Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 4439 No. 1: 25 Jun. 2018
Type: Monograph
Published: 2018-06-25
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4439.1.1
Page range: 1–107
Abstract views: 238
PDF downloaded: 4

Annotated checklist of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores) associated with Brazilian caves

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras. C.P. 3037, CEP. 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil Present address: Laboratório de Aracnologia, Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional/UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20.940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras. C.P. 3037, CEP. 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil Centro de Estudos em Biologia Subterrânea, Departamento de Biologia/Setor de Zoologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Lavras
Opiliones Harvestmen species list caves distribution Brazil

Abstract

In Brazil, the order Opiliones has been well studied, making this country the leader in research with the group, but few extensive works have been made on the distribution of harvestmen associated with caves. In this context, the present paper aims to list all records of the superfamily Gonyleptoidea associated with Brazilian caves, using records from the literature and unreported data from scientific collections. The compiled checklist contains the largest number of harvestmen species recorded for caves in one country, worldwide. A total of 155 species belonging to 7 families were recorded from 952 caves throughout 152 municipalities and 17 states of Brazil. A considerable number of 46 putative (undescribed) new species were recognized, including 9 troglomorphic species. Additionally, 161 new municipal records where found for 58 known species. The most diverse family was Gonyleptidae (104 spp.), with the subfamilies Pachylinae (55 spp.), followed by Goniosomatinae (18 spp.) and Mitobatinae (16 spp.). The number of described species analysed in the present work represents about 12% of the Brazilian opiliofauna of Gonyleptoidea, with many species widely distributed, being indicative of affinity of the group with the cave environments. Thus, the compilation of distribution data of such species (mainly the troglobitic and troglomorphic) can directly contribute to a higher valuation of their habitats, leading to better preservation policies, as well as being useful for future ecological and biogeographical studies.

 

References

  1. Ázara, L.N., Bernardi, L.F.O., Ferreira, R.L. (2016) The first survey on harvestmen in Brazilian artificial cavities, with notes on distribution and natural history. Subterranean Biology, 17, 31–53.

    https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.17.6762

    Ázara, L.N., DaSilva, M.B. & Ferreira, R.L. (2013) Description of Mitogoniella mucuri sp. nov. (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae) and considerations on polymorphic traits in the genus and Gonyleptidae. Zootaxa, 3736 (1), 69–81.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3736.1.3

    Bragagnolo, C. (2008) Diversidade de opiliões do município de São Paulo. In: Malagoli, L.R., Bajesteiro, F.B. & Whately, M. (Eds.), Além do concreto: contribuições para a proteção da biodiversidade paulistana. Instituto Socioambiental, São Paulo, pp. 154–174.

    Bragagnolo, C., Hara, M.R. & Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2015) A new family of Gonyleptoidea from South America (Opiliones, Laniatores). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 173, 296–319.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12207

    Bragagnolo, C. & Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2012) Systematic review of Promitobates Roewer, 1913 and cladistic analysis of Mitobatinae Simon, 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). Zootaxa, 3308, 1–48.

    Brandon, K., Da Fonseca, G.A.B., Rylands, A.B. & Da Silva, J.M.C. (2005) Brazilian conservation—Challenges and opportunities. Conservation Biology, 19, 595–600.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00710.x

    Brasil (2008) Decreto nº 6.640, de 7 de novembro de 2008, Diário Oficial da União, Brasília,Brazil. Available from:http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2008/decreto/d6640.htm (accessed 5 January 2016)

    Bristowe, W.S. & Scott, H. (1925) XXI. Notes on the Habits of Insects and Spiders in Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 72, 475–504.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1925.tb03368.x

    Buzatto, B.A., Tomkins, J.L., Simmons, L.W. & Machado, G. (2014) Correlated Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism and Male Dimorphism in a Clade of Neotropical Harvestmen. Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 68 (6), 1–16.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12395

    Chelini, M.-C., Willemart, R.H. & Gnaspini, P. (2011) Caves as a Winter Refuge by a Neotropical Harvestman (Arachnida, Opiliones). Journal of Insect Behavior, 24, 393–398.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-011-9264-x

