval, J.B.A.C. (1867) Essai sur l’entomologie horticole: comprenant l’histoire des insectes nuisibles à l’horticulture avec l’indication des moyens propres à les éloigner ou à les détruire et l’histoire des insectes et autres animaux utiles aux cultures. Paris. 648 pp.

    Bolland, H.R., Gutierrez, J. & Flechtmann, C.H.W. (1998) A world catalogue of the spider mite family (Acari: Tetranychidae). Brill, Netherlands. 392 pp.

    Bolland, H.R. & Vala, F. (2000) First record of the spider mite Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Portugal. Entomologische Berichten, Amsterdam, 60, 180.

    Bonato, O. (1999) The effect of temperature on life history parameters of Tetranychus evansi. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 51, 174–177.

    Boudreaux, B. (1956) Revision of the two-spotted spider mite (Acarina, Tetranychidae) complex, Tetranychus telarius (Linnaeus). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49, 43–48.

    Bourdreaux B. (1958) Tetranychus tumidus Banks versus Tetranychus gloveri Banks (Acarina, Tetranychidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 51, 174–177.

    Boudreaux, B. (1979) Confusion of names for the spider mites Tetranychus tumidus and T. gloveri. In: Rodriguez, J.G. (Ed.) Recent Advances in Acarology. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Acarology (East Lansing, 1978), Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, pp. 395–398.

    Boudreaux, H.B. & Dosse, G. (1963) The usefulness of new taxonomic characters in females of the genus Tetranychus Dufour (Acari: Tetranychidae). Acarologia, 5, 13–33.

    Brandenburg, R.L. & Kennedy, G.G. (1981) Differences in dorsal integumentary lobe densities between Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) from north-eastern North Carolina. International Journal of Acarology, 7, 231–234.

    Britto, E.P.J., Gondim Jr., M.G.C., Torres, J.B., Fiaboe, K.K.M., Moraes, G.J. & Knapp, M. (2009) Predation and reproductive output of the ladybird beetle Stethorus tridens preying on tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi. Biocontrol, 54, 363–368.

    Cagle, L.R. (1943) Life history of the spider mite Tetranychus schoenei MCG. Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station Technical Bulletin, 87, 1–15.

    Canerday, T.D. & Arant, F.S. (1964) The effect of late season infestations of the strawberry spider mite, Tetranychus atlanticus, on cotton production. Journal of Economic Entomology, 57, 931–933.

    Carbonnelle, S. & Hance, T. (2004) Cuticular lobes in the Tetranychus urticae complex (Acari: Tetranychidae): a reliable taxonomic character? Belgian Journal of Zoology, 134, 51–54.

    Carey, J.R. & Bradley, J.W. (1982) Developmental rates, vital schedules, sex ratios, and life tables for Tetranychus urticae, T. turkestani, and T. pacificus (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on cotton. Acarologia, 23, 333–345.

    Chen, X.Y., Zhang, M.R. & Zhang, X. (1999) Study on the bionomics and ecological control tactics of Tetranychus truncatus Ehara in corn field in Shaanxi province. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 26, 7–12.

    Cheng, L. (1994) A new record of Chinese Tetrancyhidae. Zoological Research, 15, 20.

    Curtis, C.E., Clark, J.D., Tebbets, J.S. & Mackey, B.E. (1992) Incidence of arthropods found in packed nectarine fruit in central California. Southwestern Entomologist, 17, 29–39.

    Daniel, M. (1977) The spidermite Tetranychus fijiensis Hirst on the betelnut palm. Acarologia, 19, 220–221.

    Davies, J.T., Ireson, J.E. & Allen, G.R. (2007) The impact of the gorse spider mite, Tetranychus lintearius, on the growth and development of gorse, Ulex europaeus. Biological Control, 41, 86–93.

    Davis, J.J. (1961) Red spider mites on strawberries. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 87, 619–620.

    Davis, J.J. (1967) Studies of Queensland Tetranychidae. II. Tetranychus dianellae sp. n., a spider mite found on Dianella caerulea Sims. Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Science, 24, 201–205.

