Abstract
The barnacle Megabalanus zebra is largely known from ship hulls, with little information on its biology, ecology, and natural range. We identify M. zebra here from the southern Caribbean, based upon specimens collected as early as 2002. Challenges associated with identifying megabalinine species have delayed recognition of this species as distinct from other Caribbean Megabalanus. Sequenced material of M. zebra from Curaçao did not match M. zebra GenBank sequences that could be verified by descriptions or vouchered material. The presence of young M. zebra on vessels that have not left the Caribbean, as well as on pier pilings and resident buoys, indicate that this species is established in the tropical Western Atlantic Ocean, but the timing of its invasion remains unknown.
References
Abreu, N.M.N., Marçal, I., Duarte, A.B., Pitombo, F.B., Vilasboa, A. & Gusmão, J. (2016) Microsatellite markers for barnacle studies: Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci from the invasive barnacle Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin, 1854) and its cross-amplification in the Southern Atlantic endemic species Megabalanus vesiculosus (Darwin, 1854). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 66, 224–228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2016.04.006
Ashton, G.V., Davidson, I.C., Geller, J. & Ruiz, G.M. (2016) Disentangling the biogeography of ship biofouling: barnacles in the Northeast Pacific. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 25, 739–750.
https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12450Bacon, P.R. (1976) The Cirripedia of Trinidad. Studies of the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands, 50, 1–55
Barnard, K.H. (1924) Contribution to the crustacean fauna of South Africa. No. 7. Cirripedia. Annals of the South African Museum, 20, 1–103.
Bruguière, M. (1792) Histoire naturelle des vers. Vol. 1. Panckoucke, Paris, xviii + 757 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8638
Celis, A., Rodríguez-Almaráz, G. & Álvares, F. (2007) The shallow-water thoracican barnacles (Crustacea) of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 78, 325–337.
Chan, B.K.K., Prabowo, R.E. & Lee, K-S. (2009) Crustacean fauna of Taiwan: barnacles, volume I - Cirripedia: Thoracica excluding the Pyrgomatidae and Acastinae. National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
Chen, H.N., Hoeg, J.T. & Chan, B.K.K. (2013) Morphometric and molecular identification of individual barnacle cyprids from wild plankton: an approach to detecting fouling and invasive barnacle species. Biofouling, 29 (2), 133–145.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2012.753061
Cohen, O.R., Walters, L.J. & Hoffman, E.A. (2014) Clash of the titans: a multi-species invasion with high gene flow in the globally invasive titan acorn barnacle. Biological Invasions, 16, 1743–1756.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0624-7
Darwin, C. (1854) A monograph on the sub class Cirripedia with figures of all species. The Balanidae, the Verrucidae, etc. Ray Society London, 684 pp
Davadie, C. (1963) Systématique et structure des balanes fossiles d’Europe et d’Afrique. Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, Paris, 146 pp.
Dionisio, M., Costa, A. & Rodrigues, A. (2012) Re-examination of Megabalanus azoricus (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha): a natural and edible resource to preserve. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5 (e-110), 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267212000590
Foster, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (1979) Foreign barnacles transported to New Zealand on an oil platform. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 13 (1), 143–149.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1979.9515788
Gmelin, J.F. (1791) Caroli a Linné, Systema Naturae, (ed. 13). 1(6). Lipsiae, Leipzig, 3021–3910 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.36932
Gruvel, A. (1910) Die Cirripedian der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition, Zoologie, 3 (2), 193–229.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T. & Ryan, P.D. (2001) PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4 (1), 1–9.
Henry, D.P. & McLaughlin, P.A. (1986) The recent species of Megabalanus (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha) with special emphasis on Balanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus) sensu lato. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 235, 1–69.
Hiro, F. (1939) Studies on the cirripedian fauna of Japan. IV. Cirripeds of Formosa (Taiwan), with some geographical and ecological remarks on the littoral forms. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial, University, Series B, 15 (2), 245–284.
Karande, A.A. & Palekar, V.C. (1966) The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia) of the Bombay Coast. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 63 (1), 139–151.
Kjerfve, B. (1981) Tides of the Caribbean Sea. Journal Geophysical Research, 86 (5), 4243–4247.
https://doi.org/10.1029/jc086ic05p04243
Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de (1818) Histoire naturelle des animaux san vertebres. Deterville Librairie, Paris, 612 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12712Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. 10th Edition. Holmiae, Stockholm, 824 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542Liu, R-Y. & Ren, X-Q. (2007) Fauna Sinica. Invertebrata. Vol. 42. Crustacea Cirripedia Thoracica. Science Press, Beijing, 633 pp.
Malay, M.C.D. & Michonneau, F. (2014), Phylogenetics and morphological evolution of coral-dwelling barnacles (Balanomorpha: Pyrgomatidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 113, 162–179.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12315McLaughlin, P.A. & Henry, D.P. (1992) Megabalanus krakatauensis (Nilsson-Cantell, 1934) (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) revised. Bulletin Zoölogisch Museum, 13 (7), 73–77.
McLaughlin P.A. & Lacombe D. (1979). Megabalanus vesiculosus (Darwin) from Brazil, with a redescription of the species (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 39 (1), 37–41.