    Chelini, M.-C., Willemart, R.H. & Gnaspini, P. (2012) Gregarious behavior of two species of Neotropical harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). Journal of Arachnology, 40, 256–258.
    https://doi.org/10.1636/Hi11-12.1

    Cruz-López, J.A. & Francke, O.F. (2017) Total evidence phylogeny of the North American harvestman family Stygnopsidae (Opiliones: Laniatores: Grassatores) reveals hidden diversity. Invertebrate Systematics, 31, 317–360.
    https://doi.org/10.1071/IS16053

    DaSilva, M.B. & Gnaspini, P. (2010) A systematic revision of Goniosomatinae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), with a cladistic analysis and biogeographical notes. Invertebrate Systematics, 23, 530–624.
    https://doi.org/10.1071/IS09022

    DaSilva, M.B., Pinto-da-Rocha, R. & DeSouza, A.M. (2015) A protocol for the delimitation of areas of endemism and the historical regionalization of the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest using harvestmen distribution data. Cladistics, 31, 1–28.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12121

    Dessen, E.M.B., Eston, V.R., Silva, M.S., Beck, M.T.T. & Trajano, E. (1980) Levantamento preliminar da fauna de cavernas de algumas regiões do Brasil. Ciência e Cultura, 32, 714–725.

    Garwood, R.J., Sharma, P.P., Dunlop, J.A. & Giribet, G. (2014) A paleozoic stem group to mite harvestmen revealed through integration of phylogenetics and development. Current Biology, 24, 1017–1023.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.039

    Gaston, K.J. (2000) Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature, 405, 220–227.
    https://doi.org/10.1038/35012228

    Gaston, K.J. & May, R.M. (1992) Taxonomy of taxonomists. Nature, 356, 281–282.
    https://doi.org/10.1038/356281a0

    Giltay, L. (1928) Arachnides nouveaux du Brésil. Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique, 68, 79–87.

    Gnaspini, P. (1995) Reproduction and postembryonic development of Goniosoma spelaeum, a cavernicolous harvestman from southeastern Brazil (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 28, 137–151.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.1995.9672474

    Gnaspini, P. (1996) Population ecology of Goniosoma spelaeum, a cavernicolous harvestman from south-eastern Brazil (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). Journal of Zoology, 239, 417–435.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05933.x

    Gnaspini, P. & Cavalheiro, A.J. (1998) Chemical and behavioral defenses of a neotropical harvestman: Goniosoma spelaeum (Opiliones, Laniatores, Gonyleptidae). The Journal of Arachnology, 26, 81–90.

    Gnaspini, P., Santos, F.H. & Hoenen, S. (2003) The Occurrence of Different Phase Angles Between Contrasting Seasons in the Activity Patterns of the Cave Harvestman Goniosoma spelaeum (Arachnida, Opiliones). Biological Rhythm Research, 34, 31–49.
    https://doi.org/10.1076/brhm.34.1.31.14082

    Gnaspini, P. & Trajano, E. (1994) Brazilian Cave Invertebrates, with a checklist of troglomorphic taxa. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 38, 549–584.

    Hara, M.R. & Gnaspini, P. (2003) Comparative study of the defensive behavior and morphology of the gland opening area among harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) under a phylogenetic perspective. Arthropod structure & development, 32, 257–75.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S1467-8039(03)00040-9

    Hara, M.R. & Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2008) A new species of Brazilian troglobitic harvestman of the genus Iandumoema (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). Zootaxa, 1744 (1), 50–58.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1744.1.5

    Hara, M.R. & Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2010) Systematic review and cladistic analysis of the genus Eusarcus Perty 1833 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 2698, 1–136.

    Henriksen, K.L. (1932) I. Opiliones. In: Isländische Spinnentierre. I. Opiliones, Chernetes, Araneae (Henriksen, K.L., Lindroth, C.H. & Braendegaard, J.). Göteborgs kungl. Vetenskaps-och Vitterhets-Samhälles Handlingar, femte följden, Serie B, 2 (7), pp. 4–6

    Hoenen, S. & Gnaspini, P. (1999) Activity rhythms and behavioral characterization of two epigean and one cavernicolous harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). The Journal of Arachnology, 27, 159–164.

