Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 4352 No. 1: 21 Nov. 2017
Type: Monograph
Published: 2017-11-21
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4352.1.1
Page range: 1–160
Abstract views: 1412
PDF downloaded: 75

The bees of Michigan (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila), with notes on distribution, taxonomy, pollination, and natural history

Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA 48824. Current address: Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2.
Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.
San Diego, CA, USA, 92116.
Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA 48824.
Hymenoptera check list faunal list new species nomenclature pollinators synonymies

Abstract

The state of Michigan occupies an area between the Great Plains and the northeastern United States, bordering four Great Lakes, with diverse biogeographical regions. Michigan also has the second most diverse agriculture in the country, with many crops that depend on bees for pollination. This unique combination provides a wide range of opportunities for bees to persist, yet there is no current published checklist of these important insects. This study was conducted to provide the first annotated checklist of the bee (Apoidea: Anthophila) fauna of Michigan, summarizing aspects of their taxonomy and behavior and to provide provisional conservation assessment. The list was compiled from a critical review of published literature, museum specimens, and database records, supplemented by new collections. In total, 465 species are included in the checklist, including 38 new records, however evidence for 13 species is poor, several more species require taxonomic revision, and the presence of additional species is expected. The exotic megachilid species Megachile apicalis Spinola, M. pusilla Pérez (=concinna Smith, auct.) and Osmia taurus Smith are reported from Michigan for the first time. New state records of native species include Anthidium tenuiflorae Cockerell and Nomada alpha alpha Cockerell, both previously undocumented from eastern North America, and Nomada sphaerogaster Cockerell, which has rarely been recognized. The taxonomy of some bee species is clarified by the formal publication of 11 new synonymies (some previously reported online or in manuscripts). The following list cites junior synonyms first followed by the valid name: Andrena chippewaensis Mitchell 1960 = A. (Simandrena) wheeleri Graenicher 1904; Osmia hendersoni Cockerell 1907 = O. (Melanosmia) tarsata Provancher 1888; Osmia michiganensis Mitchell 1962 = O. (M.) subarctica Cockerell 1912 (new status, removed from synonymy with O. (M.) tersula Cockerell 1912); Sphecodes persimilis Lovell and Cockerell 1907 = S. davisii Robertson 1897; Sphecodes knetschi Cockerell 1898 = S. dichrous Smith 1853; Sphecodes carolinus Mitchell 1956 = S. coronus Mitchell 1956; Sphecodes stygius Robertson 1893 = S. mandibularis Cresson 1872; Sphecodes prostygius Mitchell 1960 = S. fattigi Mitchell 1956; Stelis vernalis Mitchell 1962 = S. coarctatus Crawford 1916; and Stelis michiganensis Mitchell 1962 = S. foederalis Smith 1854. Poorly known Andrena (Cnemidandrena) are discussed, including A. parnassiae Cockerell, a new state record, A. robervalensis Mitchell, and the extralimital A. runcinatae Cockerell. Of these, only A. robervalensis was considered in the subgeneric revision, but we recognize all three as valid species pending further study. Nomada binotata (Robertson 1903) and N. quadrimaculata (Robertson 1903) are removed from synonymy with N. ovata (Robertson 1903), based on examination of the lectotypes. A new species, Triepeolus eliseae Rightmyer, the eastern representative of the verbesinae species group, is described. A putative undescribed species, Osmia aff. trevoris, is documented, but requires additional study for its status to be fully resolved. A rich bee fauna is documented that includes geographically-restricted species, rare and regionally-declining species, and economically-important species, providing information for ongoing conservation planning and future analysis of trends in bee populations.

 

References

  1. Abrams, J. & Eickwort, G.C. (1980) Biology of the communal sweat bee Agapostemon virescens (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in New York State. Search: Agriculture, 1, 1–20.

    Abrams, J. & Eickwort, G.C. (1981) Nest switching and guarding by the communal sweat bee Agapostemon virescens (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Insectes Sociaux, 28, 105–116.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02223699

    Ainslie, C.N. (1937) Notes on the biology of two panurgine bees. The Canadian Entomologist, 69, 97–100.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent6997-5

    Alexander, B. (1991) Nomada phylogeny reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Journal of Natural History, 25, 315–330.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939100770231

    Alexander, B.A. (1994) Species-groups and cladistic analysis of the cleptoparastic [sic] bee genus Nomada (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55, 175–238.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.776

    Alexander, B.A. & Schwarz, M. (1994) A catalog of the species of Nomada (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of the world. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55, 239–270.

    Arduser, M. (2010) Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of the Kitty Todd Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 43, 52–75.

    Arduser, M.S. (1986) Records of Dufourea maura (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from Isle Royale National Park, Michigan. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 19, 175–176.

    Arnosky, S. (2009) Native bee diversity of Pierce Cedar Creek Institute. Kalamazoo College, BA thesis, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 28 pp.

    Artz, D.R. & Nault, B.A. (2011) Performance of Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, and Peponapis pruinosa (Hymenoptera: Apidae) as pollinators of pumpkin. Journal of Economic Entomology, 104, 1153–1161.
    https://doi.org/10.1603/ec10431

    Ascher, J.S. (2001) Hylaeus hyalinatus Smith, a European bee new to North America, with notes on other adventive bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 103, 184–190.

    Ascher, J.S., Gambino, P. & Droege, S. (2006) Adventive Hylaeus (Spatulariella Popov) in the New World (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Colletidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 108, 237–239.

    Ascher, J.S., Kornbluth, S. & Goelet, R.G. (2014) Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) of Gardiners Island, Suffolk County, New York. Northeastern Naturalist, 21, 47–71.
    https://doi.org/10.1656/045.021.0105

    Ascher, J.S. & Pickering, J. (2017) Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Draft-47. Available from: http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species (Accessed 7 August 2017)

    Ashmead, W.H. (1894) The habits of the Aculeate Hymenoptera.—I. Psyche, 7, 19–26.
    https://doi.org/10.1155/1894/92579

    Atwood, C.E. (1933) Studies on the Apoidea of western Nova Scotia with special reference to visitors of apple bloom. Canadian Journal of Research, 9, 443–457.
    https://doi.org/10.1139/cjr33-101

    Baker, J.R. (1971) Development and sexual dimorphism of larvae of the bee genus Coelioxys. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 44, 225–235.

