Abstract
Two parasitoid wasp species of the Brachymeria minuta species group are studied. The specimens were collected in Peru at the archaeological site of Huacas de Moche, the former capital of the Mochica culture between 400–600 A.D. Brachymeria mochica Delvare sp. nov. (Chalcididae) is described and illustrated while B. podagrica (Fabricius, 1787) is reviewed with an update of the nomenclature and a summary of knowledge regarding its hosts and biology. The morphology and biology of both species are newly defined and characterized. Brachymeria brevicornis (Klug, 1834) stat. rev., previously synonymized with B. minuta (Linnaeus, 1767), is re-established as a valid species and a lectotype is designated. The following names are synonymised with B. podagrica: Chalcis ferox Kieffer, 1905 and its variety C. ferox coxalis Kieffer, 1905, Chalcis spilopus Cameron, 1905, Chalcis capensis Cameron, 1905, Chalcis transvaalensis Cameron, 1911, Chalcis neglecta Masi, 1916, Chalcis sodalis Masi, 1917, Brachymeria Fonscolombei var. gananensis Masi, 1938, Chalcis vulcani Schmitz, 1946, and Brachymeria fonscolombei f. neglecta Masi, 1951 new synonymies. Brachymeria amenocles (Walker, 1846) stat. rev. is re-established as a valid species with Chalcis varipes Walker, 1871 and Brachymeria Beccarii Masi, 1929 as junior synonyms syn. rev. Lectotypes are designated for the above names except for C. sodalis and C. vulcani.
References
Andrade T.V. de & Tavares, M.T. (2009) Revisão de Ceyxia Girault, stat. rev. (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae, Brachymeriini). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 53 (4), 511–548.
Andriescu, I. (1988) The family Chalcididae in Rumania, a faunistic, biogeographical and economic study. In: Gupta, V.K. (Ed.), Advances in Parasitic Hymenoptera Research: Proceedings of the II Conference on the Taxonomy and Biology of Parasitic Hymenoptera held at the University of Florida, Gainsville. E.J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 259–263.
Beaver, R.A. (1986) Biological studies of muscoid flies (Diptera) breeding in mollusc carrion in Southeast Asia. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 37 (3), 205–211.
https://doi.org/10.7601/mez.37.205Blanchard, E.E. (1935) Apuntes sobre calcididos argentinos (Hym. Chalc.). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 7, 103–122.
Bouček, Z. (1956) A contribution to the knowledge of the Chalcididae, Leucospidae and Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) of the Near East. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, 5B, 227–259.
Bouček, Z. (1972) On some European Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with the description of a new Euchalcis Dufour. Entomologist's Gazette, 23 (4), 237–242.
Bouček, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International, Wallingford, 832 pp.
Bouček, Z. (1992) The New World genera of Chalcididae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 53, 49–118.
Bouček, Z. & Delvare, G. (1992) The identities of species described or classified under Chalcis by J.C. Fabricius. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 53, 11–48.
Burks, B.D. (1936) The Illinois species of Brachymeria (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae). Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 29, 251–254.
Burks, B.D. (1960) A revision of the genus Brachymeria Westwood in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 86 (3), 225–273.
Cameron, P. (1888) Descriptions of one new genus and some new species of parasitic Hymenoptera. Proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society, 26, 117–137.
Cameron, P. (1897) Hymenoptera Orientalia. Contributions to a knowledge of the Hymenoptera of the Oriental zoological region. Part V. Memoirs & Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 41 (4), 1–144.
Cameron, P. (1905a) A new species of Chalcis from Borneo. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 42, 52.
Cameron, P. (1905b) Description of a new genus and three new species of Chalcididae from South Africa. (Hym.) Zeitschrift für Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 5 (4), 230–232.
Cameron, P. (1911) On the parasitic Hymenoptera collected by Mr. A.J.T. Janse, Transvaal. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, 2, 173–217.
Carlos, H.M. (2014) Brachymeria podagrica (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) (Fabricius) as natural enemy of flies collected in the south Goiás and west Minas Gerais, Brazil. Ciência Técnica Vitivinicola, 29 (6), 1–6.
