Abstract
The North American (north of Mexico) species of Elacatis were revised, based on external and genitalic structures of adults. Seven species are recognized, though the historical inclusion of E. fasciatus Bland among Nearctic species is very likely based on an erroneous collecting locality. Two new species are described, with type localities (counties only) in parentheses: E. larsoni (Nebraska: Box Butte County) and E. stephani (Arizona: Cochise County). The following new synonym is proposed: Othnius umbrosus LeConte 1861 = Othnius lugubris Horn 1868; therefore, only E. umbrosus (LeConte) is associated with dead/dying conifers in western North America. Larval E. umbrosus are thought to be xylophagous, while adults are very likely predaceous. Elacatis senecionis (Champion) and E. immaculatus (Champion) are recorded from north of Mexico for the first time. A lectotype is designated for Elacatis longicornis Horn. A key to the seven species in Canada and the United States is provided, supplemented with photographic images of habiti and selected structural features. Maps of known distributions, based on geo-referenced locality lists, are provided.
References
Beutel, R.G. & Friedrich, F. (2005) Comparative study of larvae of Tenebrionoidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia). European Journal of Entomology, 102, 241–264.
https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2005.037
Beutenmüller, W. (1891) Bibliographical catalogue of the described transformations of North American Coleoptera. Journal of the New York Microscopical Society, 7 (1), 1–52.
Blackwelder, R.E. (1945) Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 3. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 185, 343–550.
Bland, J.H.B. (1864) Descriptions of new North American Coleoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 3, 253–256.
Borchmann, F. (1910) Nilionidae, Othniidae, Aegialitidae, Petriidae, Lagriidae. Coleopterorum Catalogus, pars 2, 1–32.
Borchmann, F. (1916) H. Sauter’s Formosa-Ausbete: Alleculidae und Othniidae (Col.). Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 82A (5), 101–108.
Borchmann, F. (1921) Othniidae, versuch einer Übersicht über die Familie. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 87, 191–215.
Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A.E., Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A., Lawrence, J.F., Lyal, C.H.C., Newton, A.F., Reid, C.A.M., Schmitt, M., Ślipiński, S.A. & Smith, A.B.T. (2011) Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys, 88, 1–972. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807
Bousquet, Y., Bouchard, P., Davies, A.E. & Sikes, D.S. (2013) Checklist of Beetles (Coleoptera) of Canada and Alaska, 2nd edition. Pensoft, Sofia–Moscow. 402 pp.
Böving, A.G. & Craighead, F.C. (1931) An illustrated synopsis of the principal larval forms of the order Coleoptera. Brooklyn Entomological Society, Brooklyn, N.Y. 351 pp.
Campbell, J.M. (1991) Family Salpingidae, p. 270, in Bousquet, Y. (ed.). Checklist of Beetles of Canada and Alaska. Publication 1861/E. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa.
Champion, G.C. (1888) Insecta, Coleoptera (Tenebrionidae, Cistelidae, Othniidae, Nilionidae, Monommidae). Biologia Centrali-Americana 4 (1), 354–476.
Champion, G.C. (1913) Notes on various Central American Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1913, 58–169, plates 3–4.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1913.tb02781.x
Chapin, E.A. (1923) The Elacatidae of the Philippine Islands and adjacent regions. The Philippine Journal of Science, 22 (1), 83–87 + plate 1.
Chevrolat, M.A. (1874) Description d’une nouvelle espèce d’Othnius et d’un nouveau genre de la famille des Othnidae, l’une et l’autre du Mexique. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Apliquée, 2, 329–331.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1898) Life zones in New Mexico. II. The zonal distribution of Coleoptera. New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin No. 28. Pp. 137–179.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8.201.635
Crowson, R.A. (1955) The Natural Classification of the Families of Coleoptera. Nathaniel Lloyd, London. 187 pp.
Crowson, R.A. (1981) The Biology of the Coleoptera. Academic Press, London. 802 pp.
Domínguez-Sánchez, B., Macías-Sámano, J.E., Ramírez-Marcial, N. & León-Cortés, J.L. (2008) Respuesta kairomonal de coleópteros asociados a Dendroctonus frontalis y dos especies de Ips (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en bosques de Chiapas, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 79, 175–183.
Fall, H.C. (1901) List of the Coleoptera of southern California, with notes on habits and distribution and descriptions of new species. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 8, 1–282.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.19107
Fall, H.C. & Cockerell, T.D.A. (1907) The Coleoptera of New Mexico. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 33, 145–272.
Gaylord, M.L., Kolb, T.E., Wallin, K.F. & Wagner, M.R. (2006) Seasonality and lure preference of bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and associates in a northern Arizona ponderosa pine forest. Environmental Entomology, 35 (1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-35.1.37
González, J.F., Cázares, C.L., Tovar, D.C., Martínez, A.E. & de los Santos Posadas, H.M. (2009) Secuencia de arribo de coleópteros en árboles de Pinus montezumae Lamb. dañados por incendios. Revista Ciencia Forestal en Mexico, 34, 149–170.
Hatch, M. (1965) The Beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Volume 4. University of Washington Press, Seattle. viii + 268 pp.