    Baker, J.R. (1975) Taxonomy of five Nearctic subgenera of Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 50, 49–730.

    Baker, J.R., Kuhn, E.D. & Bambara, S.B. (1985) Nests and immature stages of leafcutter bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 58, 290–313.

    Barrows, E.M. (1975) Occupancy by Hylaeus of subterraneam halictid nests. Psyche, 82, 74–77.
    https://doi.org/10.1155/1975/47408

    Barthell, J.F. & Thorp, R.W. (1995) Nest usurpation among females of an introduced leaf-cutter bee, Megachile apicalis. Southwestern Entomologist, 20, 117–124.

    Bartomeus, I., Ascher, J.S., Wagner, D., Danforth, B.N., Colla, S., Kornbluth, S. & Winfree, R. (2011) Climate-associated phenological advances in bee pollinators and bee-pollinated plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 20645–20649.
    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115559108

    Bartomeus, I., Ascher, J.S., Gibbs, J., Danforth, B.N., Wagner, D.L., Hedtke, S.M. & Winfree, R. (2013a) Historical changes in northeastern US bee pollinators related to shared ecological traits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 4656–4660.
    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218503110

    Bartomeus, I., Park, M.G., Gibbs, J., Danforth, B.N., Lakso, A.N. & Winfree, R. (2013b) Biodiversity ensures plant-pollinator phenological synchrony against climate change. Ecology letters, 16, 1331–1338.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12170

    Batra, S.W.T. (1964) Behavior of the social bee, Lasioglossum zephyrum, within the nest (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Insectes Sociaux, 11, 159–186.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02222935

    Batra, S.W.T. (1966) The life cycle and behavior of the primitively social bee, Lasioglossum zephyrum (Halictidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 46, 359–423.

    Batra, S.W.T. (1979) Osmia cornifrons and Pithitis smaragdula, two Asian bees introduced into the United States for crop pollination. In: Caron, D.M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the IVth International Symposium on Pollination. Maryland Agricultural Experimental Station, College Park, Maryland, pp. 307–312.

    Batra, S.W.T. (1980) Ecology, behavior, pheromones, parasites and management of the sympatric vernal bees Colletes inaequalis, C. thoracicus and C. validus. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 53, 509–538.

    Batra, S.W.T. (1990a) Bionomics of a vernal solitary bee Andrena (Scrapteropsis) alleghaniensis Viereck in the Adirondacks of New York (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 63, 206–266.

    Batra, S.W.T. (1990b) Bionomics of Evylaeus comagenense (Knerer and Atwood) (Halictidae), a facultative polygynous, univoltine, boreal halictine bee. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 92, 725–731.

    Batra, S.W.T. (2007) Management of hornfaced bees for orchard pollination. Available from: http://www.pollinatorparadise.com/solitary_bees/hornface.htm (accessed 29 May 2017)

    Beaulne, J.I. (1942) Notes from 1940. The Canadian Entomologist, 74, 12–14.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent7412-1

    Bennett, A.B. & Isaacs, R. (2014) Landscape composition influences pollinators and pollination services in perennial biofuel plantings. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 193, 1–8.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.04.016

    Bennett, A.B., Meehan, T.D., Gratton, C. & Isaacs, R. (2014) Modeling pollinator community response to contrasting bioenergy scenarios. PLoS ONE, 9, e110676.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110676

    Berenbaum, M., Bernhardt, P., Buchmann, S., Calderone, N.W., Goldstein, P., Inouye, D.W., Kevan, P., Kremen, C., Medellín, R.A., Ricketts, T., Robinson, G.E., Snow, A.A., Swinton, S.M., Thien, L.B. & Thompson, F.C. (2007) Status of Pollinators in North America. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 326 pp.
    https://doi.org/10.17226/11761

    Bizecki Robson, D. (2013) An assessment of the potential for pollination facilitation of a rare plant by common plants: Symphyotrichum sericeum (Asteraceae) as a case study. Botany, 91, 34–42.
    https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2012-0133

    Blair, B.H. (1935) The bees of the group Dieunomia. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 43, 201–215.

    Blake, R.J., Woodcock, B.A., Westbury, D.B., Sutton, P. & Potts, S.G. (2010) New tools to boost butterfly habitat quality in existing grass buffer strips. Journal of Insect Conservation, 15, 221–232.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-010-9339-6

    Bosch, J. & Kemp, W.P. (2001) How to manage the blue orchard bee. Sustainable Agriculture Network, Beltsville, MD, 88 pp.

    Bosch, J. & Kemp, W.P. (2002) Developing and establishing bee species as crop pollinators: the example of Osmia sp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and fruit trees. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 92, 3–16.

    Bosch, J., Kemp, W.P. & Peterson, S.S. (2000) Management of Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) populations for almond pollination: Methods to advance bee emergence. Environmental Entomology, 29, 874–883.
    https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-29.5.874

    Boulanger, L.W., Wood, G.W., Osgood, E.A. & Dirks, C.O. (1967) Native bees associated with the low-bush blueberry in Maine and eastern Canada. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 26, 1–22.

    Bouseman, J.K. & LaBerge, W.E. (1979) A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part IX. Subgenus Melandrena. Transactions of the American Entomological Society,, 104, 275–389.

    Breed, M.D. (1975) Life cycle and behavior of a primitively social bee, Lasioglossum rohweri (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 48, 64–80.

    Bried, J.T. & Dillon, A.M. (2012) Bee diversity in scrub oak patches 2 years after mow and herbicide treatment. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 5, 237–243.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00154.x

    Brittain, W.H. (1933) Apple pollination studies in the Annapolis Valley, N.S. Canada. Dominion of Canada Department of Agriculture Bulletin, 162, 1–198.

    Broemeling, D.K. & Moalif, A.S. (1988) A revision of the Nomada subgenus Pachynomada (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 64, 201–227.

    Brooks, R.W. (1983) Systematics and bionomics of Anthophora: The bomboides group and species groups of the New World. University of California Publications in Entomology, 98, 1–86.