    IBGE (2015) Área Territorial Brasileira. Available from: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm (accessed 5 January 2016)

    Ilie, V. (2002) A check-list of the harvestmen (Opilionida) from the Romanian caves. Archives of Biological Sciences, 54, 49–56.
    https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS0202049I

    Iniesta, L.F.M., Ázara, L.N., Souza-Silva, M. & Ferreira, R.L. (2012) Biodiversidade em seis cavernas no parque estadual do sumidouro (Lagoa Santa, MG). Revista Brasileira de Espeleologia, 2, 18–37.

    Klink, C.A. & Machado, R.B. (2005) Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conservation Biology, 19, 707–713.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00702.x

    Koch, C.L. (1839a) Die Arachniden getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. Zeh’schen Buchhandlung, 1839, 1–130.

    Koch, C.L. (1839b) Uebersicht des Arachnidensystems 2. C. H. Zeh. Nürnberg, 38 pp.

    Kury, A.B. (2003a) OmniPaper Project — The ARACNOLAB internet resource on Opilionological Taxonomic Literature. Museu Nacional/UFRJ website. Available from: http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/pdfliteratura/pdfs%20opiliones.htm (accessed 15 May 2018)

    Kury, A.B. (1989) A new species of Discocyrtoides (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Bourguyinae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 8, 9–12.

    Kury, A.B. (1992) The false Cranainae of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Opiliones Gonyleptidae). Tropical Zoology, 5, 279–291.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.1992.10539199

    Kury, A.B. (1994) Early lineages of Gonyleptidae (Arachnida Opiliones Laniatores). Tropical Zoology, 7, 343–353.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.1994.10539264

    Kury, A.B. (1997) The genera Saramacia Roewer and Syncranaus Roewer, with notes on the status of the Manaosbiidae (Opiliones, Laniatores). Boletim do Museu Nacional, 374, 1–22.

    Kury, A.B. (2000) Classification of Opiliones. Available from: http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/opiliones.html (accessed 15 May 2018)

    Kury, A.B. (2002) Checklist of valid genera of Opiliones of the World. Museu Nacional/UFRJ website. Available from: http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/checklaniator.htm (accessed 15 May 2018)

    Kury, A.B. (2003b) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnología, Volumen Especial Monográfico, No. 1, 1–337.

    Kury, A.B. (2008) Two new troglomorph Pachylinae (Opiliones, Laniatores, Gonyleptidae) from caves in Bahia, Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 43, 247–253.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01650520701731794

    Kury, A.B. (2011) Order Opiliones Sundevall, 1833. In: Zhang, Z.Q. (Ed.), Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa, 3148, pp. 112–114.

    Kury, A.B. (2013) Order opiliones Sundevall, 1833. Zootaxa, 3703 (1), 27–33.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.7

    Kury, A.B. (2014) Why does the Tricommatinae position bounce so much within Laniatores? A cladistic analysis, with description of a new family of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones, Laniatores). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 1–48.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12165

    Kury, A.B. (2015) Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida). Zootaxa, 3925 (3), 301–340.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3925.3.1

    Kury, A.B. (2016) Opiliones. Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna/faunadobrasil/98744 (accessed 6 February 2016)

    Kury, A.B. & Ferreira, C.P. (2012) Two new species of Roquettea Mello-Leitão, 1931 from northern Brazil (Opiliones: Laniatores: Cosmetidae). Zootaxa, 46, 35–46.

    Kury, A.B. & Pérez-González, A. (2008) The first cave-dwelling Spinopilar (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Tricommatinae), described from a Brazilian cave. Tropical Zoology, 21, 259–267.