    Davis, J.J. (1968a) Studies of Queensland Tetranychidae. 3. Records of the genus Tetranychus. Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Science, 25, 57–67.

    Davis J.J. (1968b) Oligonychus araneum sp.n. and Oligonychus digitatus Davis (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 7, 123–126.

    Davis, J.J. (1969) A note on cuticular lobes of Tetranychus marianae McGregor (Acarina: Tetranychidae) from Papua. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 8, 112.

    Davis, J.J. & Heather, N.W. (1962) Control of red spiders in strawberries. Queensland Journal of Agricultural Science, 19, 143–148.

    Dodd, A.P. (1929) The Progress of Biological Control of Prickly-Pear in Australia. Government Printer, Brisbane, 41 pp.

    Dodd, A.P. (1940) The Biological Campaign Against Prickly-Pear. Commonwealth Prickly Pear Board, Brisbane, 177 pp.

    Donnadieu, A.L. (1876) Recherches pour servir à l’histoire des Tétranyques. Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 22, 29–136.

    Dosse, G. & Boudreaux, H.B. (1962) Some problems of spider mite taxonomy involving genetics and morphology. Advances in Acarology, 1, 343–349.

    Duarte, V.S., Silva, R.A., Wekesa, V.W., Rizzato, F.B., Dias, C.T.S. & Delalibera Jr., I. (2009) Impact of natural epizootics of the fungal pathogen Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) on population dynamics of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in tomato and nightshade. Biological Control, 51, 81–90.

    Dufour, L. (1832) Description et figure du Tetranychus lintearicus, Arachnide nouvelle de la tribu des Acarides. Annales des sciences naturelles, Paris, 25, 276.

    Dupont, L.M. (1979) On gene flow between Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) Boudreaux, 1956 (Acari: Tetranychidae): Synonymy between the two species. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 25, 297–303.

    Easterbrook, M.A. (1992) The possibilities of control of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on field-grown strawberries in the UK by predatory mites. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2, 235–245.

    Ehara, S. (1956) Tetranychoid mites of mulberry in Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 12, 499–510.

    Ehara, S. (1960) On some Japanese tetranychid mites of economic importance. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 4, 234–241.

    Ehara, S. & Masaki, M. (1989) Notes on two Japanese species of Tetranychus (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Acta Arachnologica, 38, 49–54.

    Ehara, S., Ohashi, K., Gotoh, T. & Tsurusaki, N. (2009) The mite taxa created by S. Ehara and his coauthors with depositories of their type series (Arachnidia: Acari). Bulletin of the Tottori Prefectural Museum, 46, 9–48.

    Ehara, S. & Wongsiri, T. (1975) The spider mites of Thailand (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Mushi, Fukuoka, 1–30.

    English-Loeb, G.M., Karban, R. & Hougen-Eitzman, D. (1993) Direct and indirect competition between spider mites feeding on grapes. Ecological Applications, 3, 699–707.

    Fiaboe, K.K.M., Gondim Jr., M.G.C., Moraes, G.J. de, Ogol, C.K.P.O. & Knapp, M. (2007) Surveys for natural enemies of the tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in northeastern and southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 1395, 33–58.

    Flechtmann, C.H.W. (1970) A preliminary report on the Tetranychidae (Acarina) of Brazil. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63, 156–163.

    Flechtmann, C.H.W. & Knihinicki, D.K. (2002) New species and new record of Tetranychus Dufour from Australia, with a key to the major groups in this genus based on females. Australian Journal of Entomology, 41, 118–127.

    Fu, Y., Zhang, F., Peng, Z., Liu, K. & Jin, Q. (2002) The effects of temperature on the development and reproduction of Tetranychus piercei McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) in banana. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 7, 69–76.

    Gerson, U. (2003) Acarine pests of citrus: overview and non-chemical control. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 8, 3–12.

    Ghoshai, S., Gupta, S.K. & Mukherjee, B. (2006) Life cycle of Tetranychus neocaledonicus André on Rhizophora mucronata Lamk, under laboratory condition at controlled temperature. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 106, 61–65.