    Brooks, R.W. & Griswold, T.L. (1988) A key to the species of Trachusa Subgenus Heteranthidium with descriptions of new species from Mexico (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae; Anthidiini). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 61, 332–346.

    Brumley, R.L. (1965) A revision of the bee genus Epeolus of western America north of Mexico. MSc thesis, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 92 pp.

    Buchanan, A., Gibbs, J., Komondy, L. & Szendrei, Z. (2017) Bee community of commercial potato fields in Michigan and Bombus impatiens visitation to neonicotinoid-treated potato plants. Insects, 8, 30.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8010030

    Buchmann, S. & Ascher, J.S. (2005) The plight of pollinating bees. Bee World, 86, 71–74.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.2005.11417316

    Buck, M., Paiero, S.M. & Marshall, S.A. (2005) New records of native and introduced aculeate Hymenoptera from Ontario, with keys to eastern Canadian species of Cerceris (Crabronidae) and eastern Nearctic species of Chelostoma (Megachilidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 136, 37–52.

    Butler, G.D. & Ritchie, P.L. (1965) Additional notes on Megachile concinna Smith in Arizona. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 41, 153–157.

    Butler, G.D. & Wargo, M.J. (1963) Biological notes on Megachile concinna Smith in Arizona. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 39, 201–206.

    Bzdyk, E.L. (2012) A revision of the Megachile subgenus Litomegachile Mitchell with an illustrated key and description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Megachilini). Zookeys, 221, 31–61.
    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.221.3234

    Cameron, S.A., Hines, H.M. & Williams, P.H. (2007) A comprehensive phylogeny of the bumble bees (Bombus). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 91, 161–188.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00784.x

    Cameron, S.A., Lozier, J.D., Strange, J.P., Koch, J.B., Cordes, N., Solter, L.F. & Griswold, T.L. (2011) Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 662–667.
    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014743108

    Cameron, S.A., Whitfield, J.B., Hulslander, C.L., Cresko, W.A., Isenberg, S.B. & King, R.W. (1996) Nesting biology and foraging patterns of the solitary bee Melissodes rustica (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Northwest Arkansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69, 260–273.

    Cane, J., Griswold, T. & Parker, F. (2007) Substrates and materials used for nesting by North American Osmia bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 100, 350–358.
    https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2007)100[350:samufn]2.0.co;2

    Cane, J.H. (1991) Soils of ground-nesting bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea): Texture, moisture, cell depth, and climate. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 64, 406–413.

    Cane, J.H., Eickwort, G.C., Wesley, F.R. & Spielholz, J. (1983) Foraging, grooming and mate-seeking behaviors of Macropis nuda (Hymenoptera, Melittidae) and use of Lysimachia ciliata (Primulaceae) oils in larval provisions and cell linings. American Midland Naturalist, 110, 257–264.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2425267

    Cane, J.H., Schiffhauer, D. & Kervin, L.J. (1996) Pollination, foraging, and nesting ecology of the leaf-cutting bee Megachile (Delomegachile) addenda (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) on cranberry beds. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 89, 361–367.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/89.3.361

    Cane, J.H. & Tepedino, V.J. (2001) Causes and extent of declines among native North American invertebrate pollinators: detection, evidence, and consequences. Conservation Ecology, 5, 1.
    https://doi.org/10.5751/es-00252-050101

    Cane, J.H. & Tepedino, V.J. (2016) Gauging the effect of honey bee pollen collection on native bee communities. Conservation Letters, 10, 205–210.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12263

    Cantrall, I.J. (1968) Some R.R. Dreisbach collecting localities in southeastern Texas and northeastern México. The Michigan Entomologist, 1, 285–286.

    Cariveau, D.P. & Winfree, R. (2015) Causes of variation in wild bee responses to anthropogenic drivers. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 10, 104–109.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2015.05.004

    Carman, G.M. & Packer, L. (1996) A cryptic species allied to Halictus ligatus Say (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) detected by allozyme electrophoresis. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69, 168–176.

    Carson, B.D., Bahlai, C.A., Gibbs, J. & Landis, D.A. (2016) Flowering phenology influences bee community dynamics in old fields dominated by the invasive plant Centaurea stoebe. Basic and Applied Ecology, 17, 497–507.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2016.04.004

    Chandler, L. (1962) Notes on the species of Psaenythia (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) in the Eastern United States. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 35, 313–314.

    Clement, S.L. (1973) The nesting biology of Melissodes (Eumelissodes) rustica (Say), with a description of the larva (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 46, 516–525.

    Cockerell, T.D.A. (1900) The New Mexico bees of the genus Coelioxys. The Canadian entomologist, 32, 297–301.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent32297-10

    Cockerell, T.D.A. (1903a) North American bees of the genus Nomada. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 55, 580–616.

    Cockerell, T.D.A. (1903b) North-American bees, and a new Homopteron. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 12 (70), 442–455.

    Cockerell, T.D.A. (1905a) Bees of the genus Nomada found in Colorado, with a table to separate all the species of the Rocky Mountains. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin, 94, 69–85.

    Cockerell, T.D.A. (1905b) Some bees of the genus Nomada from Wisconsin. The Canadian Entomologist, 37, 189–191.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent37189-5

    Cockerell, T.D.A. (1906) The bees of Florrisant, Colorado. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 25, 419–455.

    Cockerell, T.D.A. (1916) Bees from the Northern Peninsula of Michigan. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 24, 1–12.

    Cockerell, T.D.A. (1921) Western bees obtained by the American Museum expeditions. American Museum Novitates, 24, 1–15.

    Cockerell, T.D.A. (1925) Bees of the genus Coelioxys in the collecion of the California Academy of Sciences. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 1, 145–151.

    Coelho, B.W.T. (2004) A review of the bee genus Augochlorella (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Augochlorini). Systematic Entomology, 29, 282–323.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6970.2004.00243.x

    Colla, S.R., Willis, E. & Packer L. (2009) Can green roofs provide habitat for urban bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)? Cities and the Environment, 2, 1–12.

