Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 4254 No. 5: 20 Apr. 2017
Type: Article
Published: 2017-04-20
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.5.1
Page range: 501–519
Abstract views: 74
PDF downloaded: 2

Mitochondrial genome of Abraxas suspecta (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and comparative analysis with other Lepidopterans

College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
Lepidoptera mitogenome geometrid moth phylogenetic analysis evolution

Abstract

In this study, a complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Abraxas suspecta (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is isolated and characterized. The complete DNA is 15,547 bp length and contains 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 23 putative transfer RNA (tRNA) genes including an extra tRNAAsn (AUU), 13 protein-coding genes and an adenine (A) + thymine (T)-rich region. The nucleotide composition and gene organization are identical to those of other lepidopteran, except for the presence of an extra copy of trnN (AUU). Of the 38 genes, twenty-five genes (9 PCGs and 16 tRNAs) are encoded by heavy strand (H-strand), while thirteen are encoded by light strand (L-strand). Among the 13 PCGs, 12 PCGs employ ATN as initiation codon, while cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) utilizes CGA as initiation codon. Four of the 13 PCGs have the incomplete termination codon T, while the remainder terminated with the canonical stop codon. All tRNA genes are folded into the typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNAs, except for the tRNASer (AGN) gene, in which the DHU arm fails to form a stable stem-loop structure. The A+T-rich region is 532 bp long, and contains some conserved regions, including ‘ATAGA’ motif followed by a 17bp poly-T stretch, a microsatellite-like element (AT)8(AAT)3 and also a poly-A element. A short Phylogenetic analysis based on 13 PCGs using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) revealed that A. suspecta resides in the Geometridae family. We present the method and approach to use moths as model organisms for further genetic and evolutionary biology studies.

 

References

  1. Beard, C.B., Hamm, D.M. & Collins, F.H. (1993) The mitochondrial genome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae: DNA sequence, genome organization, and comparisons with mitochondrial sequences of other insects. Insect Molecular Biology, 2, 103–124.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.1993.tb00131.x

    Benson, G. (1999) Tandem repeats finder: a program to analyze DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Research, 27, 573–580.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/27.2.573

    Boore, J.L. (1999) Animal mitochondrial genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 27, 1767–1780.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/27.8.1767

    Cameron, S.L. (2014) Insect mitochondrial genomics: implications for evolution and phylogeny. Annual Review of Entomology, 59, 95–117.
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162007

    Cameron, S.L. & Whiting, M.F. (2008) The complete mitochondrial genome of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, (Insecta : Lepidoptera : Sphingidae), and an examination of mitochondrial gene variability within butterflies and moths. Gene, 408, 112–123.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2007.10.023

    Cao, Y.Q., Ma, C.A., Chen, J.Y. & Yang, D.R. (2012) The complete mitochondrial genomes of two ghost moths, Thitarodes renzhiensis and Thitarodes yunnanensis: the ancestral gene arrangement in Lepidoptera. BMC Genomics, 13, 276.
    https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-276

    Cha, S.Y., Yoon, H.J., Lee, E.M., Yoon, M.H., Hwang, J.S., Jin, B.R., Han,Y.S. & Kim, I. (2007) The complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of the bumblebee, Bombus ignitus (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Gene, 392, 206–220.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2006.12.031

    Chai, H.N., Du, Y.Z. & Zhai, B.P. (2012) Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). International Journal of Biological Sciences, 8, 561–579.
    https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.3540

    Chen, M., Tian, L.L., Shi, Q.H., Cao, T.W. & Hao, J.S. (2012) Complete mitogenome of the Lesser Purple Emperor Apatura ilia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Apaturinae) and comparison with other nymphalid butterflies. Dongwuxue Yanjiu, 33, 191–201.

    Chen, S.C., Wang, X.Q., Wang, J.J., Hu, X. & Peng, P. (2015) The complete mitochondrial genome of a tea pest looper, Buzura suppressaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 1–2.
    https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2015.1007310

    Chen, S.C., Wang, X.Q., Wang, J.J., Hu, X. & Peng, P. (2016) The complete mitochondrial genome of a tea pest looper, Buzura suppressaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 27, 3153–3154.