    Gotoh, T. & Gomi, K. (2003) Life-history of the Kanzawa spider mite Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 38, 7–14.

    Gotoh, T., Sugimoto, N., Pallini, A., Knapp, M., Hernandez-Suarez, E., Ferragut, F., Ho, C.-C., Migeon, A., Navajas, M. & Nachman, G. (2010) Reproductive performance of seven strains of the tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) at five temperatures. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 52, 239–259.

    Grandjean, F. (1939) Les segments post-larvaires de l’hystérosoma chez les Oribates (Acariens). Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France, 64, 273–284.

    Grandjean, F. (1944a) Observations sur les Acariens du genre Caeculus. Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelles (5), 26, 33–46.

    Grandjean, F. (1944b) Observations sur les Acariens de la famille des Stigmaeidae. Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelles (5), 26, 103–131.

    Grandjean, F. (1947) Les Enarthronota (Acariens). Premiére série. Annals des Sciences naturelles. Zoologie et biologie animale (11), 8, 213–248.

    Guanilo, A.D., Moraes, G.J. de, Toledo, S. & Knapp, M. (2010) New records of Tetranychus evansi and associated natural enemies in northern Argentina. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 15, 3–20.

    Gupta, S.K. & Gupta, Y.N. (1994) A taxonomic review of the Indian Tetranychidae (Acari: Prostigmata) with descriptions of new species, re-descriptions of known species and keys to genera and species. Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India, 18, 1–196.

    Gutierrez, J. & Schicha, E. (1983) The spider mite family Tetranychidae (Acari) in New South Wales. International Journal of Acarology, 9, 99–116.

    Halliday, R.B. (1998) Mites of Australia. A Checklist and Bibliography. Monographs on Invertebrate Taxonomy, 5, 1–317.

    Halliday, R.B. (2000) Additions and corrections to Mites of Australia: A Checklist and Bibliography. Australian Journal of Entomology, 39, 233–235.

    Hanna, R., Wilson, L.T., Zalom, F.G., Flaherty, D.L. & Leavitt, G.M. (1996) Spatial and temporal dynamics of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in “Thompson seedless” vineyards. Environmental Entomology, 25, 370–382.

    Hanna, R., Wilson, L.T., Zalom, F.G. & Flaherty, D.L. (1997) Effects of predation and competition on the population dynamics of Tetranychus pacificus on grapevines. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 878–888.

    Hatzinikolis, E.N. (1986) The genus Tetranychus Dufour, 1832, in Greece (Acari: Tetranychidae). Biologia Gallo-Hellenica, 12, 383–388.

    Henderson, R.C. (2001) Technique for positional slide-mounting of Acari. Systematic and Applied Acarology, Special Publications, 7, 1–4.

    Hetenyi, E. (1954) A gyapoton é lö takácsatkák (Tetranychus urticae Koch) és az ellen ük való védekezés. Növónyvédelem (Plantprotection), 1, 11–19.

    Hirst, S. (1924) LV. On some new species of red spider. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (ser. 9), 14, 522–527.

    Hirst, S. (1926) Descriptions of new mites including four new species of “red spider”. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1926, 825–841.

    Hougen-Eitzman, D. & Karban, R. (1995) Mechanisms of interspecific competition that result in successful control of Pacific mites following inoculations of Willamette mites on grapevines. Oecologia, 103, 157–161.

    Hussey, N.W., Parr, W.J. & Gould, H.J. (1965) Observations on the control of Tetranychus urticae Koch on cucumbers by the predatory mite Phytoseiulus riegeli Dosse. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 8, 271–281.

    Ireson, J.E., Gourlay, A.H., Kwong, R.M., Holloway, R.J. & Chatterton, W.S. (2003) Host specificity, release, and establishment of the gorse spider mite, Tetranychus lintearius Dufour (Acarina: Tetranychidae), for the biological control of gorse, Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae), in Australia. Biological Control, 26, 117–127.