    Colla, S.R., Ascher, J.S., Arduser, M., Cane, J., Deyrup, M., Droege, S., Gibbs, J., Griswold, T., Hall, H.G., Henne, C., Neff, J., Jean, R.P., Rightmyer, M.G., Sheffield, C., Veit, M. & Wolf, A. (2012) Documenting persistence of most Eastern North American bee species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) to 1990–2009. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 85, 14–22.
    https://doi.org/10.2317/jkes110726.1

    Connor, L.J. (1973) Components of strawberry pollination in Michigan. Michigan State University, PhD dissertation, East Lansing, Michigan, 84 pp.

    Crawford, J.C. (1914) Some species of the bee genus Coelioxys. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 7, 148–159.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/7.2.148

    Cresson, E.T. (1864) On the North American species of several genera of Apidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 2, 373–411.

    Cresson, E.T. (1928) The types of Hymenoptera in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia other than those of Ezra T. Cresson. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 5, 1–90.

    Cross, E.A. & Bohart, G.E. (1960) The biology of Nomia (Epinomia) triangulifera with comparative notes on other species of Nomia. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 41, 761–792.

    Dalla Torre, C.G. (1896) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 10. Apidae (Anthophila). Guillelmi Engelmann, Lipsiae, 643 pp.

    Daly, H.V. (1961) Biological observations on Hemihalictus lustrans, with a description of the larva (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 34, 134–141.

    Daly, H.V. (1973) Bees of the genus Ceratina in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). University of California Publications in Entomology, 74, 1–114.

    Danforth, B.N. (1989) Nesting behavior of four species of Perdita (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 62, 59–79.

    Danforth, B.N., Conway, L. & Ji, S. (2003) Phylogeny of eusocial Lasioglossum reveals multiple losses of eusociality within a primitively eusocial clade of bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Systematic Biology, 52, 23–36.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150309355

    Danforth, B.N., Mitchell, P.L. & Packer, L. (1998) Mitochondrial DNA differentiation between two cryptic Halictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 91, 387–391.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/91.4.387

    Danforth, B.N., Sauquet, H. & Packer, L. (1999) Phylogeny of the bee genus Halictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) based on parsimony and likelihood analyses of nuclear EF-1a sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 13, 605–618. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1999.0670

    Davis, L.R. & LaBerge, W.E. (1975) The nest biology of the bee Andrena (Ptilandrena) erigeniae Robertson (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes, 95, 1–24.

    Donovall, L.R. & vanEngelsdorp, D. (2010) A checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Pennsylvania. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 83, 7–24.
    https://doi.org/10.2317/jkes808.29.1

    Donovan, B.J. (1977) A revision of North American bees of the subgenus Cnemidandrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). University of California Publications in Entomology, 81, 1–107.

    Dreisbach, R.R. (1945) The green halictine bees of the genera Agapostemon, Augochlora, Augochlorella, and Augochloropsis (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in Michigan, with keys and distribution. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, 30, 221–227.

    Droege, S. (2016) Apoidea-Bees of Maryland. Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/usgsbiml/collections/72157664097451559/ (accessed 11 July 2016)

    Droege, S., Rightmyer, M.G., Sheffield, C.S. & Brady, S.G. (2010) New synonymies in the bee genus Nomada from North America. Zootaxa, 2661, 1–32.

    Dumesh, S. & Sheffield, C.S. (2012) Bees of the genus Dufourea Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Rophitinae) of Canada. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 20, 1–36.
    https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2012.20

    Ebmer, A.W. (2011) Holarktische Bienenarten—autochthon, eingeführt, eingeschleppt. Linzer biologische Beiträge, 32, 5–83.

    Eickwort, G.C. (1977) Aspects of the nesting biology and descriptions of immature stages of Perdita octomaculata and P. halictoides (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 50, 577–599.

    Eickwort, G.C. (1980) Two European species of Chelostoma established in New York State (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Psyche, 87, 315–323.
    https://doi.org/10.1155/1980/24124

    Eickwort, G.C. (1981) Aspects of the nesting biology of five Nearctic species of Agapostemon (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 54, 337–351.

    Eickwort, G.C. (1985) The nesting biology of the sweat bee Halictus farinosus in California, with notes on H. ligatus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 61, 122–137.

    Eickwort, G.C. (1986) First steps into eusociality: The sweat bee Dialictus lineatulus. Florida Entomologist, 69, 742–754.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3495222

    Eickwort, G.C., Eickwort, J.M., Gordon, J., Eickwort, M.A. & Wcislo, W.T. (1996) Solitary behavior in a high-altitude population of the social sweat bee Halictus rubicundus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 38, 227–233.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650050236

    Eickwort, G.C., Kukuk, P.F. & Wesley, F.R. (1986) The nesting biology of Dufourea novaeangliae (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) and the systematic position of the Dufoureinae based on behavior and development. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 59, 103–120.

    Eickwort, G.C., Matthews, R.W. & Carpenter, J. (1981) Observations on the nesting behavior of Megachile rubi and M. texana with a discussion of the significance of soil nesting in the evolution of megachilid bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 54, 557–570.

    Estes, J.R. & Thorp, R.W. (1975) Pollination ecology of Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Compositae). American Journal of Botany, 62, 148–159.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2441589

    Evans, D.L. (1972) A revision of the subgenus Holonomada of the genus Nomada (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). The Wasmann Journal of Biology, 30, 1–34.

    Evans, F.C. (1986) Bee-flower interactions on an old field in southeastern Michigan. In: Clambey, G.K. & Pembley, R.H. (Eds.), The prairie: past, present and future. Proceedings of the ninth North American Prairie Conference. Tri-College University Center for Environmental Studies, Fargo, North Dakota, North Dakota, pp. 103–109.

    Fiedler, A.K., Landis, D.A. & Arduser, M. (2012) Rapid shift in pollinator communities following invasive species removal. Restoration Ecology, 20, 593–602.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2011.00820.x

    Field, J., Paxton, R.J., Soro, A. & Bridge, C. (2010) Cryptic plasticity underlies a major evolutionary transition. Current Biology, 20, 2028–31.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.10.020

    Fischer, R.L. (1955) A nest of Heriades variolosus (Cress.); (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 87, 33–36.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent8733-1

    Fischer, R.L. (1965) Robert R. Dreisbach. Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society, 9, 2–3.