Chowdhury, S.H. & Howlader, M.A. (1975) Notes on two chalcidoid endoparasites of Sarcophaga dux Thompson. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 3 (1), 63–64.
Chowdhury, S.H. & Howlader, M.A. (1978) Biology of Brachymeria podagrica F. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), an endoparasite of the flesh fly Sarcophaga dux Thomson. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 6 (1), 15–21.
Couri, M.S., Tavares, M.T. & Stenzel, R.R. (2006) Parasitoidism of chalcidid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae) on Philornis sp. (Diptera, Muscidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 66 (2A), 553–557.
Curthberton, A. (1932) Notes on the habits of some Diptera in Rhodesia. Proceedings of the Rhodesia Scientific Association, 37, 31–36.
Curthberton, A. (1938) Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Rhodesia Science Association, 36, 115–130.
Dalla Torre von, K.W. (1898) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. V. Chalcididae et Proctotrupidae. G. Engelmann, Lipsiae, 598 pp.
Delvare, G. (1992) A reclassification of the Chalcidini with a checklist of the New World species. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 53, 119–441.
Delvare, G., Talaee, L. & Goldansaz, S.H. (2011) New Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of economic importance from Iran. Annales Zoologici, 61 (4), 789–801.
https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411x622598
Dowden, P.B. (1935) Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), a primary parasite, and B. compsilurae (Cwfd.) a secondary parasite, of the gypsy moth. Journal of Agricultural Research, 50, 495–523.
Dufour, L. (1841) Histoire des métamorphoses des Chalcis, et description d'une espèce peu connue de ce genre d'Hyménoptères. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, X, 11–19.
Fabricius, J.C. (1787) Mantissa Insectorum sistens species nuper detectas. Vol. 1. Impensis C. G. Proft, Hafniae, xx + 348 pp.
Fabritius, K. & Andriescu, I. (1987) Genul Brachymeria Westwood (Hymenoptera—Chalcidoidea) si relatiile sale cu mustele sinantrope din Romania. Studii si Cercetari de Biologie, Seria Biologie Animala, 39 (1), 28–31.
Farinha, A., Dourado, C.G., Centeio, N., Oliveira, A.R., Dias, D. & Rebelo, M.T. ( 2014) Small bait traps as accurate predictors of dipteran early colonizers in forensic studies. Journal of Insect Science, 14 (77), 1–16.
Fry, J.M. (1989) Natural enemy databank, 1987. A catalogue of natural enemies of arthropods derived from records in the CIBC Natural Enemy Databank. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxford, 97 pp.
Girault, A.A. (1913) Some chalcidoid Hymenoptera from north Queensland. Archiv für Naturgeschichte (A), 79 (6), 70–90.
Girault, A.A. (1915) Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea—XIV. The family Chalcididae with descriptions of new genera and species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 4, 314–365.
Girault, A.A. (1924) Notes and descriptions of Australian chalcid flies. II. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 12, 172–176.
Gonzales Silva da, C., Cruz da, C., Filho C. de, L., Araújo de, W.J.S., Almeida Santos de, L.E. & Silva Siqueira da, T. (2012) Occurrence of Brachymeria podagrica in pupae of Sarcophagidae in the State of Maranhão. Revista Trópica—Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, 6 (2), 89–92.
Habu, A. (1960) A revision of the Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) of Japan with description of sixteen new species. Bulletin of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Tokyo, (C), 11, 131–363.
Hellén, W. & Günther, K. (1936) Chalcis garutianus Gthr. n. sp. (Chalcididae). Ueber einige von H. Overbeck 1933/34 auf Java gesammelte Insekten. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 79, 73–74.
Holmgren, A.E. (1868) Häft 12. Hymenoptera. Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resa omkring Jorden. In: Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser, ii Zoologii; Tafl. viii Insecta, pp. 391–442.
Horenstein, M.B. & Salvo, A. (2012) Community dynamics of carrion flies and their parasitoids in experimental carcasses in central Argentina. Journal of Insect Science, 12 (8), 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.012.0801Huchet, J.-B. & Greenberg, B. (2010) Flies, Mochicas and Burial practices: a case study from Huaca de la Luna, Peru. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37 (11), 2846–2856.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.025Husain, T. & Agarwal, M.M. (1982) The Indian species of Brachymeria Westwood (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Oriental Insects, 16, 491–509.