    Jacobi, A. (1905) Eine Spinnmilbe (Tetranychus ununguis n.sp.) als Koniferenschädling. Naturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für Land und Forstwirtschaft, 3, 239–247.

    Jeppson, L.R., Keifer, H.H. & Baker, E.W. (1975) Mites Injurious to Economic Plants. University of California Press, Berkeley, 614 pp. + 74 plates.

    Jose, V.T. & Shah, A.H. (1989a) Bionomics of the spider mite, Tetranychus macfarlanei injurious to cotton in Gujarat, India. In: Channabasavanna, G.P. & Viraktamath, C.A. (Eds), Progress in Acarology, Vol. 2. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 23–28.

    Jose, V.T. & Shah, A.H. (1989b) Carryover of spider mite, Tetranychus macfarlanei through alternate host plants in cotton-growing areas of South and Central Gujarat, India. In: Channabasavanna, G.P. & Viraktamath, C.A. (Eds), Progress in Acarology, Vol. 2. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 29–31.

    Kaimal, S.G. & Ramani, N. (2007) Biological studies of Tetranychus neocaledonicus (Andre) (Acari: Tetranychidae) infesting Moringa oleifera Lam. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences A, Zoology, 26, 51–57.

    Kavousi, A., Chi, H., Talebi, K., Bandani, A., Ashouri, A. & Vahid, H. (2009) Demographic traits of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on leaf discs and whole leaves. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102, 595–601.

    Kishida, K. (1927) Notes on Tetranychus kanzawai n. sp., a new tetranychid mite injurious to leaves of the mulberry in Japan. Zoological Magazine (Tokyo), 39, 105–107

    Koch, C.L. (1836) Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Ein Beitrag zur Deutschen Fauna. Hefte 1. Regensberg: Herrich-Schäffer.

    Krantz, G.W. (1978) A Manual of Acarology. Oregon State University Press: Corvallis. 509 pp.

    Laminman, J.F. (1935) The Pacific mite, Tetranychus pacificus McG., in California. Journal of Economic Entomology, 20, 900–903.

    Li, X.J., Win, X.J. & Sun, S.X. (1998) The biological characteristics of truncatus mite, and its control in jujube trees. China Fruits, 4, 11–14.

    Lienk, S.E. & Chapman, P.J. (1951) Orchard mite studies in 1950. Journal of Economic Entomology, 44, 301–306.

    Lindquist, E.E. (1985) External anatomy. In: Helle, W. & Sabelis, M.W. (Eds.), Spider mites: their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 1A, Chapter 1.1 Anatomy, Phylogeny and Systematics, Elsevier Sci. Publ. B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 3–28.

    Liu, Z-G. & Liu, N-Z. (1981) A preliminary report on Tetranychus piercei McGregor. Insect Knowledge, 23, 18–19.

    McGregor, E.A. (1919) The red spiders of America and a few European species likely to be introduced. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 56, 641–679.

    McGregor, E.A. (1931) A new spinning mite attacking raspberry in Michigan. Proceedings of the Entomological Society, Washington, 33, 193–195.

    McGregor, E.A. (1941) A new spider mite from Virginia (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 43, 223–225.

    McGregor, E.A. (1950) Mites of the family Tetranychidae. American Midland Naturalist, 44, 257–420.

    McGregor, E.A. (1955) Notes on the spider mites of Ecuador. Revista Ecuatoriana de Entomologia y Parasitologia, 2, 365–377.

    Mellott, J.L. & Connell, W.A. (1965) Notes on the life history of Tetranychus atlanticus. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 58, 379–383.

    Meyer, M.K.P. (1974) A revision of the Tetranychidae of Africa (Acari) with a key to genera of the world. Entomological Memoir of the Department of Agricultural Technical Services, 36, 1–292.

    Meyer, M.K.P. Smith (1987) African Tetranychidae (Acari: Prostigmata) – with reference to the world genera. Entomology Memoir of the Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Republic of South Africa, 69, 1–175 + i–iv.