    Franklin, H.J. (1912) The Bombidæ of the New World. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 38, 177–486.

    Fye, R.E. (1965) Biology of Apoidea taken in trap nests in northwestern Ontario (Hymenoptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 97, 863–877.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent97863-8

    Gardiner, M.A., Tuell, J.K., Isaacs, R., Gibbs, J., Ascher, J.S. & Landis, D.A. (2010) Implications of three biofuel crops for beneficial arthropods in agricultural landscapes. BioEnergy Research, 3, 6–19.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-009-9065-7

    Gardner, J.D. & Spivak, M. (2014) A Survey and Historical Comparison of the Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Itasca State Park, Minnesota. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 107, 983–993.
    https://doi.org/10.1603/AN14023

    Gardner, K.E. & Ascher, J.S. (2006) Notes on the native bee pollinators in New York apple orchards. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 114, 86–91.
    https://doi.org/10.1664/0028-7199(2006)114[86:NOTNBP]2.0.CO;2

    Garibaldi, L.A., Carvalheiro, L.G., Leonhardt, S.D., Aizen, M.A., Blaauw, B.R., Isaacs, R., Kuhlmann, M., Kleijn, D., Klein, A.-M.M., Kremen, C., Morandin, L., Scheper, J. & Winfree, R. (2014) From research to action: enhancing crop yield through wild pollinators. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12, 439–447.
    https://doi.org/10.1890/130330

    Genaro, J.A. (2001) Especies nuevas de abejas de Cuba y La Española (Hymenoptera: Colletidae, Megachilidae, Apidae). Revista de Biología Tropical, 49, 1027–1035.

    Gentry, T.G. (1874) Notes on Megachile centuncularis. The Canadian Entomologist, 6, 171–175.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent6171-9

    Gibbs, J. (2009) An integrative taxonomic approach reveals new (and old) species in the Lasioglossum (Dialictus) tegulare (Robertson) species group (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Zootaxa, 2032, 1–38.

    Gibbs, J. (2010a) Atypical wing venation in Dialictus and Hemihalictus and its implications for subgeneric classification of Lasioglossum. Psyche, 2010, 1–6.
    https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/605390

    Gibbs, J. (2010b) Revision of the metallic species of Lasioglossum (Dialictus) in Canada (Hymenoptera, Halictidae, Halictini). Zootaxa, 2591, 1–382.

    Gibbs, J. (2011) Revision of the metallic Lasioglossum (Dialictus) of eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Halictini). Zootaxa, 3073, 1–216.

    Gibbs, J. (2016) Bees of the family Halictidae Thomson, 1869 from Dominica, Lesser Antilles (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). European Journal of Taxonomy, 180, 1–50.
    https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.180

    Gibbs, J. (2017) Notes on the nests of Augochloropsis metallica fulgida and Megachile mucida in central Michigan (Hymenoptera: Halictidae, Megachilidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist, 50, 17–24.

    Gibbs, J., Albert, J. & Packer, L. (2012a) Dual origins of social parasitism in North American Dialictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) confirmed using a phylogenetic approach. Cladistics, 28, 195–207.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00373.x

    Gibbs, J., Brady, S.G., Kanda, K. & Danforth, B.N. (2012b) Phylogeny of halictine bees supports a shared origin of eusociality for Halictus and Lasioglossum (Apoidea: Anthophila: Halictidae). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 65, 926–939.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.08.013

    Gibbs, J. & Dathe, H.H. (2017) First records of Hylaeus (Paraprosopis) pictipes Nylander, 1852 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) in North America. Check List, 13, 2116.
    https://doi.org/10.15560/13.3.2116

    Gibbs, J., Dumesh, S. & Griswold, T.L. (2014) Bees of the genera Dufourea and Dieunomia of Michigan (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae), with a key to the Dufourea of the eastern United States. Journal of Melittology, 3, 1–15.
    https://doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i29.4652

    Gibbs, J., Elle, E., Bobiwash, K., Haapalainen, T. & Isaacs, R. (2016) Contrasting pollinators and pollination in native and non-native regions of highbush blueberry production. PLoS ONE, 11, e0158937.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158937

    Gibbs, J., Joshi, N.K., Wilson, J.K., Rothwell, N.L., Powers, K., Haas, M., Gut, L., Biddinger, D.J. & Isaacs, R. (2017) Does Passive Sampling Accurately Reflect the Bee (Apoidea: Anthophila) Communities Pollinating Apple and Sour Cherry Orchards? Environmental Entomology, 89, 138–157.
    https://doi-org.uml.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ee/nvx069

    Gibbs, J., Packer, L., Dumesh, S. & Danforth, B.N. (2013) Revision and reclassification of Lasioglossum (Evylaeus), L. (Hemihalictus) and L. (Sphecodogastra) in eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae). Zootaxa, 3672 (1), 1–117.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3672.1.1

    Gibbs, J. & Sheffield, C.S. (2009) Rapid range expansion of the wool-carder bee, Anthidium manicatum (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), in North America. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 82, 21–29.
    https://doi.org/10.2317/jkes805.27.1

    Giles, V. & Ascher, J.S. (2006) A survey of the bees of the Black Rock Forest Preserve, New York (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 15, 208–231.

    Goldstein, P.Z. & Ascher, J.S. (2016) Taxonomic and behavioral composition of an island fauna: A survey of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) on Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 118, 37–92.
    https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.118.1.37

    Gonzalez, V.H., Griswold, T. & Engel, M.S. (2013) Obtaining a better taxonomic understanding of native bees: where do we start? Systematic Entomology, 38, 645–653.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12029

    Gonzalez, V.H. & Griswold, T.L. (2013) Wool carder bees of the genus Anthidium in the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): diversity, host plant associations, phylogeny, and biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 168, 221–425.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12017

    Goodell, K. (2003) Food availability affects Osmia pumila (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) foraging, reproduction, and brood parasitism. Oecologia, 134, 518–527.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-1159-2

    Goulson, D., Lye, G.C. & Darvill, B. (2008) Decline and conservation of bumble bees. Annual Review of Entomology, 53, 191–208.
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093454

    Graenicher, S. (1905) Some observations on the life history and habits of parasitic bees. Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society, 3, 153–167.

