Abstract
The olfactory sacs of 488 specimens belonging to 18 species of rajid and arhynchobatid skates from the Argentine Sea were sampled for parasites. No parasitic copepods were found in 11 host species, but siphonostomatoid specimens referable to Kroeyerina Wilson, 1932 (Kroyeriidae) and Brianella corniger Wilson, 1915 (Lernaeopodidae) were found on the spotback skate Atlantoraja castelnaui (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907), the smallnose fanskate Sympterygia bonapartii Müller & Henle, 1841, the bignose fanskate Sympterygia acuta Garman, 1877 and the zipper sand skate Psammobatis extenta (Garman, 1913) (Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae). Additionally, specimens of B. corniger were found in the olfactory sacs of the Rio skate Rioraja agassizii (Müller & Henle, 1841) and attached to the pectoral fins of the Magellan skate Bathyraja magellanica (Philippi, 1902) and the smallthorn sand skate Psammobatis rudis Günther, 1870. A new species, Kroeyerina sudamericana sp. nov., is described and illustrated. The new species most closely resembles Kroeyerina nasuta Wilson, 1932, but can be distinguished from it by the different armature of the antennule, a proportionally shorter genital complex and the chela of the antenna which, when closed, leaves a gap between the corpus and claw, the latter having no spines. The new species represents the first record of Kroeyerina in South American marine waters. The present study also extends the distribution range of B. corniger, previously known only from the Pacific, to include Atlantic waters, and records seven new host species, all of which are members of the Arhynchobatidae.
References
Atria, G. (1967) Nuevo hallazgo de Brianella corniger Wilson (Crustacea, Copepoda). Noticiario mensual del Museo nacional de Historia natural, 11, 7–10.
Ayres, W.O. (1854) [Description of new fishes from California.] (Minutes of Academy meetings were printed in “The Pacific” (a newspaper) shortly after each meeting. New species date to publication in The Pacific. Dates of publication are given in each species account). The Pacific, 3–4 (through 6). [newspaper, also as Proceedings of the California Academy of natural Sciences, 1, 3–22. (reprinted in 2nd ed. of Academy’s Proceedings, 1873)].
Beebe, W. & Tee-Van, J. (1938) Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society, XV. Seven new marine fishes from Lower California. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 23 (3), 299–312, plates 1–3.
Benz, G.W., Smith, B.E. & Bullard, S.A. (2001) Kroeyerina deetsorum n. sp. (Copepoda: Kroyeriidae) from the olfactory sacs of Atlantic sharpnose sharks (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae) captured in the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Atlantic and first report of copepodids representing Kroyeriidae. Journal of Parasitology, 87, 1279–1290.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022–3395(2001)087[1279:kdnsck]2.0.co;2
Boxshall, G.A. & Halsey S.H. (2004) An Introduction to Copepod Diversity. Ray Society, London, xvi + 966 pp.
Brian, A. (1944) Copépodos parásitos de peces y cetáceos del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Anales del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 41, 193–220.
Buen, F. de (1950) Contribuciones a la Ictiología. II. El tiburón vitamínico de la costa uruguaya Galeorhinus vitaminicus nov. sp., y algunas consideraciones generales sobre su biología. Publicaciones Cientificas, Servicio Oceanografico y de Pesca, Ministerio de Industrias y Trabajo, Montevideo, 4, 153–162.
Burmeister, H. (1835) Beschreibung einiger neuen oder weniger bekannten Schmarotzerkrebse, nebst allgemeinen Betrachtungen über die Gruppe, welcher sie angehören. Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum (Acta der Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher), Halle, 17 (1), 269–336, plates 23, 24, 24a, 25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.39131
Caira, J.N. (1990) Metazoan parasites as indicators of elasmobranch biology. In: Pratt, H.L. Jr., Gruber, S.H. & Taniuchi, T. (Eds.), Elasmobranchs as living Resources: Advances in the Biology, Ecology, Systematics, and the Status of the Fisheries. Proceedings of the Second United States-Japan Workshop, East- West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, 9–14 December 1987. NOAA Technical Reports National Marine Fisheries Service, 90, 71–96.
Cope, E.D. (1877) Synopsis of the cold blooded Vertebrata, procured by Prof. James Orton during his exploration of Peru in 1876–77. Proceedings of the American philosophical Society, 17, 33–49.
Cousseau, M.B., Figueroa, D.E., Díaz de Astarloa, J.M., Mabragaña, E. & Lucifora, L.O. (2007) Rayas, Chuchos y otros Batoideos del Atlántico Sudoccidental (34°S–55°S). Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Mar del Plata, 102 pp.
Cressey, R.F. (1970) Copepods parasitic on sharks from the west coast of Florida. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 38, 1–30.