    Meyer, M.K.P. & Rodrigues, M.C. (1965) Acari associated with cotton in South Africa (With reference to other plants). Garcia de Orto, 13, 193–226.

    Meyer, M.K.P. & Rodrigues, M.C. (1966) Acari associated with cotton in South Africa. Garcia de Orto, 13, 1–33.

    Migeon, A. & Flechtmann, C.H.W. (2004) First additions and corrections to the world catalogue of the spider mite family (Acari: Tetranychidae). International Journal of Acarology, 30, 143–152.

    Miller, L.W. (1966) The tetranychid mites of Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 100, 53–66.

    Mollet, J.A. & Sevacherian, V. (1984) Effect of temperature and humidity on dorsal strial lobe densities in Tetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae). International Journal of Acarology, 10, 159–161.

    Moraes, G.J. de & McMurtry, J.A. (1987) Effect of temperature and sperm supply on the reproductive potential of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Experimental & Applied Acarology, 3, 95–107.

    Moras, C.M. & Aponte, L.O. (1994) Biology and life table of Tetranychus ludeni Zacher on black bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. Agronomia Tropical, 44, 667–677.

    Murungi, L.K., Nyende, A., Wesonga, J., Masinde, P. & Knapp, M. (2010) Effect of African nightshade species on developmental time and life table parameters of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 52, 19–27.

    Navajas, M., Gutierrez, J., Williams, M. & Gotoh, T. (2001) Synonymy between two spider mite species, Tetranychus kanzawai and T. hydrangeae (Acari: Tetranychidae), shown by ribosomal ITS2 sequences and cross-breeding experiments. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 91, 117–123.

    Nickel, J.L. (1960) Temperature and humidity relationships of Tetranychus desertorum Banks with special reference to distribution. Hilgardia, 30, 1–100.

    Nielsen, G.L. (1958) Biology of the McDaniel mite, Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor in Utah. Journal of Economic Entomology, 51, 588–592.

    Nietner, J. (1861) Observations on the enemies of the coffee tree in Ceylon. Ceylon Times, Ceylon, 33 pp.

    Noronha, A.C. da S. (2006) Biological aspects of Tetranychus marianae McGregor (Acari, Tetranychidae) reared on yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) leaves. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23, 404–407.

    Ohno, S., Miyagi, A., Ganaha-Kikumura, T., Gotoh, T., Kitashima, Y., Ooishi, T., Ando, T., Kijima, K., Futagami, K., Uesato, T. & Yasuda, K. (2009) Species composition of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on vegetables in Okinawa, southwestern Japan. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 44, 627–633.

    Oi, D.H., Sanderson, J.P., Youngman, R.R. & Barnes, M.M. (1989) Development times of the Pacific spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on water-stressed almond trees. Environmental Entomology, 18, 208–212.

    Oudemans, A.C. (1930) Acarologische Aanteekeningen LXXXIX. Entomologische Berichten, Amsterdam, 8, 157–172.

    Oudemans, A.C. (1931) Acarologische Aanteekeningen CVII. Entomologische Berichten, Amsterdam, 8, 221–236.

    Pang, B-P., Zhou. X-R., Shi, L. & Mu, H-B. (2004) Performance of Tetranychus truncatus Ehara (Acarina: Tetranychidae) reared with different host plants. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 47, 55–58.

    Pritchard A.E. & Baker, E.W. (1952) A guide to spider mites of deciduous fruit trees. Hilgardia, 21, 253–287.

    Pritchard, A.E. & Baker, E.W. (1955) A Revision of the Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae. Pacific Coast Entomological Society, San Francisco, 472 pp.

    Puttaswamy, C.G.P. (1980) Influence of host plants on development, fecundity and longevity of Tetranychus ludeni Zacher (Acari: Tetranychidae). Indian Journal of Acarology, 5, 80–84.

    Puttaswamy, C.G.P. (1981) Influence of host plants on reproductive biology of Tetranychus neocaledonicus (Acari: Tetranychidae). Indian Journal of Acarology, 6, 72–76.