    Graenicher, S. (1906) A contribution to our knowledge of the visual memory of bees. Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society, 4, 135–142.

    Graenicher, S. (1927a) On the biology of the parasitic bees of the genus Coelioxys (Hymen., Megachilidae). Entomological News, 38, 231–235.

    Graenicher, S. (1927b) On the biology of the parasitic bees of the genus Coelioxys (Hymen., Megachilidae). Entomological News, 38, 273–276.

    Graenicher, S. (1935) Bee-fauna and vegetation of Wisconsin. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 28, 285–310.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/28.2.285

    Griffin, S.R., Bruninga-Socolar, B., Kerr, M.A., Gibbs, J. & Winfree, R. (2017) Wild bee community change over a 26-year chronosequence of restored tallgrass prairie. Restoration Ecology.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12481

    Grigarick, A.A. & Stange, L.A. (1968) The pollen-collecting bees of the Anthidiini of California (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Bulletin of the California Insect Survey, 9, 1–113.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/besa/14.3.256b

    Grixti, J.C. & Packer, L. (2006) Changes in the bee fauna (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of an old field site in southern Ontario, revisited after 34 years. The Canadian Entomologist, 138, 147–164.
    https://doi.org//10.4039/n05-034

    Grixti, J.C., Wong, L.T., Cameron, S.A. & Favret, C. (2009) Decline of bumble bees (Bombus) in the North American Midwest. Biological Conservation, 142, 75–84.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.09.027

    Grundel, R., Jean, R.P., Frohnapple, K.J., Gibbs, J., Glowacki, G.A. & Pavlovic, N.B. (2011) A survey of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of the Indiana Dunes and Northwest Indiana, USA. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 84, 105–138. https://doi.org/10.2317/jkes101027.1

    Gusenleitner, F., Schwarz, M., Ascher, J.S. & Scheuchl, E. (2005) Korrekturen und Nachträge zu Gusenleitner & Scwharz (2002): “Weltweite Checkliste der Bienengattung Andrena mit Bemerkungen und Ergänzungen zu paläarktischen Arten (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Andreninae, Andrena).” Entomofauna, 26, 437–472.

    Hartman, C.G., Hartman, P., Hartman, P. & Rettenmeyer, C. (1944) Note on the habits of Osmia georgica Cresson as ascertained by the glass-tube method. Psyche, 51, 162–165.
    https://doi.org/10.1155/1944/53098

    Hatfield, R., Jepsen, S., Thorp, R., Richardson, L. & Colla, S. (2016) Bombus bohemicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, e.T13152926A46440141. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/13152926/0 (accessed 8 August 2017)

    Hawkins, W.A. (1975) Nesting biology of Osmia (Chalcosmia) georgica (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 48, 493–499.

    Heinrich, B. (2004) Bumblebee economics. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 249 pp.

    Hicks, C.H. (1926) Nesting habits and parasites of certain bees of Boulder County, Colorado. The University of Colorado Studies, 26, 217–252.

    Hinojosa-Díaz, I. (2008) The giant resin bee making its way west: First record in Kansas (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). ZooKeys, 1, 67–71.
    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1.17

    Hobbs, G.A. (1956) Ecology of the leaf-cutter bee Megachile perihirta Ckll. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in relation to production of alfalfa seed. The Canadian Entomologist, 88, 625–631.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent88625-11

    Hobbs, G.A. (1968) Controlling insect enemies of the alfalfa leaf-cutter bee, Megachile rotundata. The Canadian Entomologist, 100, 781–784.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent100781-7

    Hobbs, G.A. & Lilly, C.E. (1954) Ecology of species of Megachile Latreille in the mixed prairie region of southern Alberta with special reference to pollination of alfalfa. Ecology, 35, 453–462.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1931035

    Hobbs, G.A., Nummi, W.O. & Virostek, J.F. (1961) Anthophora occidentalis Cress. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and its associates at a nesting site in Southern Alberta. The Canadian Entomologist, 93, 142–148.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent93142-2

    Hoebeke, E.R. & Wheeler, A.G. (1999) Anthidium oblongatum (Illiger): an Old World bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) new to North America, and new North American records for another adventive species, A. manicatum (L.). The University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Special Publication, 24, 21–24.

    Horn, S. & Hanula, J.L. (2004) A survey of cavity-nesting bees and wasps in lobolly pine stands of the Savannah River Site, Aiken County, South Carolina. Journal of Entomological Science, 39, 464–469.

    Howard, L.O. (1892) Notes on the hibernation of carpenter bees. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 2, 331–332.

    Hungerford, H.B. (1935) Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting: Report of the secretary. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 28, 177–180.

    Hungerford, H.B. & Willlams, F.X. (1912) Biological notes on some Kansas Hymenoptera. Entomological News, 23, 241–260.

    Hurd, P.D. (1961) A synopsis of the carpenter bees belonging to the subgenus Xylocopoides Michener (Hymenoptera; Apoidea). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 87, 247–257.

    Hurd, P.D. (1979) Superfamily Apoidea. In: Krombein, K.V., Hurd Jr., P.D., Smith, D.R. & Burks, B.D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 1741–2209.

    Hurd, P.D., LaBerge, W.E. & Linsley, E.G. (1980) Principal sunflower bees of North America with emphasis on the Southwestern United States (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 310, 1–158.
    https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.310

    Hurd, P.D. & Linsley, E.G. (1964) The squash and gourd bees, genera Peponapis Robertson and Xenoglossa Smith, inhabiting America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Hilgardia, 35, 384–472.
    https://doi.org/10.3733/hilg.v35n15p375

    Hurd, P.D. & Linsley, E.G. (1972) Parasitic bees of the genus Holcopasites Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 114, 1–40.
    https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.114

    Hurd, P.D., Linsley, E.G. & Michelbacher, A.E. (1974) Ecology of the squash and gourd bee, Peponapis pruinosa, on cultivated cucurbits in California (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 168, 1–17.
    https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.168

    Husband, R.W., Fischer, R.L. & Porter, T.W. (1980) Description and biology of bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Michigan. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 13, 225–239.

