Abstract
Three new species of the family Gammaridae—Gammarus troglomorphus, sp. n., G. parvioculatus, sp. n. from Lebap Province of Turkmenistan and Tadzocrangonyx alaicus, sp. n. from Batken Region of Kyrgyzstan are described and illustrated. Morphological studies of a closely related Turkmenistan population of G. cf. subaequalis-Garlyk, probably conspecific with Gammarus subaequalis Martynov, 1935 was provided. The affinity of new species to concerned taxa is discussed. To define phylogenetic position of mentioned species DNA barcode data are obtained. Gammarus troglomorphus and G. parvioculatus are close neighbors but exceedingly different morphologically. Gammarus troglomorphus is a troglobiont; G. parvioculatus is an eutroglophile, but with exception of slightly smaller eyes, not troglomorph. Both found only within small areas in the extreme East of Turkmenistan. Gammarus cf. subaequalis-Garlyk seems to extend from the same region far into the eastern Kyrgyzstan.
References
Atamuradov, K.I. (1994) Paleogeography of Turkmenistan. In: Fet, V. & Atamuradov, K. (Eds.), Biogeography and ecology of Turkmenistan. Monographiae biologicae 72. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 49–64.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1116-4_4Barnard, J.L. & Barnard, C.M. (1983) Freshwater Amphipoda of the World. Vol. 1 & 2. Hayfield Associates, Mt. Vernon, Virginia, 830 pp.
Behning, A.L. (1938) Kaspijskie relikty sredi fauny ozer Uzboya. Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 21, 291–292. [in Russian]
Birstein, J.A. (1935) Zwei neue Gammariden aus Westasien. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 109, 293–296.
Birstein, J.A. (1941) The subterranean amphipods of Abkhazia with notes on the Niphargus—species of Transcaucasus. Archives du Musee Zoologique de l'Universite de Moscou, 6, 259–272. [in Russian with English abstract]
Birštejn, J.A. (1945a) Zametka o presnovodnyh vysšyh rakoobraznyh Turkmenii i Irana. Scientific transactions of MSU, Biology, 83, 151–164. [in Russian]
Birstein, J.A. (1945b) Reviziya sistemy kaspijskih Gammaridae. Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 50, 517–520. [in Russian]
Birštejn, J.A. (1948) Bokoplavy Tadžikistana. In: Memorial volume Acad. S.A. Zernov. Publishing house of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Leningrad, pp. 263–273. [in Russian]
Birstein, J.A. & Ljovuschkin, S.I. (1965) Faune des eaux souterraines saumâtres de l'Asie Centrale. International Journal of Speleology, 1, 307–320.
https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.1.3.5Birstein, J.A. & Ljovuschkin, S.I. (1968) A representative of the new for the USSR family Bogidiellidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in subterranean waters of Central Asia. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 47, 676–683. [in Russian with English abstract]
Birštejn, Ja.A. & Levuškin, S.I. (Birstein, J.A. & Ljovuschkin, S.I.) (1972) Crangonyx setiferus sp. n. (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from springs of Tian Shan. In: Jankowskaja, A.I. (Ed.), Fauna gruntovyh vod Srednej Azii. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademija Nauk SSSR 51, Leningrad, pp. 139–146. [in Russian]
Chevreux, E. (1908) Etudes sur la faune de Turkestan basées sur les matériaux recueillis par D.D. Pedaschenko 1904–1906. II. Crustaces Amphipodes. Travaux de la Sociét Impériale des Naturalists de St-Petersbourg, 37, 91–102.
Costa, F.O., de Waard, J.R., Boutillier, J., Ratnasingham, S., Dooh, R.T., Hajibabaei, M. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2007) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes: the case of the Crustacea. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 64, 272–295.
https://doi.org/10.1139/f07-008Fabricius, J.C. (1775) Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descritionibus, observationibus. Officina Libraria Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae, 832 pp.
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294–299.
Gorodkov, K.B. (1961) Prostejshij mikroproektor dlya risovaniya nasekomyh. Entomologica Review, 40, 936–939. [in Russian]
Holsinger, J.R. (1974) Systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus Stygobromus (Gammaridae), Part I: species of the western United States. Smithson. Contribution to Zoology, 160, 1–63.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.160Holsinger, J.R. (1993) Biodiversity of subterranean amphipod crustaceans: global patterns and zoogeographic implications. Journal of Natural History, 27, 821–835.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939300770501Hou, Z., Fu, J. & Li, S. (2007) A molecular phylogeny of the genus Gammarus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45, 596–611.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.006Hou, Z., Li, Z. & Li, S. (2009) Identifying Chinese species of Gammarus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) using DNA barcoding. Current Zoology, 55, 158–164.