    Quirós-González, M. (1981) A systematic revision of the spider mites of Central America (Tetranychidae: Acari). Master of Science thesis, University of Maryland, 351 pp.

    Quirós-González, M. (2000) Phytophagous mite populations on Tahiti lime, Citrus latifolia, under induced drought conditions. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 24, 897–904.

    Qureshi, A.H., Oatman, E.R. & Fleschner, C.A. (1969) Biology of the spider mite, Tetranychus evansi. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 898–903.

    Rahman, K.A. & Sapra, A.N. (1940) Mites of the family Tetranychidae from Lyallpur with descriptions of four new species. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science (series B), 11, 177–196.

    Reck, G.F. (1952) O nekotorikh osnovakh klassifikatsii tetranikovikh kleshchei. Soobsbcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR, 13, 420–425. [In Russian]

    Reddy, G.P.V. (2001) Comparative effectiveness of an integrated pest management system and other control tactics for managing the spider mite Tetranychus ludeni (Acari: Tetranychidae) on eggplant. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 25, 985–992.

    Reeves, R.M. (1963) Tetranychidae infesting woody plants in New York State, and a life history study of the elm spider mite Eotetranychus matthyssei n. sp. Memoir of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York, 380, 1–99.

    Ribeiro, A.E.L., Gondim Jr, M.G.C., Calderan, E. & Delalibera Jr, I. (2009) Host range of Neozygites floridana isolates (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) to spider mites. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 102, 196–202.

    Rivero, E. & Vásquez, C. (2009) Biologia e tabela de vida de Tetranychus desertorum (Acari: Tetranychidae) sobre folhas de feijäo (Phaseolus vulgaris). Zoologia, 26, 38–42.

    Roussel, J.S., Webber, J.C., Newsom, L.D. & Smith, C.E. (1951) The effect of infestation by spider mite, Septanychus tumidus on growth and yield of cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology, 44, 523–527.

    Roy, M., Brodeur, J. & Cloutier, C. (1999) Seasonal abundance of spider mites and their predators on red raspberry in Quebec, Canada. Environmental Entomology, 28, 735–747.

    Saba, F. (1971) Tetranychus yusti, a spider mite of potential economic importance. Journal of Economic Entomology, 64, 141–144.

    Sakunwarin, S., Chandrapatya, A. & Baker, G.T. (2003) Biology and life table of the cassava mite, Tetranychus truncatus Ehara (Acari: Tetranychidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 8, 13–24.

    Sarkar, P.K. & Somchoudhury, A.K. (1989) Influence of major abiotic factors on the seasonal incidence of Raoiella indica and Tetranychus fijiensis on coconut. In: Channabasavanna, G.P. & Viraktamath, C.A (Eds.), Progress in Acarology, Vol. 2. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 59–65.

    Schuster, M.F. (1959) Chemical control of Tetranychus marianae McG. on tomatoes in the lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 763–764.

    Simons, J.M. (1964) Tetranychid mites as defoliators of cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology, 57, 145–148.

    Sohrabi, F. & Shishehbor, P. (2008) Effects of host plant and temperature growth and reproduction on strawberry spider mite Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski (Acari: Tetranychidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 13, 26–32.

    Sousa de, J.M., Gondim Jr., M.G.C. & Lofego, A.C. (2010). Biology of Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) on three species of Annonaceae. Neotropical Entomology, 39, 319–323.

    Stavrinides, M.C. Lara, J.R. & Mills, N.J. (2010) Comparative influence of temperature on development and biological control of two common vineyard pests (Acari: Tetranychidae). Biological Control, 55, 126–131.

    Stone, C. (1986) An investigation into the morphology and biology of Tetranychus lintearius Dufour (Acari: Tetranychidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2, 173–186.

    Sugasawa, J., Kitashima, Y. & Gotoh, T. (2002) Hybrid affinities between the green and the red forms of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory and semi-natural conditions. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 37, 127–139.