    Isaacs, R. & Kirk, A.K. (2010) Pollination services provided to small and large highbush blueberry fields by wild and managed bees. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47, 841–849.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01823.x

    Ivanochko, M. (1979) Taxonomy, biology and alfalfa pollinating potential of Canadian leaf-cutter bees--genus Megachile Latreille (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). McGill University, MSc thesis, Montreal, Quebec, 378 pp.

    Jaycox, E.R. (1967) An adventive Anthidium in New York State (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 40, 124–126.

    Jean, R.P. (2010) Studies of bee diversity in Indiana: The influence of collection methods on species capture, and a state checklist based on museum collections. Indiana State University, PhD dissertation, Terre Haute, Indiana, 235 pp.

    Jenkins, D.A. & Matthews, R.W. (2004) Cavity-nesting Hymenoptera in disturbed habitats of Georgia and South Carolina: Nest architecture and seasonal occurrence. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 77, 203–214.
    https://doi.org/10.2317/0212.18a.1

    Johnson, M.D. (1981) Observations on the biology of Andrena (Melandrena) dunningi Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 54, 32–40.

    Johnson, M.D. (1984) The pollen preferences of Andrena (Melandrena) dunningi Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 57, 34–43.

    Kerfoot, W.B. (1967a) Nest architecture and associated behavior of the nocturnal bee, Sphecodogastra texana (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 40, 84–93.

    Kerfoot, W.B. (1967b) The lunar periodicity of Sphecodogastra texana, a nocturnal bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Animal Behaviour, 15, 479–86.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(67)90047-4

    Kislow, C.J. (1976) The comparative biology of two species of small carpenter bees, Ceratina strenua F. Smith and C. calcarata Robertson (Hymenoptera, Xylocopinae). University of Georgia, PhD dissertation, Athens Georgia, 221 pp.

    Knerer, G. (1969) Synergistic evolution of halictine nest architecture and social behavior. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 925–930.
    https://doi.org/10.1139/z69-151

    Knerer, G. & Atwood, C.E. (1962) An annotated check list of the non-parasitic Halictidae (Hymenoptera) of Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 92, 160–176.

    Knerer, G. & Atwood, C.E. (1964a) An annotated check list of the genus Andrena in Ontario (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 94, 41–56.

    Knerer, G. & Atwood, C.E. (1964b) Further notes on the genus Evylaeus Robertson (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 96, 957–962.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent96957-7

    Knerer, G. & Atwood, C.E. (1966) Nest architecture as an aid in halictine taxonomy (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 98, 1337–1339.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent981337-12

    Knerer, G. & Atwood, C.E. (1967) Parasitization of social halictine bees in southern Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 97, 103–110.

    Knerer, G. & Mackay, P. (1969) Bionomic notes on the solitary Evylaeus oenotherae (Stevens) (Hymenoptera: Halictinae), a matinal summer bee visiting cultivated Onagraceae. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 289–294.
    https://doi.org/10.1139/z69-060

    Knerer, G. & Plateaux-Quénu, C. (1966) Sur l’importance de l’ouverture des cellules à couvain dans l’évolution des Halictinoe’ (Insectes Hyménoptères) sociaux. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, Paris, Series D, 263, 1622–1624.

    Krombein, K.V. (1953) A note on the nesting habits of Megachile texana Cresson (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 55, 84–85.

    Krombein, K.V. (1959) Biological notes on Prochelostoma philadelphi (Robertson) (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Entomological News, 70, 135–136.

    Krombein, K.V. (1967) Trap-nesting wasps and bees: Life histories, nests, and associates. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 570 pp.

    Krombein, K.V. (1970) Another note on the nesting habits of Megachile texana Cresson (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 72, 415.

    Ksiazek, K., Tonietto, R. & Ascher, J.S. (2014) Ten bee species new to green roofs in the Chicago area. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 47, 87–92.

    Kuhlman, M. & Burrows, S. (2017) Checklist of bees (Apoidea) from a private conservation property in west-central Montana. Biodiversity Data Journal, 5, e11506.
    http://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11506

    LaBerge, W.E. (1956a) A revision of the bees of the genus Melissodes in North and Central America. Part I. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 37, 911–1194.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.24549

    LaBerge, W.E. (1956b) A revision of the bees of the genus Melissodes in North and Central America. Part II (Hymenoptera, Apidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 38, 533–578.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9821

    LaBerge, W.E. (1961) A revision of the bees of the genus Melissodes in North and Central America. Part III (Hymenoptera, Apidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 42, 283–663.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9821

    LaBerge, W.E. (1967) A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part I. Callandrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 7, 1–316.

    LaBerge, W.E. (1969) A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere Part II. Plastandrena, Aporandrena, Charitandrena. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 95, 1–47.

    LaBerge, W.E. (1971) A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part IV. Scrapteropsis, Xiphandrena and Raphandrena. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 97, 441–520.

    LaBerge, W.E. (1973) A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part VI. Subgenus Trachandrena. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 99, 235–371.

    LaBerge, W.E. (1977) A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part VIII. Subgenera Thysandrena, Dasyandrena, Psammandrena, Rhacandrena, Euandrena, Oxyandrena. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 103, 1–143.

    LaBerge, W.E. (1980) A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the western hemisphere. Part X. Subgenus Andrena. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 106, 395–525.

    LaBerge, W.E. (1987) A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part XII. Subgenera Leucandrena, Ptilandrena, Scoliandrena, and Melandrena. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 112, 191–248.

    LaBerge, W.E. (1989) A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part XIII. Subgenera Simandrena and Taeniandrena. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 115, 1–56.

    LaBerge, W.E. & Bouseman, J.K. (1970) A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part III. Tylandrena. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 96, 543–605.

    LaBerge, W.E. & Ribble, D.W. (1966a) Biology of Florilegus condignus (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae), with a description of its larva, and remarks on its importance in alfalfa pollination. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 59, 944–950.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/59.5.944

    LaBerge, W.E. & Ribble, D.W. (1966b) The nests and larvae of two species of Agapostemon (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 39, 467–472.

    LaBerge, W.E. & Ribble, D.W. (1972) A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part IV. Gonandrena, Geissandrena, Parandrena, Pelicandrena. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 98, 271–358.