    Cong, Q. & Grishin, N.V. (2016) The complete mitochondrial genome of Lerema accius and its phylogenetic implications. Peerj, 4, e1546.
    https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1546

    Dai, L., Qian, C., Zhang, C., Wang, L., Wei, G., Li, J., Zhu, B. & Liu, C. (2015) Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Cerura menciana and comparison with other lepidopteran insects. PLoS ONE, 10, e0132951.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132951

    Dai, L.S., Zhu, B.J., Qian, C., Zhang, C.F., Li, J., Wang, L., Wei, G.Q. & Liu, C.L. (2014) The complete mitochondrial genome of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 27, 1512–1513.

    Dong, Y., Zhu, L.X., Ding, M.J., Wang, J.J., Luo, L.G., Liu, Y. & Ou, Y.Y. (2016) Complete mitochondrial genome of Papilio syfanius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 27, 403–404.

    Hao, J., Sun, Q., Zhao, H., Sun, X., Gai, Y. & Yang, Q. (2012) The complete mitochondrial genome of Ctenoptilum vasava (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae) and its phylogenetic implication. Comparative and Functional Genomics, 2012, 328049.
    https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/328049

    He, S.L., Zou, Y., Zhang, L.F., Ma, W.Q., Zhang, X.Y. & Yue, B.S. (2015) The complete mitochondrial genome of the beet webworm, Spoladea recurvalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and its phylogenetic implications. PLoS ONE, 10, e0129355.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129355

    Heikkilä, M., Kaila, L., Mutanen, M., Peña, C. & Wahlberg, N. (2011) Cretaceous origin and repeated Tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 279, 1093–1099.
    https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1430

    Hong, G., Jiang, S., Yu, M., Yang, Y., Li, F., Xue, F. & Wei, Z. (2009) The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the cabbage butterfly, Artogeia melete (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica (Shanghai), 41, 446–455.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmp030

    Jiang, S.T., Hong, G.Y., Yu, M., Li, N., Yang, Y., Liu, Y.Q. & Wei, Z.J. (2009) Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the giant silkworm moth, Eriogyna pyretorum (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). International Journal of Biological Sciences, 5, 351–365.
    https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.5.351

    Junqueira, A.C., Lessinger, A.C., Torres, T.T., da Silva, F.R., Vettore, A.L., Arruda, P. & Azeredo Espin, A.M. (2004) The mitochondrial genome of the blowfly Chrysomya chloropyga (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Gene, 339, 7–15.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2004.06.031

    Kawahara, A.Y. & Breinholt, J.W. (2014) Phylogenomics provides strong evidence for relationships of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Science, 281, 20140970.
    https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0970

    Kim, M.I., Baek, J.Y., Kim, M.J., Jeong, H.C., Kim, K.G., Bae, C.H., Han, Y.S., Jin, B.R. & Kim, I. (2009) Complete nucleotide sequence and organization of the mitogenome of the red-spotted apollo butterfly, Parnassius bremeri (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and comparison with other lepidopteran insects. Molecules and Cells, 28, 347–363.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10059-009-0129-5

    Kim, M.J., Choi, S.W. & Kim, I. (2013) Complete mitochondrial genome of the larch hawk moth, Sphinx morio (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 24, 622–624.
    https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.772155

    Kim, M.J., Wang, A.R., Park, J.S. & Kim, I. (2014) Complete mitochondrial genomes of five skippers (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and phylogenetic reconstruction of Lepidoptera. Gene, 549, 97–112.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.052

    Kim, S.R., Kim, M.I., Hong, M.Y., Kim, K.Y., Kang, P.D., Hwang, J.S., Han, Y.S., Jin, B.R. & Kim, I. (2009) The complete mitogenome sequence of the Japanese oak silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Molecular Biology Reports, 36, 1871–1880.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-008-9393-2

    Lee, E.S., Shin, K.S., Kim, M.S., Park, H., Cho, S. & Kim, C.B. (2006) The mitochondrial genome of the smaller tea tortrix Adoxophyes honmai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Gene, 373, 52–57.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2006.01.003

    Lewis, D.L., Farr, C.L. & Kaguni, L.S. (1995) Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA: completion of the nucleotide sequence and evolutionary comparisons. Insect Molecular Biology, 4, 263–278.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.1995.tb00032.x

    Li, W., Zhang, X., Fan, Z., Yue, B., Huang, F., King, E. & Ran, J. (2011) Structural characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). DNA and Cell Biology, 30, 3–8.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2010.1058

