Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera

REZA GHADERI; AKBAR KAREGAR; ESMAEIL MIRAEIZ; KOBRA HASHEMI

doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6

Issue: Vol. 4300 No. 4: 4 Aug. 2017

Type: Article

Published: 2017-08-04

DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6

Page range: 571–588

Abstract views: 63

PDF downloaded: 2

Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera

REZA GHADERI⁺⁻
AKBAR KAREGAR⁺⁻
ESMAEIL MIRAEIZ⁺⁻
KOBRA HASHEMI⁺⁻

Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran

Nematoda Lip region light microscopy plant-parasitic nematodes Amplimerlinius Merlinius Pratylenchoides

Requires Subscription or Fee PDF (13MB)

Abstract

Comparative morphology of the anterior end is used to characterise certain genera and species of the family Merliniidae, based on populations of 18 species collected from different localities in Iran. We discuss the importance of anterior end morphology in separating Pratylenchoides from Amplimerlinius, and Paramerlinius from Merlinius and Nagelus, as well as for identifying species in the genera Amplimerlinius, Merlinius and Geocenamus. Furthermore, descriptions, morphometric data, line drawings and photomicrographs are provided for Pratylenchoides leiocauda and Telotylenchus paaloofi as new records for the Iranian nematode fauna. Finally, updated species identification keys for the genera Macrotylenchus, Merlinius, Nagelus and Paramerlinius are given.