    LaBerge, W.E. & Ribble, D.W. (1975) A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part VII. Subgenus Euandrena. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 101, 371–446.

    Lanham, U.N. (1949) A subgeneric classification of the New World bees of the genus Andrena. University of California Publications in Entomology, 8, 183–238.

    Laport, R.G. & Minckley, R.L. (2012) Occupation of active Xylocopa virginica nests by the recently invasive Megachile sculpturalis in Upstate New York. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 85, 384–386.
    https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-85.4.384

    Larkin, L.L., Neff, J.L. & Simpson, B.B. (2006) Phylogeny of the Callandrena subgenus of Andrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data: Polyphyly and convergent evolution. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 38, 330–343.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.10.003

    Laverty, T.M. & Harder, L.D. (1988) The bumble bees of eastern Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 120, 965–967.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent120965-11

    Leavengood, J.M. & Serrano, D. (2005) A distributional checklist of the leaf-cutting bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) of Florida. Insecta Mundi, 19, 173–176.

    Lindström, S.A.M., Herbertsson, L., Rundlöf, M., Bommarco, R. & Smith, H.G. (2016) Experimental evidence that honeybees depress wild insect densities in a flowering crop. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 283, 20161641.
    https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1641

    Linsley, E.G. (1951) Genus Coelioxys Latreille. In: Muesebeck, C.F., Krombein, K.V. & Townes, H.K. (Eds.), Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico. USDA Agriculture Monograph No. 2. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 1183–1186.

    Linsley, E.G. (1958) The ecology of solitary bees. Hilgardia, 27, 543–599.
    https://doi.org/10.3733/hilg.v27n19p543

    Linsley, E.G., MacSwain, J.W. & Smith, R.F. (1956) Association of Holcopasites with Pseudopanurgus in Mexico (Hymenoptera: Anthophorida, Andrenidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 32, 82.

    Lippok, B., Gardine, A.A., Williamson, P.S. & Renner, S.S. (2000) Pollination by flies, bees, and beetles of Nuphar ozarkana and N. advena (Nymphaeaceae). American Journal of Botany, 87, 898–902.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2656897

    López-Uribe, M.M., Cane, J.H., Minckley, R.L. & Danforth, B.N. (2016) Crop domestication facilitated rapid geographical expansion of a specialist pollinator, the squash bee Peponapis pruinosa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 283 (1833).
    https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0443

    López-Uribe, M.M., Morreale, S.J., Santiago, C.K. & Danforth, B.N. (2015) Nest suitability, fine-scale population structure and male-mediated dispersal of a solitary ground nesting bee in an urban landscape. PLoS ONE, 10, e0125719.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125719

    Lovell, J.H. & Cockerell, T.D.A. (1907) The Megachilidae of Southern Maine. Psyche, 14, 15–21.
    https://doi.org/10.1155/1907/91629

    MacKay, P.A. & Knerer, G. (1979) Seasonal occurrence and abundance in a community of wild bees from an old field in southern Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist, 111, 367–376.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent111367-3

    MacSwain, J.W. (1945) Nesting habits of Andrena rhodotricha Linsley (Hymenoptera-Andrenidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 21, 134.

    Magnum, W.A. & Brooks, R.W. (1997) A survey of the North American range of Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis, an adventive species in North America. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 70, 146–148.

    Martins, K.T., Normandin, É. & Ascher, J.S. (2017) Hylaeus communis (Hymenoptera: Colletidae), a new exotic bee for North America with generalist foraging and habitat preferences. The Canadian Entomologist, 149, 377–390.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/tce.2016.62

    Matheson, A., Buchmann, S.L., O’Toole, C., Westrich, P. & Williams, I.H. (1996) The conservation of bees. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, California, 254 pp. [Matheson, A., Buchmann, S.L., O’Toole, C., Westrich, P. & Williams, I.H. (Eds.)]

    Mathewson, J.A. (1968) Nest construction and life history of the eastern cucurbit bee, Peponapis pruinosa (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 255–261.

    Matteson, K.C., Ascher, J.S. & Langellotto, G.A. (2008) Bee richness and abundance in New York City urban gardens. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101, 140–150.
    https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2008)101[140:BRAAIN]2.0.CO;2

    Matthews, R.W. (1965) The biology of Heriades carinata Cresson (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 1, 1–33.

    McGinley, R.J. (1986) Studies of Halictinae (Apoidea: Halictidae), I: Revision of New World Lasioglossum Curtis. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 429, 1–294.
    https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.429

    McGinley, R.J. (2003) Studies of Halictinae (Apoidea: Halictidae), II: Revision of Sphecodogastra Ashmead, floral specialists of Onagraceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 610, 1–55.
    https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.610

    Medler, J.T. (1958) A note on Megachile inermis Prov. in trap-nests in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Magachilidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 90, 325–327.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent90325-6

    Medler, J.T. (1959) A note on Megachile centuncularis (Linn.) in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 91, 113–115.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent91113-2

    Medler, J.T. (1961) A note on Hoplitis producta (Cress.) in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 93, 571–573.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent93571-7

    Medler, J.T. (1964a) A note on Megachile (Sayapis) pugnata pugnata Say in trap-nests in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 96, 918–921.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent96918-6

    Medler, J.T. (1964b) Anthophora (Clisodon) terminalis Cresson in trap-nests in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera : Anthophoridae. The Canadian Entomologist, 96, 1332–1336.
    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent961332-10

    Medler, J.T. (1965) A note on Megachile mendica Cresson in trap-nests in Wisconsin. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 67, 113–116.

    Medler, J.T. (1966) A resin bee using trap-nests in Wisconsin, and a note on other resin bees. Entomological News, 77, 228–230.

    Medler, J.T. (1967a) Biology of Osmia in trap nests in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 60, 338–344.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/60.2.338

    Medler, J.T. (1967b) Hoplitis cylindrica in trap nests in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 40, 137–140.

    Medler, J.T. & Koerber, T.W. (1958) Biology of Megachile relativa Cresson (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) in trap-nests in Wisconsin. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 51, 337–344.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/51.4.337

    Medler, J.T. & Lussenhop, J.F. (1968) Leafcutter be