    Liao, F., Wang, L., Wu, S., Li, Y.P., Zhao, L., Huang, G.M., Niu, C.-J., Liu, Y.-Q. & Li, M.-G. (2010) The complete mitochondrial genome of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). International Journal of Biological Sciences, 6, 172–186.
    https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.6.172

    Liu, Q.N., Zhu, B.J., Dai, L.S. & Liu, C.L. (2013) The complete mitogenome of Bombyx mori strain Dazao (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) and comparison with other lepidopteran insects. Genomics, 101, 64–73.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.10.002

    Liu, Q.N., Zhu, B.J., Dai, L.S., Wang, L., Qian, C., Wei, G.Q. & Liu C.L. (2016) The complete mitochondrial genome of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 27, 122–123.
    https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.873934

    Liu, S., Xue, D., Cheng, R. & Han, H. (2014) The complete mitogenome of Apocheima cinerarius (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) and comparison with that of other lepidopteran insects. Gene, 547, 136–144.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.044

    Liu, Y.Q., Li, Y.P., Pan, M.H., Dai, F.Y., Zhu, X.W., Lu, C. & Xiang, Z. (2008) The complete mitochondrial genome of the Chinese oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera : Saturniidae). Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 40, 693–703.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/40.8.693

    Lowe, T.M. & Eddy, S.R. (1997) tRNAscan-SE: a program for improved detection of transfer RNA genes in genomic sequence. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 955–964.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.5.0955

    Lu, C., Liu, Y.Q., Liao, S.Y., Li, B., Xiang, Z.H., Han, H. & Wang, X. (2002) Complete sequence determination and analysis of Bombyx mori mitochondrial genome. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology, 10, 163–170.

    Lu, H.F., Su, T.J., Luo, A.R., Zhu, C.D. & Wu, C.S. (2013) Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of diurnal moth Amata emma (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) and its phylogenetic implications. PLoS ONE, 8 (9), e72410.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072410

    Lutz-Bonengel, S., Sanger, T., Pollak, S. & Szibor, R. (2004) Different methods to determine length heteroplasmy within the mitochondrial control region. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 118, 274–281.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-004-0457-0

    Niu, F. F., Fan, X. L. & Wei, S. J. (2016) Complete mitochondrial genome of the Grapholita dimorpha Komai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, Journal of DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 27, 775–776.

    Ogoh, K. & Ohmiya, Y. (2004) Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the sea-firefly, Vargula hilgendorfii (Crustacea, Ostracoda) with duplicate control regions. Gene, 327, 131–139.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2003.11.011

    Park, J.S., Kim, M.J., Kim, S.S. & Kim, I. (2014) Complete mitochondrial genome of an aquatic moth, Elophila interruptalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 25, 275–277.
    https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.800504

    Park, J.S., Kim, S.S., Kim, K.Y. & Kim, I. (2016) Complete mitochondrial genome of Suzuki's Promolactis moth Promalactis suzukiella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, Journal of DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 27, 2093–2094.

    Regier, J.C., Zwick, A., Cummings, M.P., Kawahara, A.Y., Cho, S., Weller, S., Roe, A., Baixeras, J., Brown, J.W., Parr, C., Davis, D.R., Epstein, M., Hallwachs, W., Hausmann, A., Janzen, D.H., Kitching, I.J., Solis, M.A., Yen, S.H., Bazinet, A.L. & Mitter, C. (2009) Toward reconstructing the evolution of advanced moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an initial molecular study. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9, 280.
    https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-280

    Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Zwick, A., Bazinet, A.L., Cummings, A.L., Kawahara, A.Y., Sohn, J.-C., Zwickl, D.J., Cho, S., Davis, D.R., Baixeras, J., Brown, J., Parr, C., Weller, S., Lees, D.C. & Mitter, K.T. (2013) A large-scale, higher-level, molecular phylogenetic study of the insect order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). PLoS ONE, 8 (3), e58568.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058568

    Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology, 61, 539–542.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029

    Scoble, M.J. & Hausmann, A. (2007) Online list of valid and available names of the Geometridae of the World. Available from: http://www.lepbarcoding.org/geometridae/species_checklists.php (accessed 6 March 2017)

    Shi, B.C., Liu, W. & Wei, S.J. (2013) The complete mitochondrial genome of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 24, 37–39.