    Kury, A.B. & Villarreal, O.M. (2015) The prickly blade mapped: Establishing homologies and a chaetotaxy for macrosetae of penis ventral plate in Gonyleptoidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 174, 1–46.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12225

    Lewinsohn, T.M. & Prado, P.I. (2005) How many species are there in Brazil? Conservation Biology, 19, 619–624.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00680.x

    Machado, G. (2002) Maternal care, defensive behavior, and sociality in neotropical Goniosoma harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Insectes Sociaux, 49, 388–393.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012663

    Machado, G. & Oliveira, P.S. (1998) Reproductive biology of the neotropical harvestman (Goniosoma longipes) (Arachnida, Opiliones: Gonyleptidae): mating and oviposition behaviour, brood mortality, and parental care. Journal of Zoology, 246, 359–367.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00166.x

    Machado, G., Raimundo, R.L.G. & Oliveira, P.S. (2000) Daily activity schedule, gregariousness, and defensive behaviour in the Neotropical harvestman Goniosoma longipes (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). Journal of Natural History, 34, 587–596.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/002229300299453

    Machado, S.F., Ferreira, R.L. & Martins, R.P. (2003) Aspects of the population ecology of Goniosoma sp. (Arachnida Opiliones Gonyleptidae) in limestone caves in southeastern Brazil. Tropical Zoology, 16, 13–31.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2003.10531181

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1941) Opiliões coligidos por Antenor Leitão de Carvalho no Tapirapés. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 1, 435–442.

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1922) Some new Brazilian Gonyleptidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 9 (52), 329–348.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932208632683

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1923) Opiliones Laniatores do Brasil. Archivos do Museu Nacional, 24, 107–197.

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1927) Arachnideos de Santa Catharina (Brasil). Revista do Museu Paulista, 395–418.

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1931) Opiliões novos ou criticos. Archivos do Museu Nacional, 33, 117–148.

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1932) Opiliões do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 17, 1–505.

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1933) Novos Gonyléptidae do Brasil Meriodional. Archivos da Escola Superior de Agricultura e Medicina Veteriaria, 10, 133–151.

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1935a) A propósito de alguns opiliões novos. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 9, 369–411.

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1935b) Alguns novos opiliões do Estado de S. Paulo e do Distrito Federal. Archivos do Museu Nacional, 36, 9–37.

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1936) Notas sobre opiliões. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 12, 1–41.

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1937a) Alguns opiliões da collecção do Instituto Butantan. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 11, 275–288.

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1937b) Notas sobre opiliões do Instituto Butantan. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 10, 289–295.

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1940) Sete gêneros e vinte e oito espécies de Gonyleptidae. Arquivos de zoologia do Estado de São Paulo, I, 1–52.

    Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1942) Oito novos opiliões do Espírito Santo. Boletim do Museu nacional, 14, 1–11.

    Mittermeier, R.A. & Robles-Gil, P. (1997) Megadiversity: Earth’s biologically wealthiest nations. CEMEX, Agrupación Serra Madre, 501 pp. [Mittermeier, R.A. (Ed.)]

    Muster, C., Schönhofer, A. & Weber, D. (2013) Weberknechte (Arachnida , Opiliones) aus Höhlen des Großherzogtums Luxemburg. Ferrantia, 69, 158–170.

    Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 2000.
    https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501

    Niemiller, M.L., Graening, G.O., Fenolio, D.B., Godwin, J.C., Cooley, J.R., Pearson, W.D., Fitzpatrick, B.M. & Near, T.K. (2013) Doomed before they are described? The need for conservation assessments of cryptic species complexes using an amblyopsid cavefish (Amblyopsidae: Typhlichthys) as a case study. Biodiversity and Conservation, 22, 1799–1820.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0514-4

    Pérez-González, A.,Ceccarelli, F.S., Monte, B.G.O., Proud, D.N., DaSilva, M.B. & Bichuette, M.E. (2017) Light from dark: A relictual troglobite reveals a broader ancestral distribution for kimulid harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores: Kimulidae) in South America. PLoS ONE, 12 (11), 1–39.

    Pérez-González, A. & Kury, A.B. (2002) A new remarkable troglomorph gonyleptid from Brazil (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 5, 43–50.

