Abstract
This paper describes a new species of viviparous, intragonadal brooder of asterinid sea star and clarifies the identities of Patiriella pseudoexigua Dartnall 1971, the species Patiriella pseudoexigua sensu Chen and Chen (1992) and Patiriella pseudoexigua pacifica (Hayashi, 1977). The latter is raised to specific rank. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA supports the concept of a pan-tropical assemblage of species for which a new genus, Cryptasterina, is created. All species in Cryptasterina are morphologically similar and comprise species with planktonic, lecithotrophic, non-feeding larvae, and viviparous outlier species with limited distributions. The full diversity of this species diaspora remains to be resolved.References
Benham, W.B. (1911) Stellerids and echinids from the Kermadec Islands. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 43, 140–163.
Brandt, J.F. (1835) Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio … observatorum. Fasc. 1 pp 1–75 (not sighted).
Byrne, M. (1995) Changes in larval morphology in the evolution of benthic development by Patiriella exigua (Asteroidea: Asterinidae), a comparison with the larvae of Patiriella species with planktonic development. Biological Bulletin, 188, 293–305.
Byrne, M. & Cerra, A. (1996) Evolution of intragonadal development in the diminutive asterinid sea stars Patiriella vivipara and P. parvivipara with an overview of development in the Asterinidae. Biological Bulletin, 191, 17–26.
Byrne, M., Cerra, A., Hart, M.W. & Smith, M.J. (1999) Life history diversity and molecular phylogeny in the Australian sea star genus Patiriella. In: Ponder, W. & Lunney, D. (Eds), The Other 99%, The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates, Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp 188–196.
Byrne, M., Hart, M., Cerra, A. & Cisternas, P. (2003) Reproduction and larval morphology of broadcasting and viviparous species in the Cryptasterina species complex. Biological Bulletin, in press.
Campbell, A.C. & Rowe, R.W.E. (1997) A new species in the asterinid genus Patiriella (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from Dhofar, southern Oman: a temperate taxon in a tropical locality. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum London (Zoology), 63(2), 129–136.
Chen, B-Y. & Chen C-P. (1992) Reproductive cycle, larval development, juvenile growth and population dynamics of Patiriella pseudoexigua (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in Taiwan. Marine Biology, 113, 271–280.
Clark, A.M. (1983) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 3. The families Ganeriidae and Asterinidae, with description of a new asterinid genus. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology), 45(7), 359–380.
Clark, A.M. (1993). An index of names of recent Asteroidea — Part 2: Valvatida. In: Jangoux, M. & Lawrence, J.M.(Eds) Echinoderm Studies Volume 4, A.A Balkema, Rotterdam and Brookfield, pp. 224–226.
Clark, A.M. & Downey, M.E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall Identification Guide 3 (Natural History Museum Publications), London, 794 pp.
Clark, H.L. (1908) Some Japanese and East Indian echinoderms. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 11, 277–311.
Clark, H.L. (1921) The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication, 214, 1–224.
Clark, H.L. (1938) Echinoderms from Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 55, 1–597.
Clark, H.L. (1946). The Echinoderm Fauna of Australia: Its composition and origin. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication, 1946, 1–567.
Dartnall, A.J. (1969) The taxonomy and biogeography of the sea star genus Patiriella in Tasmania. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 162 pp.
Dartnall, A.J. (1971). Australian seastars of the genus Patiriella (Asteroidea, Asterinidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 96, 39–51.
Endean ,R. (1956) Queensland Faunistic records, IV. Further records of Echinodermata (excluding Crinoidea) Papers of the Department of Zoology, University of Queensland, 1(5), 121–140.
Gist, M. (1993) The reproductive cycle and population dynamics of Patiriella pseudoexigua (Dartnall) a rocky intertidal seastar. Unpublished MSc qualifying thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, 79 pp.
Hart, M.W., Byrne, M. & Smith, M. (1997) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of life history evolution in asterinid starfish. Evolution, 51, 1848–1861.
Hart, M.W., Byrne, M., & Johnson, S.L. (2003) Cryptic species and modes of development in Patiriella pseudoexigua (Asteroidea: Asterinidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 83, 1109–1116.
Hayashi, R. (1977) A new sea-star of Asterina from Japan, Asterina pseudoexigua pacifica n.ssp. Proceedings of the Japanese Society for Systematic Zoology, 13, 88–91.
Keough. M.J. & Dartnall, A.J. (1978) A new species of viviparous asterinid asteroid from Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum, 17, 407–416.
Komatsu, M., Kano, Y.T. & Oguro, C. (1990) Development of a true ovoviviparous sea star, Asterina pseudoexigua pacifica Hayashi. Biological Bulletin, 179, 254–263.
Lacy, J.E. (2000) The reproductive cycle and population dynamics of Patiriella pseudoexigua (Dartnall) in north Queensland. Unpublished Honours thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, xiii+ 84pp.
Marsh, L.M. (1977) Coral reef asteroids of Palau, Caroline Islands. Micronesica, 13(2), 251–281.
Martens E von (1866) Über ostasiatische Echinodermen. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 32, 57–88,
133–189.
Müller, J. & Troschel, F.H. (1842) System der Asteriden. Braunschweig, Berlin, xx + 135 pp.
O'Loughlin, P.M. (2002) New genus and species of Southern Australian and Pacific Asterinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 59(2), 277–296.
Ottesen, P.O. (1976) The reproductive patterns and population dynamics of the small intertidal starfish Patiriella obscura Dartnall and Nepanthia belcheri ( Perrier). Unpublished Honours thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, 87 pp.
Prestedge, G.K. (1998) The distribution and biology of Patiriella vivipara (Echinodermata: Asterinidae) a sea star endemic to southeast Tasmania. Records of the Australian Museum, 50, 161– 170.
Proudlove, G. & Wood, P.J. (2003). The blind leading the blind: cryptic subterranean species and DNA taxonomy. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18(6), 272–273.
Rowe, F.E.W. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (Ed) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 33. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, xiii +510 pp.
Saba, M., Irimura, S. & Soyama, I. (2002) Sea Stars and Brittle Stars in Japanese Waters. TBS, Britannica Co, Japan, 135 pp. (Japanese text).
Short, A.D. (2000) Beaches of the Queensland Coast: Cooktown to Coolangatta: a guide to their nature, characteristics, surf and safety. University of Sydney and Surf Life Saving Australia Ltd, Sydney, 360 pp.
VandenSpiegel, D., Lane, D.J.W., Stampanato, S. & Jangoux, M. (1998) The asteroid fauna of Singapore, with a distribution table and an illustrated identification to the species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 46(2), 431–470.
Verrill, A.E. (1913) Revision of the genera of starfishes of the subfamily Asterininae. American Journal of Science, 4 (35), 477–485.