    Sun, Y., Tian, S., Qian, C., Sun, Y.X., Abbas, M.N., Kausar, S., Wang, L., Wei, G., Zhu, B.J. & Liu, C.L. (2016) Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Spilarctia robusta (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Erebidae) and its phylogenetic implications. European Journal of Entomology, 113, 558–570.
    https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2016.076

    Taanman, J.W. (1999) The mitochondrial genome: structure, transcription, translation and replication. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1410, 103–123.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-2728(98)00161-3

    Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2011) MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, 2731–2739.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121

    Taylor, M.F., McKechnie, S. W., Pierce, N. & Kreitman, M. (1993) The lepidopteran mitochondrial control region: structure and evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10, 12591272.

    Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G. (1997) The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 4876–4882.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876

    Timmermans, M.J.T.N., Lees, D.C. & Simonsen, T.J. (2014) Towards a mitogenomic phylogeny of Lepidoptera. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 79, 169–178.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.05.031

    Wei, S.J., Shi, B.C., Gong, Y.J., Li, Q. & Chen, X.X. (2013) Characterization of the mitochondrial genome of the Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and phylogenetic analysis of advanced moths and butterflies. DNA and Cell Biology, 32, 173–187.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2012.1942

    Wu, L.W., Lees, D.C., Yen, S.H., Lu, C.C. & Hsu, Y.F. (2010) The complete mitochondrial genome of the near-threatened swallowtail, Agehana maraho (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): evaluating sequence variability and suitable markers for conservation genetic studies. Entomological News, 121, 267–280.
    https://doi.org/10.3157/021.121.0308

    Wu, Q.L., Cui, W.X. & Wei, S.J. (2015) Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 26, 139–140.

    Wu, Q.L., Liu, W., Shi, B.C., Gu, Y. & Wei, S.J. (2013) The complete mitochondrial genome of the summer fruit tortrix moth Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 24, 214–216.

    Wu, Y.P., Li, J., Zhao, J.L., Su, T.J., Luo, A.R., Fan, R.J., Chen, M.C., Wu, C.S. & Zhu, C.D. (2012a) The complete mitochondrial genome of the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica. Journal of Insect Science, 12, 72.
    https://doi.org/10.1673/031.012.7201

    Wu, Y.P., Zhao, J.L., Su, T.J., Li, J., Yu, F., Chesters, D., Fan, R.J., Chen, M.C., Wu, C.S. & Zhu, C.D. (2012b) The complete mitochondrial genome of Leucoptera malifoliella Costa (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae). DNA and Cell Biology, 31, 1508–1522.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2012.1642

    Yang, L., Wei, Z.J., Hong, G.Y., Jiang, S.T. & Wen, L.P. (2009) The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Phthonandria atrilineata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Molecular Biology Reports, 36, 1441–1449.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-008-9334-0

    Yang, X., Xue, D. & Han, H. (2013) The complete mitochondrial genome of Biston panterinaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial genome in the Lepidoptera. Gene, 515, 349–358.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.031

    Yi, J., Que, S., Xin, T., Xia, B. & Zou, Z. (2016) Complete mitochondrial genome of Thitarodes pui (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 27, 109–110.

    Yin, J., Hong, G.Y., Wang, A.M., Cao, Y.Z. & Wei, Z.J. (2010) Mitochondrial genome of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and comparison with other Lepidopterans. Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 21, 160–169.

    Yin, J., Wang, A.M., Hong, G.Y., Cao, Y.Z. & Wei, Z.J. (2011) Complete mitochondrial genome of Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 22, 41–43.

    Yingqi, F.H.N. (1999) A preliminary report on Calospilos suspecta Warren. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 26, 461–464.

    Yukuhiro, K., Sezutsu, H., Itoh, M., Shimizu, K. & Banno, Y. (2002) Significant levels of sequence divergence and gene rearrangements have occurred between the mitochondrial genomes of the wild mulberry silkmoth, Bombyx mandarina, and its close relative, the domesticated silkmoth, Bombyx mori. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19, 1385–1389.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004200

    Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) (2011) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa, 3148, 1–237.

    Zhu, B.J., Liu, Q.N., Dai, L.S., Wang, L., Sun, Y., Lin, K.Z., Wei, G.Q. & Liu, C.L. (2013) Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Diaphania pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae). Gene, 527, 283–291.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.035