    Perty, J.A.M. (1833) Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX [1817–1820] jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I Bavariae Regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Vol. 3. Friedrich Fleischer, Monachii (= München), 224 pp., pls. 25–40. [Opiliones, pp 201–209, 1830–1834, issued 13 December 1833]

    Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (1990) Stenostygnoides caliginosus sp. n., primeiro registro de Stygnidae cavernícola (Opiliones: Laniatores). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 6, 121–127.

    Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (1993) Invertebrados cavernícolas da porção meridional da província espeleológica do Vale do Ribeira, sul do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 10, 229–255.
    https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751993000200005

    Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (1995) Sinopse da fauna cavernícola do Brasil (1907–1994). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 39, 61–172.

    Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (1996a) Biological notes on and population size of Pachylospeleus strinatii, Šilhavý, 1974 in the Gruta das Areias de Cima, Iporanga, south-eastern Brazil (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Bulletin British Arachnological Society, 10, 189–192.

    Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (1996b) Description of the male of Daguerreia inermis Soares & Soares, 1947, with biological notes on population size in the Gruta da Lancinha, Paraná, Brazil (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 13, 833–842.
    https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751996000400004

    Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (1996c) Iandumoema uai, a new genus and species of troglobitic harvestman from Brazil (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 13, 843–848.
    https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751996000400005

    Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (1997) Systematic review of the Neotropical family Stygnidae (Opiliones, Laniatores, Gonyleptoidea). Arquivos de Zoologia, 33, 163–342.
    https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v33i4p163-342

    Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Benedetti, A.R., de Vasconcelos, E.G. & Hara, M.R. (2012) New systematic assignments in Gonyleptoidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). ZooKeys, 68, 25–68.
    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.198.2337

    Pinto-da-Rocha, R. & Bragagnolo, C. (2010) Review of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest harvestman Longiperna (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Mitobatinae). Zoologia (Curitiba, Impresso), 27, 993–1007.
    https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702010000600023

    Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Bragagnolo, C., Marques, F.P.L. & Antunes Junior, M. (2014) Phylogeny of harvestmen family Gonyleptidae inferred from a multilocus approach (Arachnida: Opiliones). Cladistics, 30, 519–539.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12065

    Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Fonseca-Ferreira, R. & Bichuette, M. (2015) A new highly specialized cave harvestman from Brazil and the first blind species of the genus: Iandumoema smeagol sp. n. (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). ZooKeys, 537, 79–95.
    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.537.6073

    Pinto-da-Rocha, R. & Yamaguti, H. (2013) Paecilaema batman, a new species of Brazilian troglophilous harvestman that exhibits a remarkable color patches variation (Opiliones: Cosmetidae). Zoologia, 30, 441–446.
    https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702013000400011

    Piza Junior, S. de T. (1938a) Novos gêneros e espécies de opiliões do Brasil. Folia Clinica et Biologica, 10, 113–121.

    Piza Junior, S. de T. (1938b) Novos Opiliões do Brasil. Boletim Biológico, 3, 135–146.

    Piza Junior, S. de T. (1940) Novos Gonyleptidae do Brasil. Arquivos de zoologia do Estado de São Paulo, 1, 53–66. Piza Junior, S. de T. (1942) A respeito da sistemática de alguns opiliões. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2, 403–416.

    Piza Junior, S. de T. (1947) Resultado do estudo de um pequeno lote de Opiliões. Anais Escola superior Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, 4, 264–267.
    https://doi.org/10.1590/S0071-12761947000100013

    Rambla, M. (1969) Cave Harvestmen From Jamaica (Opiliones: Phalangodidae). Psyche, 76, 390–406.
    https://doi.org/10.1155/1969/13496

    Ringuelet, R. (1959) Los aracnidos Argentinos del orden Opiliones. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia.”, 5, 127–439.

    Roewer, C.F. (1913a) Die Familie der Gonyleptiden der Opiliones-Laniatores. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 79, 1–256.

    Roewer, C.F. (1917) 52 neue Opilioniden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 82, 90–158.

    Roewer, C.F. (1923) Die Weberknechte der Erde. Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannten Opiliones, 1116.

    Roewer, C.F. (1927) Brasilianische Opilioniden, gesammelt von Herrn Prof. Bresslau im Jahre 1914. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 40, 331–352.