Kieffer, J.J. (1905) Neue Eucharinae und Chalcidinae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 49, 240–265.
Kirby, W.F. (1883) On the genera of the subfamily Chalcidinae, with synonymic notes and descriptions of new species of Leucospidinae and Chalcidinae. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology), 17, 53–78.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1883.tb00236.xKlug, F. (1834) Pars zoologica. Insecta. In: Ehrenberg, C.G., 1829–1845. Symbolae physicae seu Icones et descriptiones corporum naturalium novorum aut minus cognitorum quae ex itineribus per Libyam Aegyptum Nubiam Dongalam Syriam Arabiam et Habessiniam, 3, Pars zoologica II, Insecta. Dec., pp. i–v, 50 pls.
Léonide, J. & Léonide, J.C. (1969) Insectes parasites et prédateurs des Diptères acridiphages, parasites occasionnels des Orthoptères en Provence. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 74, 21–32.
Lourenção, A.L. & Sabino, J.C. (1994) Acraga moorei Dyar (Lepidoptera: Dalceridae) em macadamia no Estado de Sao Paulo. Bragantia, 53 (2), 185–190.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0006-87051994000200009Lucas, H. (1849) Histoire naturelle des animaux articulés. Insectes (suite). Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie pendant les années 1840, 1841, 1842. Sciences Physiques, Zoologie, 3, 1–527.
Marchiori, C.H. (2001) Ocorrencia de Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) como parasitoide de Peckia chrysostoma (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) no Brasil. Entomologia y Vectores, 8 (4), 513–517.
Marchiori, C.H., Pereira, L.A., Filho, O.M.S., Ribeiro, L.C.S. & Borges, V.R. (2002a) Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) as parasitoids of Sarcodexia lambens (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Brazil. Arquivos do Instituto Biologico Sao Paulo, 69 (4), 121–122.
Marchiori, C.H., Pereira, L.A. & Filho, O.M.S. (2002b) Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) as a parasitoid of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae): first report in Brazil. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, 54 (5), 555–557.
Marchiori, C.H., Pereira, L.A., Filho, O.M.S., Ribeiro, L.C.S. & Borges, V.R. (2003a) Ocorrencia de Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) como parasitoide de dipteros coletados em diferentes substratos em Itumbiara, Sul de Goias, Brasil. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, 55 (2), 246–248.
Marchiori, C.H., Pereira, L.A., Filho, O.M.S., Ribeiro, L.C.S., Borges, V.R. & Arantes, S.B. (2003b) Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) as parasitoids of Hemilucilia flavifacies Enderlein (Diptera: Calliphoridae) collected in state of Goias, Brazil. Arquivos do Instituto Biologico Sao Paulo, 70 (2), 223–224.
Marchiori, C.H., Pereira, L.A., Filho, O.M.S., Ribeiro, L.C.S. & Borges, V.R. (2003c) Parasitoids of Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Muscidae): fly of medical-sanitary importance collected in State of Goias, Brazil. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 36 (5), 629–631.
Masi, L. (1916) Materiali per una fauna dell'arcipelago toscana. xi. Calcididi del Giglio. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 47, 54–122.
Masi, L. (1917) Chalcididae of the Seychelles islands. Novitates Zoologicae, 24, 121–330.
Masi, L. (1929) Contributo alla conoscenza delle species etiopiche di Brachymeria (gen. Chalcis auct.). Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana, 8, 114–144.
Masi, L. (1938) Imenotteri Chalcididi. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 58, 207–214.
Masi, L. (1951) Materiali per una monografia delle Brachymeria paleartiche (Hym. Chalcidoidea). Eos, Madrid, Tomo extraordinario, 1951, 27–58.
Moretti, T.D.C. & Godoy, W.A.C. (2013) Spatio-temporal dynamics and preference for type of bait in necrophagous insects, particularly native and introduced blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 50 (2), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1603/ME12187
Narendran, T.C. (1989) Oriental Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Zoological Monograph. Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, 441 pp.