    Todokoro, Y. & Isoba, K. (2010) Natural enemy preservation plants in suppressing the population density of Kanzawa spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acari: Tetranychidae) on tea. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 54, 1–12.

    Trägårdh, I. (1915) Bidrag till kännedomen om spinnvalstren (Tetranychus Duf.). Meddelanden från Centralanstalten för Försöksvasendet på Jordbruksområdet, 109, 1–60.

    Ugarov, A.A. & Nikolskii, V.V. (1937) Systematic study of spider mites from Central Asia. Trudy Sredneaziatskoy Stancii Zashchity Rasteniy, 2, 26–64.

    Walter, D.E. (1999) Cryptic inhabitants of a noxious weed: mites (Arachnida: Acari) on Lantana camara L. invading forests in Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology, 38, 197–200.

    Walter, D.E., Lindquist, E.E., Smith, I.M., Cook, D.R. & Krantz, G.W. (2009) Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G.W. & Walter, D.E (Eds), A Manual of Acarology Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, pp. 233–420.

    Welter, S.C., Barnes, M.M., Ting, I.P. & Hayashi, J.T. (1984) Impact of various levels of late–season spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) feeding damage on almond growth and yield. Environmental Entomology, 13, 52–55.

    Wermelinger, B., Oertli J.J. & Delucchi, V. (1985) Effect of host plant nitrogen fertilisation on the biology of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 38, 23–28.

    White, L.D. (1964) Laboratory studies on the effects of temperature, relative humidity, and host variations of Tetranychus canadensis (McGregor) in Utah. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Utah State University, USA.

    White, L.D. (1965) Plant feeding mites of South Dakota. Entomology-Zoology Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University, Brookings. Technical Bulletin 27, 1–70.

    Wilson, L.T., Bauer, L.R. & Lally, D.A. (1998) Effect of early season insecticide use on predators and outbreaks of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in cotton. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 88, 477–488.

    Wilson, L.T., Smilanick, J.M., Hoffman, M.P., Flaherty, D.L. & Riuz, S.M. (1988) Leaf nitrogen and position in relation to population parameters of Pacific spider mite, Tetranychus pacificus (Acari: Tetranychidae) on grapes. Environmental Entomology, 17, 964–968.

    Womersley, H. (1942) Miscellaneous additions to the acarine fauna of Australia. Transaction of the Royal Society of South Australia, 66, 85–92 pl. III.

    Xie, L., Xie, R-R., Zhang, K-J. & Hong, X-Y. (2008) Genetic relationship between the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and the two-spotted mite T. urticae Koch in China based on the mtDNA COI and rDNA ITS2 sequences. Zootaxa, 1726, 18–32.

    Youngman, R.R., Sanderson, J.P. & Barnes, M.M. (1988) Life history parameters of Tetranychus pacificus McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) on almonds under differential water stress. Environmental Entomology, 17, 488–495.

    Yuan, H-X., Zhang, J-P., Yang, X-H., Feng, X-H. & Li, Q. (2008) The comparison on fecundity of Tetranychus turkestani and Tetranychus truncatus. Acta Arachnologica Sinica, 17, 35–38.

    Zacher, F. (1913) Untersuchungen über spinnenmilben. Mitteilungen der Kaiserliche Biologischen Anstalt für Land-und Forstwirtschaft, 14, 37–41.

    Zacher, F. (1920) Vorläuf Diagnosen einem neue Spinnmilben, p. 1. (Mimeograph).

    Zaher, M.A. & Shehata, K.K. (1965) Oligonychus vitis n. sp. (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique D’égypte, 4, 67–69.

    Zhang, Z.-Q. & Jacobson, R.J. (2000) Using adult female morphological characters for differentiating Tetranychus urticae complex (Acari: Tetranychidae) from green-house tomato crops in UK. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 5, 69–76.

    Zhang, Z.-Q. (2002) Taxonomy of Tetranychus ludeni (Acari: Tetranychidae) in New Zealand and its ecology on Sechium edule. New Zealand Entomologist, 25, 27–34.