    Roewer, C.F. (1928a) Opilions nouveaux du Brésil. Bulletin et annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 68, 123–127.

    Roewer, C.F. (1928b) Weitere Weberknechte II. (2. Ergänzung der Weberknechte der Erde, 1923). Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen, 26, 527–632.

    Roewer, C.F. (1929) Weitere Weberknechte III. (3. Ergänzung der: “Weberknechte der Erde”, 1923). Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen, 27, 179–284.

    Roewer, C.F. (1931) Weitere Weberknechte V. (5. Ergänzung der “Weberknechte der Erde,” 1923). Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen, 28, 101–164.

    Roewer, C.F. (1932) Weitere Weberknechte VII (7. Ergänzung der: “Weberknechte der Erde”, 1923) (Cranainae). Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 1, 275–350.

    Roewer, C.F. (1943) Über Gonyleptiden. Weitere Webernechte (Arachn., Opil.) XI. Senckenbergiana, 26, 12–68.

    Roewer, C.F. (1913b) Die Familie der Gonyleptiden de Opiliones - Laniatores. [part 2]. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 79, 257–472.

    Roewer, C.F. (1963) Opiliones aus Peru und Columbien (Arach.) Senckenbergiana biologica, 44, 45–72.

    Sabino, J. & Gnaspini, P. (1999) Harvestman (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) takes prey from a spider (Araneae, Ctenidae). Journal of Arachnology, 27, 675–678.

    Santos, F.H. & Gnaspini, P. (2002) Notes on the Foraging Behavior of the Brazilian Cave Harvestman Goniosoma spelaeum (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Journal of Arachnology, 30, 177.
    https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0177:NOTFBO]2.0.CO;2

    Šilhavý, V. (1973) Two new systematic groups of gonyleptomorphid phalangids from the Antillean-Caribbean Region, Agoristenidae Fam. N., and Caribbiantinae Subfam. N. (Arachn.: Opilionidea). Acta societatis zoologicae bohemoslovacae, 37, 110–143.

    Šilhavý, V. (1974) A new subfamily of Gonyleptidae from Brazilian caves, Pachylospeleinae subfam. n. (Opiliones, Gonyleptomorhpi). Revue Suisse Zoologie, 81, 893–898.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.76049

    Šilhavý, V. (1979) Opilionids of the suborder Gonyleptomorphi from the American caves, collected by Dr. Pierre Strinati. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 86, 321–334.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.82296

    Soares, B.A.M. (1970) Novas Espécies De Opiliões Da Região Amazônica (Opiliones: Cosmetidae, Gonyleptidae Phalangiidae, Stygnidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 30, 323–338.

    Soares, B.A.M. (1943) Aracnídeos de Goiaz coligidos pelo Dr. Frederico Lane. I - Opiliões. II—Afantoquílidas e Tomísidas. Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo, 3, 205–218.

    Soares, B.A.M. (1944a) Alguns opiliões da coleção “Otto Schubart.” Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 6, 193–202.

    Soares, B.A.M. (1944b) Aracnídeos de Monte Alegre. Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 4, 151–168.

    Soares, B.A.M. (1944c) Notas sobre opiliões V-XIII. Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 4, 1944.

    Soares, B.A.M. (1944d) Opiliões do Alto da Serra II. Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 4, 277–302.

    Soares, B.A.M. (1945a) Alótipos de Paragonyleptes antiquus (M-L, 1934) e de Jacarepaguana pectinifemur Piza, 1943 (Opiliones Gonyleptidae). Boletim da Indústria Animal, 7, 9–14.

    Soares, B.A.M. (1945b) Opiliões da coleção do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Arquivos de zoologia do Estado de São Paulo, 4, 341–394.

    Soares, B.A.M. (1945c) Opiliões de Porto Cabral. Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 5, 107–118.

    Soares, B.A.M. (1945d) Revisão dos opiliões do Instituto Butantã. Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 5, 227–242.

    Soares, B.A.M. (1946) Opiliões do Departamento de Zoologia. Revisão dos opiliões existentes atualmente no Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo. Arquivos de zoologia do Estado de São Paulo, 4, 485–534.