References

Allen, M.W. (1955) A review of the nematode genus Tylenchorhynchus. University of California Publication Zoology, 61, 129–165.
Arias, M. (1970) Paratrophurus loofi n. gen., n. sp. (Telotylenchidae) from Spain. Nematologica, 16, 47–50.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187529270X00450
Azizi, K., Eskandari, A., Karegar, A., Ghaderi, R., van den Elsen, S., Holterman, M. & Helder, J. (2016) Morphological and molecular data support the monophyletic nature of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 (Nematoda: Merliniidae) and reveal its intrageneric structuring. Nematology, 18, 1165–1183.
Baldwin, G., Luc, M. & Bell, A.H. (1983) Contribution to the study of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Revue de Nématologie, 6, 111–125.
Baujard, P., Mountport, D. & Martiny, B. (1994) Scaning electron microscope observations on Telotylenchinae Siddiqi, 1960 (Nemata: Belonolaimidae). 3. The genus Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913. Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Institut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Biologie, 64, 17–42.
Baydulova, L.A. (1984) Tylenchorhynchus flaccidus. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Series Biology, 5, 34–36.
Bello, A., Mahajan, R. & Zancada, M.C. (1987) Amplimerlinius hornensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Merliniinae) with notes on A. siddiqii from Spain. Revue de Nématologie, 10, 295–298.
Brzeski, W.M. (1991) Taxonomy of Geocenamus Thorne & Malek, 1968 (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae). Nematologica, 37, 125–173.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187529291X00169
Brzeski, M.W. (1998) Nematodes of Tylenchina in Poland and Temperate Europe. Muzeum I Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa, 397 pp.
Castillo, P., Siddiqi, M.R. & Gomez Barcina, A. (1990) Two new species of Amplimerlinius Siddiqi, 1976 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from southeastern Spain. Revue de Nématologie, 13, 73–78.
Chitambar, J.J. & Ferris, H. (2005) Geocenamus angelescresti n. sp., a diagnostic key and compendium to the species of the genus Geocenamus Thorne and Malek, 1968 (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae). Journal of Nematology, 37, 429–437.
Cobb, N.A. (1913) New nematode genera found inhabiting fresh water and non-brackish soils. Washington Academy Science, 3, 432–444.
De Grisse, A. (1969) Redescription ou modification de quelques techniques utilises dans l’etude des nmatodes phytoparasitaires. Meded Riijksfaculteit der Landbouwwetenschappen Gent, 34, 351–369.
Filipjev, I.N. (1934) Harmful and useful nematodes in rural economy. Moskva Leningrad, 440 pp. [in Russian]
Fortuner, R. & Luc, M. (1987) A reappraisal of Tylenchina (Nemata). 6. The family Belonolaimidae Whitehead, 1960. Revue de Nématologie, 10, 183–202.
Geraert, E. (1966) On some Tylenchidae and Neotylenchidae from Belgium with the description of a new species, Tylenchorhynchus microdorus. Nematologica, 12, 409–416.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187529266X00897
Geraert, E. (1997) Comparison of the head patterns in the Tylenchoidea (Nematoda). Nematologica, 43, 283–294.
https://doi.org/10.1163/005025997X00049
Geraert, E. (2006) Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. Vol 4. In: Functional and Detailed Morphology of the Tylenchida (Nematoda). Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, pp. 1–215.
Geraert, E. (2011) The Dolichodoridae of the World, Identification of the Family Dolichodoridae. Academia Press, Ghent, 520 pp.
Geraert, E. (2013) The Pratylenchidae of the World, Identification of the Family Pratylenchidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Academia Press, Ghent, Belgium. 430 pp.
Ghaderi, R. & Karegar, A. (2014a) Description of Amplimerlinius uramanatiensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Merliniidae) and observations on three other species of the genus from Iran. Zootaxa, 3869 (1), 17–32.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3869.1.2
Ghaderi, R. & Karegar, A. (2014b) Contribution to a revision of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 (Nematoda: Merliniidae), with redescription of P. erzurumensis Yüksel, 1977 from Iran. Zootaxa, 3900 (3), 339–369.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3900.3.2
Ghaderi, R. & Karegar, A. (2016) One new and three known species of Geocenamus Thorne & Malek, 1968 (Nematoda: Merliniidae) from Iran. Zootaxa, 4079 (2), 151–178.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.1
Ghaderi, R., Karegar, A. & Niknam, G. (2014a) An updated and annotated checklist of the Dolichodoridae (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea) of Iran. Zootaxa, 3784 (4), 445–468.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3784.4.5
Ghaderi, R., Karegar, A., Niknam, G. & Subbotin, S.A. (2014b) Phylogenetic relationships of Telotylenchidae Siddiqi, 1960 and Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Iran, as inferred from the analysis of the D2-D3 expansion fragments of 28S rRNA gene sequences. Nematology, 16, 863–877.
https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002815
Ghaderi, R., Kashi, L. & Karegar, A. (2012) The nematodes of Iran, based on the published reports until 2011. Agricultural Education and Extension Publication, Tehran, 371 pp.
Goodey, T. (1932) The genus Anguillulina Gerv. and v. Ben., 1859 vel, Tylenchus Bastian, 1865. Journal of Helminthology, 10, 75–180.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X00001346
Handoo, Z.A. (2000) A key and diagnostic compendium to the species of the genus Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae). Journal of Nematology, 32, 20–34.
Handoo, Z.A., Khan, A. & Islam, S. (2007) A key and diagnostic compendium to the species of the genus Merlinius Siddiqi, 1970 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) with description of Merlinius khuzdarensis n. sp. associated with date palm. Nematology, 9, 251–260.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854107780739045
Jairajpuri, M.S. (1971) On Scutylenchus mamillatus (Tobar-Jiménez, 1966) n. comb. 40^th Annual Session, Proceedings National Academic Science, India, 1971, 18.
Jairajpuri, M.S. & Hunt, D.J. (1984) The taxonomy of Tylenchorhynchinae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) with longitudinal lines and ridges. Systematic Parasitology, 6, 261–268.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00012204
Kleynhans, K.P.N. (1975) Some Tylenchoidea (Nematoda) from South Africa. Phytophylactica, 7, 97–104.