Nees ab Esenbeck, C.G. (1834) Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affinium Monographiae, genera Europaea et species illustrantes. Vol. 2. J.G. Cottae, Stuttgartiae, 448 pp.
Noyes, J.S. (1982) Collecting and preserving chalcid wasps. Journal of Natural History, 16, 315–334.
Noyes, J.S. (2016) Universal Chalcidoidea database. Internet website. Available from: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/chalcidoids/index.html (accessed 9 November 2016)
Oliva, A. (2008) Parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) from puparia of sarcosaprophagous flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae; Sarcophagidae) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 67 (3–4), 139–141.
Parker, H.L. (1924) Contribution à la connaissance de Chalcis Fonscolombei Dufour [Hym.]. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 93, 238–240.
Roberts, R.A. (1933) Biology of Brachymeria fonscolombei (Dufour), a hymenopterous parasite of blowfly larvae. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 365, 1–21.
Schmitz, G. (1946) Chalcididae (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea). Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933–1935), 48. Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, Bruxelles, 191 pp., 17 pls.
Seltmann, K.C. , Yoder, M.J., Mikó, I., Forshage, M., Bertone, M.A., Agosti, D., Austin, A.D., Balhoff, J.P., Borowiec, M.L., Brady, S.G., Broad, G.R., Brothers, D.J., Burks, R.A., Buffington, M.L., Campbell, H.M., Dew, K.J., Ernst, A.F., Fernández-Triana, J.L., Gates, M.W., Gibson, G.A.P., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Karlsson, D., Kawada, R., Krogmann, L., Kula, R.R., Mullins, P.L., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Ronquist, F., Schulmeister, S., Sharkey, M.J., Talamas, E., Tucker, E., Vilhelmsen, L., Ward, P.S., Wharton, R.A. & Deans, A.R. (2012) A hymenopterists' guide to the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology: utility, clarification and futures directions. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 27, 67–88.
https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.27.2961Stefani de, P.T. (1889) Miscellanea imenotterologica Sciula. Naturalista Siciliano, 8, 140–145.
Steffan, J.-R. (1954) Brachymeria (Hym. Chalcididae) d'importance économique en A.O.F. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, 16 (4), 1093–1112.
Steffan, J.-R. (1959) Les espèces françaises du genre Brachymeria Westw. et commentaires sur leur biologie (Hym. Chalcididae). Cahier des Naturalistes, Bulletin des Naturalistes Parisiens, New Series, 15 (2), 35–43.
Sychevskaya, V.I. (1966) The bionomics of Brachymeria minuta L. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)—a parasitoid of flies associated with man of the fam. Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 45 (4), 752–762.
Tavares, M., Navarro-Tavares, A.B. & Souza Soares de Almeida, G. (2006) The species of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) parasitoids of Parides ascanius (Cramer), an endangered Papilionidae (Lepidoptera) from restingas of southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 1197, 55–63.
Thompson, W.R. (1955) A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 2. Host parasite catalogue. Part 3. Hosts of the Hymenoptera (Calliceratid to Evaniid). Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 191‒332.
Tsurikov, M.N. (2006) Three Traps with Bait for Insects. Entomological Review, 86 (1), S101–S103.
https://doi.org/10.1134/s0013873806100083Ursu, A. & Tudor, C. (1975) The parasitisation of the synanthropic Diptera by hymenopterous chalcidoids. Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle 'Grigore Antipa', Bucuresti, 16, 179–186.
Walker, F. (1846a) Characters of some undescribed species of Chalcidites. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 17, 108–115.
Walker, F. (1846b) List of the specimens of Hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1 Chalcidites. Printed by Order of the Trustees, London, vii + 100 pp.
Walker, F. (1862) Notes on Chalcidites, and characters of undescribed species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Series 3, 1, 345–397.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1862.tb01285.xWalker, F. (1871) Part 3. Torymidae and Chalcididae. In: Notes on Chalcidiae. E.W. Janson, London, pp. 1–44.