    Soares, B.A.M. & Soares, H.E.M. (1945) Alguns opiliões do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 5, 221–226.

    Soares, B.A.M. & Soares, H.E.M. (1946) Novos opiliões do Banhado (Estado do Paraná). Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 7, 101–111.

    Soares, B.A.M. & Soares, H.E.M. (1947a) Alótipos e novas formas de opiliões Paranaenses. Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo, 8, 63–84.

    Soares, B.A.M. & Soares, H.E.M. (1947b) Opiliões da coleção Gofferjé. Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo, 8, 249–259.

    Soares, B.A.M. & Soares, H.E.M. (1947c) Opiliões pertencentes à coleção Gert Hatschbach. Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 8, 209–230.

    Soares, H.E.M. (1945e) Contribuição ao estudo dos opiliões do estado do Paraná. Arquivos do Museu Paranaense, 4, 207–230.

    Soares, H.E.M. (1966a) Novos opiliões da coleção “Otto Schubart” (Opiliones: Cosmetidae, Gonyleptidae, Phalangodidae). Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 18, 103–115.

    Soares, H.E.M. (1966b) Opiliões pertencentes à coleção “Eugenio W. Gruman” (Opiliones: Cosmetidae, Gonyleptidae). Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 18, 117–123.

    Soares, H.E.M. (1970b) Gonyleptids from Poços de Caldas, State of MG, Brazil (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 30, 211–216.

    Soares, H.E.M. (1972) Opera Opiliologica Varia II (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae, Phalangiidae, Phalangodidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 32, 65–74.

    Soares, H.E.M. (1974) Opera Opiliologica Varia III (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34, 477–486.

    Soares, H.E.M. & Bauab-Vianna, M.J. (1970) Contribución al estudio de los opiliones del Brasil (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Physis, 30, 131–140.

    Soares, H.E.M. & Bauab-Vianna, M.J. (1972) Algunas notas sobre opiliones con la descripcion de allotypi y nuevas formas (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Physis, 31, 203–218.

    Soares, H.E.M. & Soares, B.A.M. (1974) Opera Opiliologica Varia IV (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Stygnidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34, 599–614.

    Soares, H.E.M. & Soares, B.A.M. (1985) Opera Opiliologica Varia XXII. Opiliones Gonyleptidae. Naturalia, 10, 157–200.

    Soares, H.E.M. & Soares, B.A.M. (1978) Opera Opiliologica Varia V. (Opiliones, Stygnidae). Boletim de zoologia, 3, 81–96.
    https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3358.bolzoo.1978.121653

    Sørensen, W. (1879) Om Bygnigen af Gonyleptiderne, en Type af Arachnidernes Classe. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, 3, 97–222.

    Sørensen, W.E. (1884) Opiliones Laniatores (Gonyleptides W. S. olim) Musei Hauniensis. Naturhist. Tiddskr, 14, 555–646.

    Sørensen, W.E. (1932) Descriptiones Laniatorum (Arachnidorum Opilionum Subordinis). Opus posthumum recognovit et edidit Kai L. Henriksen. Opus posthumum recognovit et edidit Kai L. Henriksen. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs skrifter, 3, 197–422.

    Souza-Silva, M. & Ferreira, R.L. (2015) Cave invertebrates in Espírito Santo state, Brazil: a primary analysis of endemism, threats and conservation priorities. Subterranean Biology, 16, 79–102.
    https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.5227

    Trajano, E. (1987) Fauna cavernícola brasileira: composição e caracterização preliminar. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 3, 533–561.
    https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751986000400004

    Trajano, E. & Gnaspini, P. (1991) Composição da fauna cavernícola brasileira, com uma análise preliminar da distribuição dos taxons. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 7, 383–407.
    https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751990000300017

    Villarreal, O.M. & Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2006) Five new species of Protimesius from Brazil (Opiliones: Stygnidae). Zootaxa, 1325, 219–233.

    Zhang, Z.Q. (2013) Phylum Athropoda. In: Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa, 3703 (1), 17–26.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.6