Krall, E.L. (1959) New and rare nematodes (Nematoda, Tylenchida) with description of hermaphroditism in the genus Aphelenchoides. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Estonia, SSR, 8, 190–197.
Loof, P.A.A. (1956) Trophurus, a new tylenchid genus (Nematoda). Verslagen en Mededelingen Plantenziektenkundige Dienst, Jaarboek, 129 (1955), 191–195.
Loof, P.A.A. (1963) A new species of Telotylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Nematologica, 9, 76–80.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187529263X00151
Loof, P.A.A. (1991) The family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949. In: Nickle, W.R. (Ed.), Manual of Agricultural Nematology. CRC Press. New York, pp. 363–421.
Mirzoyants, S.N. (1996) Telotylenchus brevicaudatus sp. n. (Tylenchida: Telotylenchinae) a new species of nematodes in the South Karakum. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenistana Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk, 4, 67–69. [in Russian]
Nicoll, W. (1935) Rhabditida. Anguinidae. VI. Verms, Zoological Record, 72, 105.
Örley, L. (1880) Az anguillulidak maganrajza. A kir.m. termeszettudom. Tersulat altal a bugatdijjal jutalmazott palyamii. Termeszetrajzi Fuzeetek, 4, 16–50.
Powers, T.O., Baldwin, J.G. & Bell, A.H. (1983) Taxonomic limits of the genus Nagelus (Thorne and Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1979 with a description of Nagelus borealis n. sp. from Alaska. Journal of Nematology, 15, 582–593.
Ryss, A.Y. (2007) Taxonomy and evolution of the genus Pratylenchoides (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae). Parazitologyia, 41, 161–194. [in Russian]
Sher, S.A. (1970) Revision of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 37, 154–165.
Siddiqi, M.R. (1960) Telotylenchus, a new nematode genus from North India (Tylenchida: Telotylenchinae n. subfam.). Nematologica, 5, 73–77.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187529260X00424
Siddiqi, M.R. (1963) Four new species in the subfamily Tylenchinae (Nematoda) from north India. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 23, 397–404.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00331239
Siddiqi, M.R. (1970) On the plant-parasitic nematode genera Merlinius gen. n. and Tylenchorhynchus Cobb and the classification of the families Dolichodoridae and Belonolaimidae n. rank. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washingthon, 37, 68–77.
Siddiqi, M.R. (1971) On the plant-parasitic nematode genera Histotylenchus and Telotylenchoides gen. n. (Telotylenchinae), with observations on the genus Paratrophurus Arias (Trophurinae). Nematologica, 17, 190–200.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187529271X00035
Siddiqi, M.R. (1976) New plant nematode genera Plesiodorus (Dolichodorinae), Meiodorus (Meiodorinae subfam. n.), Amplimerlinius (Merliniinae) and Gracilancea (Tylodoridae grad. n.). Nematologica, 22, 390–416.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187529276X00391
Siddiqi, M.R. (1979) Taxonomy of the plant nematode subfamily Merliniinae Siddiqi, 1970, with descriptions of Merlinius processus n. sp. M. loofi n. sp. and Amplimerlinius globigerus n. sp. from Europe. Systematic Parasitology, 1, 43–59.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00009773
Siddiqi, M.R. & Sturhan, D. (2014) A remarkable new nematode genus Telomerlinius gen. n. (Tylenchida: Merliniidae), with descriptions of two new species. International Journal of Nematology, 24, 40–48.
Skwiercz, A.T. (1984) Two new species of the genus Scutylenchus Jairajpuri, 1971 (Tylenchoidea: Nematoda) from Poland with a key to the species. Revue de Nématologie, 7, 87–93.
Smart, G.C. & Nguyen, K.B. (1991) Sting and awl nematodes: Belonolaimus spp. and Dolichodorus spp. In: Nickle, W.R. (Ed.), Manual of Agricultural Nematology. CRC Press, New York, pp. 627–667.
Sturhan, D. (1974) Nematodes and nematode problems of Iran. Second Plant Medicine Congress of Iran, Tabriz, 1974, 1–2.
Sturhan, D. (2012) Contribution to a revision of the family Merliniidae Ryss, 1998, with proposal of Pratylenchoidinae subfam. n., Paramerlinius gen. n., Macrotylenchus gen. n. and description of M. hylophilus sp. n. (Tylenchida). Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics, 15, 127–147.
Sultan, M.S., Singh, I. & Sakhuja, P.K. (1989) Plant parasitic nematodes of Punjab, India V. Merlinius communica n. sp. with key to species of the genus and Telotylenchus elongatus n. sp. Indian Journal of Nematology, 18 (1988), 44–48.
Thorne, G. (1935) Nemic parasites and associates of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus monticolae) in Utah. Journal of Agricultural Research, 51, 131–144.
Thorne, G. (1949) On the classification of the Tylenchida, new order (Nematoda: Phasmidia). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 16, 37–73.
Thorne, G. & Malek, R.B. (1968) Nematodes of the Northern Great Plains Part I. Tylenchida [Nemata: Secernentea]. South Dakota University, Brookings, 111 pp.
Tikyani, M.G. & Khera, S. (1970) A new species of Telotylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Labdev Journal of Science and Technology, 8B, 27–29.
Vovlas, N. & Esser, R.P. (1990) Merlinius paniculoides n. sp. from Italy (Tylenchina: Belonolaimidae). Journal of Nematology, 22, 79–85.
Wallace, H.R. & Greet, D.N. (1964) Observations on the taxonomy and biology of Tylenchorhynchus macrurus (Goodey, 1932) Filipjev, 1936 and Tylenchorhynchus icarus sp. nov. Parasitology, 54, 129–144.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182000074424
Whitehead, A.G. (1960) Trichotylenchus falciformis n. g., n. sp. (Belonolaiminae n. subfam.: Tylenchida Thorne, 1949) an associate of grass roots (Hyparrhenia sp.) in Southern Tanganika. Nematologica, 4 (1959), 279–285.
Whitehead, A.G. & Hemming, J.R. (1965) A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting vermiform nematodes from soil. Annual Applied Biology, 55, 25–38.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1965.tb07864.x
Winslow, R.D. (1958) The taxonomic position of Anguillulina obtusa Goodey, 1932 and 1940. Nematologica, 3, 136–139.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187529258X00210
Yüksel, H.Ş. (1977) Pratylenchoides alkani sp. n. and P. erzurumensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea) from soil in Turkey. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 44 (2), 185–188.
Zarina, B. & Maqbool, M.A. (1995) Description of Merlinius indicus n. sp. and observations on two species (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from ornamental plants in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 13, 61–68.