Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 3360 No. 1: 29 Jun. 2012
Type: Articles
Published: 2012-06-29
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3360.1.1
Page range: 1–52
Abstract views: 64
PDF downloaded: 39

Taxonomic revision and zoogeographical patterns of the species of Gnopharmia Staudinger, 1892 (Geometridae, Ennominae)

Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstraße 13, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
Lepidoptera Macariini Gnopharmia Neognopharmia new synonyms new records lectotype designations distribution Iran

Abstract

The genus Gnopharmia Staudinger, 1892 is revised, based on more than 2000 specimens from the entire area ofdistribution and study of type material of all described taxa, as far asmap available. Seven species and three subspeciesare confirmed as valid for the genus. All important morphological characters have been studied and compared, includingmale and female genitalia. In addition, preliminary results of DNA-Barcoding were used to reassess our taxonomicdecisions, based on morphological studies. Type specimens and their labels are illustrated and additional specimens,demonstrating the variability of certain species, are also figured. Male genitalia of all valid species are figured and SEMphotos of the aedeagus are illustrated. Further important structures, the so-called ‘octavals’ on the male pre-genitalabdomen, are also figured. Female genitalia revealed a high similarity between species, combined with a considerablevariability, and were unsuitable for characterisation of species. Female genitalia of three species are figured to exemplifythis situation. As a result of the morphological and genetic studies, 12 out of the 21 described species and subspecies aresynonymised or transferred to the closely related genus Neognopharmia Wehrli, 1953. In addition, G. colchidariacocandaria (Erschoff, 1874) is revived as a valid species, G. sinesefida Wehrli, 1941 is downgraded to a subspecies of G.colchidaria Lederer, 1870. Five new records for the fauna of the following countries are presented: G. colchidariaobjectaria: new for Pakistan; G. irakensis: new for Turkey and Pakistan; G. kasrunensis: new for Oman and G. sarobiana: new for Pakistan. Distribution maps and an identification key are given for all species.

References

  1. Antonova, E.M. (1981) Typical specimens of Lepidoptera kept in the collections of the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University. Issledovanija po faune Sovetskogo Sojuza [Investigations on a fauna of the Soviet Union]. Proceedings of the Zoological Museum of MSU, 19, 208–227 (in Russian).

    Browicz, K. & Zieniński, J. (1984) Chorology of Trees and Shrubs in South-West Asia and Adjucent Regions. Vol. 4, Warszawa-Pozneń, Polish scientific publishers.

    Christoph, H. (1885) Lepidoptera aus dem Achal-Tekke-Gebiete. Zweiter Theil. in: Romanoff, Mémoires sur les Lépidoptères, 2, 119–171.

    Ebert, G. (1965) Afghanische Geometriden (Lep.) I. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. 142, 1–32.

    Erschoff, N.G. (1874) Cheshuekrylye (Lepidoptera) I–VI, 1–128, pl. 1–6. in: Fedchenko, A. P. Puteshestvie v Turkestan [Journey to Turkestan], vol. 2, Zoogeograficheskie issledovanija part 5.-St. Petersburg, Moskwa (in Russian).

    Evenhuis, N.L. & Samuelson, A. (2007) The Insect and Spider Collections of the World website of the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/codens-r-us.html. (website visited January 12, 2011).

    Hausmann, A., Hebert, P.D.N., Mitchell, A., Rougerie, R., Sommerer, M., Edwards, T. & Young, C. (2009) Revision of the Australian Oenochroma vinaria Guenée, 1858 species-complex (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Oenochrominae): DNA barcoding reveals cryptic diversity and assesses status of type specimen without dissection. Zootaxa, 2239, 1–21.

    Lederer, J. (1870) Contributions a La Faune des Lépidoptères de la Transcaucasie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 13, 39–48.

    Oshel, Ph. (1997) HMDS and Specimen Drying for SEM. Microscopy today, 5 (4), 16.