Newman, W.A. & Ross, A. (1976) Revision of the balanomorph barnacles; including a catalog of the species. Memoirs of San Diego Society of Natural History, 9, 1–108.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854077x00999Nilsson-Cantell, C.A. (1928) Studies on cirripeds in the British Mus. (Nat. Hist.). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 2 (7), 1–39.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932808672845
Pappalardo, P., Pitombo, F.B., Pilar, H. & Wares, J.P. (2016) A rose by any other name: systematics and diversity in the Chilean giant barnacle Austromegabalanus psittacus (Molina, 1782) (Cirripedia). Journal Crustacean Biology, 36 (2), 180–188.
https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240x-00002403Perrealt, R.T. (2004) An exotic tropical barnacle, Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin, 1854), in Louisiana: its probable arrival and environmental applications. Proceedings of Louisiana Academy of Sciences, 66, 13–16.
Pilsbry, H.A. (1896) On a collection of barnacles. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 48, 208.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939608680419Pilsbry, H.A. (1916) The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the collections of the U. S. National Museum; including a monograph of the American species. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 93, 1–366.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.93.1Pilsbry, H. A. (1953) Notes on Floridan barnacles (Cirripedia). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 195, 13–28.
Pitombo, F.B. (2010) Cirripedia-Barnacles. In: Häussermann V., Försterra G., (Ed.), Marine benthic fauna of Chilean Patagonia. Nature in Focus, Santiago, pp. 599–622.
Pollard, D.A. & Petherbridge, R.L. (2002) Report on Port of Botany Bay Introduced Marine Pest Species Survey. NSW Fisheries Final Report Series, 40, 1–69.
Quintero, J., Manent, P., Pérez-Diéguez, L., González, J.A., Almeida, C, Lopes, E., Araújo, R., Carreira, G.P., Rey-Méndez, M. & González-Henríquez, N. (2015) Phylogeography of a marine insular endemic in the Atlantic Macaronesia: The Azorean Barnacle, Megabalanus azoricus (Pilsbry, 1916). PloS ONE, 10 (4), e0124707.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124707.g002Rohlf, F.J. (2004) tpsUtil, file utility program. version 1.26. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
Rohlf, F.J. (2005) tpsDig, digitize landmarks and outlines, version 2.05. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
Rohlf, J.F. & Marcus, L.F. (1993) A revolution in morphometrics. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 129–138.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(93)90024-jRoss, A. (1968) Bredin-Arch Smithsonian Biological survey of Dominica, 8: The intertidal Balanomorph Cirripedia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 125 (3663), 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.125-3663.1Ross, A. (1999) On the occurrence of Megabalanus stultus (Darwin), 1854 (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) in Taiwan: a reappraisal. Zoological Studies, 38 (3), 275–278.
Southward, A.J. (1975) Intertidal and shallow water Cirripedia of the Caribbean. Studies of the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands, 46, 1–53, 5 pls.
Stubbings, H.G. (1961) Cirripedia Thoracica from tropical West Africa. Atlantide Report, 6, 7–41.
Stubbings, H.G. (1964) Cirripedia. Campagnes de la “Calypso” aus îles du Cap Vert (1959). Annales de l’Institute Océanographique, 41, 103–112.
Stubbings, H.G. (1967) The Cirripedia Fauna of Tropical Africa. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 15 (6), 227–319.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.27518Shen,X., Chu, K.H., Chan, B.K. & Tsang, L.M. (2016) The complete mitochondrial genome of the fire coral-inhabiting barnacle Megabalanus ajax (Sessilia: Balanidae): gene rearrangements and atypical gene content. Mitochondrial DNA Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing, and Analysis, 27 (2), 1173–1174.
https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2014.936424Sheets, D.H. (2001–2014) IMP software series. Department of Physics, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY 14208, Department of Geology, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14260 sheets@canisius.edu. Available from: http://canisius.edu/~sheets (accessed 17 January 2017)
Tamura, K., Stecher G., Peterson D., Filipski A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 2725–2729.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197Tsang, L.M., Chu, K.H., Achituv, A. & Chan, B.K.K. (2014) Molecular phylogeny of the acorn barnacle family Tetraclitidae (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha: Tetraclitoidea): Validity of shell morphology and arthropodal characteristics in the systematics of Tetraclitid barnacles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 82, 324–329.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.015Weltner, W. (1897) Verzeichnis der bisher beschriebenen recenten Cirripedienarten. Mit Angabe der im berliner Museum vorhandenen Species und ihrer Fundorte. Archive fur Naturgeschichte Berlin, 63 (1), 227–280.
Yamaguchi, T. (1973) On Megabalanus (Cirripedia, Thoracica) of Japan. Publications Of The Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 21 (2), 115–140.
Yamaguchi, T., Prabowo, R.E., Oshiro, Y., Shimono, T., Jones, D., Kawai, H., Otani, M., Oshino, A., Inagawa, S., Akaya, T. & Tamura, I. (2009) The introduction to Japan of the Titan barnacle, Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin, 1854) (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) and the role of shipping in its translocation. Biofouling, 25 (4), 324–333.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010902738048Zelditch, M.L., Swiderski, D.L. & Sheets, H.D. (2012) Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists: a Primer. 2nd Edition. Elsevier, San Diego, 478 pp.