Deets, G.B. (1987) Phylogenetic analysis and revision of Kroeyerina Wilson, 1932 (Siphonostomatoida: Kroyeriidae), copepods parasitic on chondrichthyans, with descriptions of four new species and the erection of a new genus, Prokroyeria. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 2121–2148.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87–327
Dippenaar, S.M., Olivier P.A.S. & Benz, G.W. (2004) Schistobrachia jordaanae n. sp. (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Lernaeopodidae) from gill filaments of a diamond ray (Gymnura natalensis) captured in the Indian Ocean and a key to species of Schistobrachia, Dendrapta, and Brianella. Journal of Parasitology, 90, 481–484.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-3268
Ebert, D.A. & Compagno, L.J.V. (2007) Biodiversity and systematics of skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei). Environmental Biology of Fishes, 80, 111–124.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641–007–9247–0
Etchegoin, J.A., Ivanov, V.A. & Timi, J.T. (2001) Resurrection of Perissopus galeorhini (Yamaguti, 1936), with notes on the genus Perissopus Steenstrup & Lütken, 1861 (Copepoda: Pandaridae) parasitic on sharks. Systematic Parasitology, 50, 31–39.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1011856922229
Figueroa, D.E., Barbini, S., Scenna, L., Bellegia, M., Delpiani, G.E. & Spath, C. (2013) El endemismo en las rayas de la zona común de pesca Argentino–Uruguaya. Frente marítimo, 23, 95–104.
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (2014) FishBase version (08/2014) Available from: http://www.fishbase.org (accessed 20 January 2015)
Garman, S. (1877) On the pelvis and external sexual organs of selachians, with especial references to the new genera Potamotrygon and Disceus (with descriptions). Proceedings of the Boston Society of natural History, 19, 197–214.
Garman, S. (1913) The Plagiostomia (sharks, skates, and rays). Memoirs of the Museum of comparative Zoology, 36, i–xiii + 1–515. [also Atlas: 77 plates]
Günther, A. (1870) Volume 8. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Gymnotidæ, Symbranchidæ, Muraenidæ, Pegasidæ, and of the Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi, Ganoidei, Chondropterygii, Cyclostomata, Leptocardii, in the British Museum. In: Günther, A. (Compiler), Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, xxv + 649 pp.
Günther, A. (1880) Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger in the years 1873–1876. In: Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the Years 1873-76. Zoology, 1, 1–82, plates 1–32.
Guichenot, A. (1848) Fauna Chilena. Peces. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Vol. 2. Zoología. Claudio Gay & Museo de Historia Natural de Santiago, Paris & Santiago, pp. 137–370. [“Ictiologia” plates 1–11 are in Atlas, volume 2, published in 1854]
Henderson, A.C., Reeve, A.J. & Tang, D. (2013) Parasitic copepods from some northern Indian Ocean elasmobranchs. Marine Biodiversity Records, 6, e44, 1–3.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755267213000195
Hesse, C.E. (1879) Description des Crustacés rares ou nouveaux des côtes de France. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie, Série 6, 8 (11), 1–34.
Irigoitia, M.M., Cantatore, D.M.P., Delpiani, G.E., Incorvaia, I.S., Lanfranchi, A.L. & Timi, J.T. (2014) Merizocotyle euzeti sp. n. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the nasal tissue of three deep sea skates (Rajidae) in the southwest Atlantic Ocean. Folia Parasitologica, 61, 206–212.
http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2014.031
Ishiyama, R. (1958) Studies on the rajid fishes (Rajidae) found in the waters around Japan. Journal of the Shimonoseki College of Fisheries, 7 (2–3), 191–394 (1–202), plates 1–3 (double pagination).
Izawa, K. (2008) Redescription of four species of Kroyeria and Kroeyerina (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Kroyeriidae) infecting Japanese sharks. Crustaceana, 81, 695–724.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854008784513465
Kabata, Z. (1964) Revision of the genus Charopinus Krøyer, 1863 (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn, 127, 85–112.
Kabata, Z. (1979) Parasitic Copepoda of British Fishes. The Ray Society, London, xii + 468 pp., figures 1–2031.
Kabata, Z. & Gusev, A.V. (1966) Parasitic Copepoda of fishes from the collection of the Zoological Institute in Leningrad. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 46, 155–207.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096–3642.1966.tb00503.x
Krøyer, H. (1863) Bidrag til kundskab om snyltekrebsene. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Series 3, 2 (1–2), 75–320, plates 1–9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.3-141.251
Kuznetsova, I.G. (1974) Parasitefauna of cartilaginous fishes from the Patagonian shelf. Kaliningrad- Leningrad, 19 pp. [extended thesis abstract in Russian]
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per Regna tria naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Vol. 1. 10th Edition. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, ii + 824 pp.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
Lloyd, R.E. (1908) On two new species of eagle-rays (Myliobatidae), with notes on the skull of the genus Ceratoptera. Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta), 2, 175–180, plates 4–5, 10.