    Parsons, M.S., Scoble, M.J., Honey, H.R., Pitkin, L.M. & Pitkin, R.B. (1999) The catalogue. in: Scoble, M.J., ed. Geometrid Moths of the world: a catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing, 1046 pp.

    Prout, L.B. (1912–1916) Die spannerartigen Nachtfalter. in: Seitz, A. [ed.]. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 4: i-v, 1–479, pls. 1–25. Stuttgart, Alfred Kernen Verlag.

    Rajaei, H. (2010) Life-history of Gnopharmia kasrunensis Wehrli, 1939 and G. colchidaria Lederer, 1870 (Geometridae, Ennominae) and their distribution in Iran, with first host-plant records for the genus. Bonn zoological Bulletin, 57 (1), 65–73.

    Ratnasingham, S. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2007) BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System (http://www.barcodinglife.org). Molecular ecology Notes, 7 (3), 355–364.

    Ride, W.D.L., Cogger, H.G., Dupuis, C., Kraus O., Minelli, A., Thompson, F.C. & Tubbs, P.K. (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth ed. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, ISBN 0853010064. 1–126.

    Robinson, G.S. (1976) The preparation of slides of Lepidoptera genitalia with special reference to the Microlepidoptera. Entomologist’s Gazette, 27, 127–132.

    Scoble, M.J. & Krüger, M. (2002) A Review of the genera of Macariini with a revised classification of the tribe (Geometridae: Ennominae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 134, 257–315.

    Scoble, M.J. & Hausmann, A. [updated 2007]. Online list of valid and availabel names of the Geometridae of the World, http://www.lepbarcoding.org/geometridae/species_checklists.php Page visited 25 December 2011.

    Staudinger, O. (1892) Neue Arten u Varietäten von paläarktischen Geometriden. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 5, 141–260.

    Staudinger, O. & Rebel, H. (1901) Catalog der Lepidopteren des Palaearctischen Faunengebietes (Ed. 3). R. Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin, 368 pp.

    Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2011) MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution, msr121v1-msr121.

    Viidalepp, J. R. (1988) Fauna pjadenits gor Sredhej Azii [The fauna of Geometrid Moths of the mountains of Central Asia]. Moscow, Publ. Nauka, 240 pp. [in Russian].

    Wehrli, E. (1938) Nachtrag zu meiner Arbeit in Nr. 31 d. J. Seite 354 [Neue Gattungen, Untergattungen, Arten und Rassen von Geometriden (Lep.).]. Entomologische Rundschau, 55 (37), 433–434.

    Wehrli, E. (1939) Einige neue Arten und Rassen aus dem südwestlichen Iran und aus dem Irak, sowie ein neues Subgenus aus dem letzteren. (Lepid. Geometr.). Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 29 (1), 70–71.

    Wehrli, E. (1941) Einige neue Geometriden. in: Brandt, W. Beitrag zur Lepidopteren-Fauna von Iran (4). Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 31, 864–886.

    Wehrli, E. (1939–1954) 6. Subfamilie: Geometrinae. in: Seitz, A. (ed.). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 4, Die Spanner des palaearktischen Faunengebietes (Suppl.), 254–722, pls. 19–53. Stuttgart, Alfred Kernen Verlag.

    Wehrli, E. (1951) Une nouvelle classification du genre Gnophos Tr. Lambillionea, 51, 6–11, 22–30, 34–37.

    Wiltshire, E.P. (1967) Middle East Lepidoptera XX, A third contribution to the Fauna of Afghanistan. Beiträge zur naturkundlichen Forschung in Südwestdeutschland, 26 (3), 137–169.

    Wiltshire, E.P. (1970) Österreichische entomologische Expeditionen nach Persien und Afghanistan. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 74, 387–398.

    Wiltshire, E.P. & Legrain, A. (1998) Provisional Checklist of the Macro-heterocera [Lepidoptera] of the UAE. TRIBULUS (Bulletin of the Emirates Natural History Group), 8 (2), 5–8.