Hofstetter, R.W., Chen, Z., Gaylord, M.L., McMillin, J.D. & Wagner, M.R. (2008) Synergistic effects of α-pinene and exo-brevicomin on pine bark beetles and associated insects in Arizona. Journal of Applied Entomology, 132, 387–397.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2007.01263.x
Hofstetter, R.W., Gaylord, M.L., Martinson, S. & Wagner, M.R. (2012) Attraction to monoterpenes and beetle-produced compounds by syntopic Ips and Dendroctonus bark beetles and their predators. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 14, 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00560.x
Horn, G.H. (1868) New species of Coleoptera from the Pacific District of the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 2, 129–140.
https://doi.org/10.2307/25076202
Horn, G.H. (1871) Descriptions of new Coleoptera of the United States, with notes on known species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 3, 325–344.
Horn, G.H. (1888) Miscellaneous coleopterous studies. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 15, 26–48 + plate III. https://doi.org/10.2307/25076501
Hunt, T., Bergsten, J., Levkanicova, Z., Papadopoulou, A., St. John, O., Wild, R., Hammond, P.M., Ahrens, D., Balke, M., Caterino, M.S., Gómez-Zurita, J., Ribera, I., Barraclough, T.G., Mocakova, M., Bocak, L. & Vogler, A.P. (2007) A comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation. Science, 318, 1913–1916. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1146954
Lawrence, J.F. (1977) The family Pterogeniidae, with notes on the phylogeny of the Heteromera. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 31(1), 25–56.
Lawrence, J.F. & Newton, A.F., Jr. (1995) Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, notes and references, and data on family-group names). Pp. 779–1006 in: Pakaluk, J. & Ślipiński, S.A. (eds.). Biology, Phylogeny, and Classification of Coleoptera. Papers Celebrating the 80th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum I Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warsaw.
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, S.A., Pollock, D.A. & Escalona, H. (2010) 11.25. Salpingidae Leach, 1815. Pp. 722–729, in: R.G. Beutel and R. Leschen (eds.) Handbuch der Zoologie / Handbook of Zoology. Insecta: Coleoptera, Beetles: Volume 2. W. de Gruyter Inc., Berlin.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.722Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, S.A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici, 61(1), 1–217.
https://doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725
LeConte, J.L. (1861) Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Part I (cont.). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 3 (No. 136). Washington, Smithsonian Institution. 214 pp.
LeConte, J.L. & Horn, G.H. (1883) Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 507, xxxviii + 1–567.
Leng, C.W. (1920) Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr., Mount Vernon, N.Y. 470 pp.
Levkaničová, Z. (2009) Molecular phylogeny of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia). Palacký University (Ph.D. thesis). Olomouc, 126 pp.
Macías-Sámano, J.E., Rivera-Granados, M.L., Jones, R. & Ibarra, G. (2014) Respuesta de insectos descortezadores de pino y de sus depredadores a semioquímicos en el sur de México. Madera y Bosques, 20 (3), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.21829/myb.2014.203150
Packard, A.S. (1876) Guide to the study of insects and a treatise on those injurious and beneficial to crops for the use of colleges, farm-schools, and agriculturists. Fifth edition. NY, Henry Holt & Co. 715 pp.
Pascoe, F.P. (1860) Notices of new or little-known genera and species of Coleoptera. Part I. The Journal of Entomology, 1, 36–64.
Pascoe, F.P. (1871) Notes on Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species.–Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8 (ser. 4), 345–361.
Peterson, A. (1960) Larvae of Insects. An Introduction to Nearctic Species. Part II. Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Siphonaptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera. Edward Brothers, Ann Arbor MI. v + 416 pp.
Poole, R.W. & Gentili, P. (1996) Nomina Insecta Nearctica, Volume 1: Coleoptera, Strepsiptera. Entomological Information Services, Rockville, MD, U.S.A. 827 pp.
Riley, C.V. (1893) Report on a small collection of insects made during the Death Valley Expedition. With supplementary reports and descriptions of new species by S. W. Williston, P. R. Uhler, and Lawrence Bruner. Pp. 235–254 In: North American Fauna No. 7. The Death Valley Expedition. A biological survey of parts of California, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington. 394 pp.
Rodríguez-Ortega, A., Equihua-Martínez, A., Cibrían-Tovar, J., Estrada-Venegas, E.G., Méndez-Montiel, J.T. & Villa-Castillo, J. (2011) Insectos asociados a Dendroctonus adjunctus Blandford atraídos por frontalina + alfa-pineno, en Los Pescados, Veracruz y Zoquiapan, Edo. de México. Memoria del XV Simposio Nacional de Parasitología Forestal. [further publication data unknown]
Steed, B.E. & Wagner, M.R. (2008) Seasonal pheromone response by Ips pini in northern Arizona and western Montana, U.S.A. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 10, 189–203.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00368.x
Young, D.K. (1991) Othniidae (Tenebrionoidea). Pp. 547–549, In: Immature Insects Vol. 2, Edited by Stehr, F.W. Kendall Hunt Publishing, Dubuque, IA.