Lucifora, L.O., García, V.B., Menni, R.C. & Worm, B. (2012) Spatial patterns in the diversity of sharks, rays, and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) in the Southwest Atlantic. Biodiversity and Conservation, 21 (2), 407–419.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0189-7
Luque, J.L. & Tavares, L.E.R. (2007) Checklist of Copepoda associated with fishes from Brazil. Zootaxa, 1579, 1–39.
Marini, T.L. (1932) Sobre una nueva especie de Psammobatis para las costas atlánticas. Physis (Buenos Aires), 11, 138–142.
McEachran, J.D. (1983) Results of the research cruises of FRV “Walther Herwig” to South America. LXI. Revision of the South American skate genus Psammobatis Günther, 1870 (Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes, Rajidae). Archiv für Fischereiwissenschaft, 34, 23–80.
Menni, R.C. (1972) Raja (“Atlantoraja”) subgen. nov. y lista critica de los “Rajidae” Argentinos (Chondrichthyes, Rajiformes). Revista del Museo de La Plata, Seccion Zoologia, 11, 165–173.
Menni, R.C. & Lucifora, L.O. (2007) Condrictios de la Argentina y Uruguay. Lista de Trabajo. ProBiota, FCNyM, UNLP, Serie Técnica (Didáctica), 1, 1–15.
Milne Edwards, H. (1840) Ordre des Copépodes. In: Milne Edwards, H. (Ed.), Histoire naturelle des Crustacés, comprenant l’anatomie, la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux. Vol. 3. Librairie encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, pp. 411–529.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.39738
Miranda Ribeiro, A. de (1907) Fauna Braziliense. Peixes. II. Desmobranchios. Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, 14, 132–217.
Mitchill, S.L. (1815) The fishes of New-York, described and arranged. Transactions of the literary and philosophical Society of New-York, 1 (5), 355–492, plates 1–6. [for 1814]
Müller, J. & Henle, F.G.J. (1837) Über die Gattungen der Haifische und Rochen nach einer von ihm mit Hrn. Henle unternommenen gemeinschaftlichen Arbeit über die Naturgeschichte der Knorpelfische. Bericht Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1837, 111–118.
Müller, J. & Henle, F.G.J. (1841) Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Veit und Comp., Berlin, xxii + 200 pp., 60 plates. [pp. 1–28 published in 1838, reset pp. 27–28, 29–102 in 1839, pp. i–xxii + 103–200 in 1841]
Philippi, R.A. (1902) Descripcion de cinco nuevas especies chilenas del ordre de los Plagióstomos. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 109, 303–315, 1 plate.
Pozzi, A.J. (1935) Comunicación preliminar sobre una nueva especie de “raya” de la costa atlántica Argentina, Raia doello-juradoi n. sp. Physis (Buenos Aires), 11, 491–492.
Ramírez, F.C. (1975) Sobre una nueva especie del género Kroyerina Wilson, 1952 (Crustacea: Copepoda). Neotropica, 21, 37–41.
Rangnekar, M.P. (1956) Parasitic copepods from the marine fishes of Bombay. Journal of the University of Bombay, 14 (5), 42–65.
Regan, C.T. (1903) On a collection of fishes made by Dr. Goeldi at Rio Janeiro. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, 1903 (2), (1), 59–68, plates 7–8.
Reiczigel, J. (2003) Confidence intervals for the binomial parameter: Some new considerations. Statistics in Medicine, 22, 611–621.
Reiczigel, J. & Rózsa, L. (2005) Quantitative Parasitology 3.0. Budapest. Distributed by the authors.
Richardson, J. (1837) The Fish. In: Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the northern Parts of British America: containing Descriptions of the Objects of natural History collected on the late northern Land Expeditions, under the Command of Sir John Franklin, R.N. J. Bentley, London, Part 3, xv + 327 pp., plates 74–97.
Romero, R.C. & Kuroki, H.B. (1987) On two members of the family Lernaeopodidae (Crustacea: Copepoda) parasitic on elasmobranchs in Chilean waters, with a description of Pseudocharopinoides myliobatidos n. g., n. sp. from Myliobatis chilensis Philippi. Systematic Parasitology, 9, 235–240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00010859
Thatcher, V.E. & Pereira, J. (2006) Kroyeria brasiliense sp. nov. (Copepoda, Kroyeriidae) a gill parasite of the shark, Galeorhinus vitaminicus de Buen, in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoología, 23, 1185–1187.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752006000400027
Thomsen, R. (1949) Copépodos parásitos de los peces marinos del Uruguay. Comunicaciones zoológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 54 (3), 1–41.
van Beneden, P.J. (1853) Notice sur un genre nouveau de la tribu des Caligiens (genre Kroyeria, Van Ben.). Bulletin de l’Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 20 (1), 23–30, plate 1.
Wilson, C.B. (1915) North American parasitic copepods belonging to the Lernaeopodidae, with a revision of the entire family. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 47, 565–729, plates 25–56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.47–2063.565
Wilson, C.B. (1932) The copepods of the Woods Hole region, Massachusetts. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 158, 1–635, plates 1–41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.158.i