Hou, Z., Sket, B. & Li, S. (2014) Phylogenetic analyses of Gammaridae crustacean reveal different diversification patterns among sister lineages in the Tethyan region. Cladistics, 30, 352–365.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12055Iwan, D. & Löbl, I. (2007) Nomenclatural notes on tenebrionid beetles of the Palaearctic region (Insecta: Coleoptera). Annales Zoologici, Warszawa, 57, 733–739.
Karaman, G.S. (1969a) 22. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Amphipoden. Ueber einige neue Formen des Genus Sarothrogammarus (Gammaridae) aus Afghanistan. Acta Musei Macedonici Scientiarum Naturalium, Skopje, 11, 195–208.
Karaman, G.S. (1969b) 23. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Amphipoden. Die Gattung Sarothrogammarus Mart. in Asien. Glasnik republickog zavoda zastitu prirode prirodnjacke zbirke, Titogradu, 2, 33–45.
Karaman, G.S. (1970) 25. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Amphipoden. Kritische Bemerkungen über Echinogammarus acarinatus (S. Kar. 1931) und Echinogammarus stocki n. sp. Poljoprivreda I šumarstvo, Titograd, 16, 45–66.
Karaman, G.S. (1971) 19. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Amphipoden. Eine neue Art der Gattung Sarothrogammarus (Gammaridae) aus Afghanistan, S. ruffoi n. sp. Crustaceana, 20, 199–207.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854069X00222Karaman, G.S. & Barnard, J.L. (1979) Classificatory revisions in Gammaridean Amphipoda (Crustacea), Part I. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 92, 106–165.
Karaman, G.S. & Pinkster, S. (1977) Freshwater Gammarus species from Europe, North Africa and adjacent regions of Asia (Crustacea-Amphipoda). Part. 1. Gammarus pulex-group and related species. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 47, 1−97.
Karaman, S.L. (1958) Weitere Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Amphipoden und Isopoden Jugoslawiens und Griechenlands. Biološki glasnik, 11, 11−22.
Kulkina, L.V. (1990) Amfipody Kazahstana. In: Sidorov, E.G. (Ed.), Ecology and morphology of animal helminthes of Kazakhstan. Nauka Publisher, Alma-Ata, pp. 125−146. [in Russian]
Kulkina, L.V. (1992) Stygobromus kazakhstanica sp. n. (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) from underground waters of Tien Shan. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 71, 40–45. [in Russian with English abstract]
Latreille, P.A. (1816) Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Par M. le Cher Cuvier. Avec figures, dessinées d'après nature. Tom. 3. contenant les crustacés, les arachnides et les insectes. Déterville, Paris, xxix + 653 pp.
Leach, W.E. (1814) Crustaceology. Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 7, 383−437.
Martynov, А.V. (1930) Amphipoda from the Lake Issyk-Kul. Results to the Lake Issyk-Kul Expedition in KSSR, 11, 51−70. [in Russian with English abstract]
Martynov, А.V. (1935) Amphipoda Gammaridea of the running waters of Turkestan. Travaux de l'Institute Zoologique de l'Académi des Sciences de l'URSS, 2, 411−508. [in Russian with English abstract]
Martynov, A.V. (1936) Zametka o bokoplavah (Gammaridae). Proceedings of the Kirghiz complex expedition. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, Leningrad, 3, 211−214. [in Russian]
Martynov, A.V., Behning A.L. (1948) O nekotoryh bokoplavah Srednej Azii. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad, 7, 172−176. [in Russian]
Meng, K., Hou, Z. & Li, S. (2003) A new species from Xinjiang, China (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Gammaridae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 28, 621−628.
Moškrič, A. (2016) Postavitev filogenetskega ogrodja rodu slepih postranic Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) na podlagi molekulskih metod (The formation of a phylogenetic framework for the genus Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) using molecular methods. Doctoral dissertation, Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Ljubljana, 153 pp.
Pinkster, S. & Goedmakers, A. (1975) On two new freshwater species of the genus Gammarus from North Africa (Crustacea-Amphipoda). Beaufortia, 23, 93−103.
Ruffo, S. (1958) Due nuove specie di Anfipodi delle acque sotterranee dell'Afghanistan. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 6, 389–403.
Sars, G.O. (1863) Beretning om en i Sommeren 1862 foretagen zoologisk Reise i Christianias og Trondhjems Stifter. Nyt Magazin Naturvidenskaberne, 12, 193–340.
Sidorov, D.A. (2012) Two new species of freshwater amphipods (Crustacea: Gammaridae) from Central Asia, with comments on the unusual upper lip morphology. Zootaxa, 3317, 1–24.
Sidorov, D.A., Gontcharov, A.A. & Palatov, D.M. (2013) Unexpected finding of the invasive Baikalian amphipod Gmelinoides fasciatus in a cold spring of the southern Pamir Mountains. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 411, 1–8.
Sket, B. (2008) Can we agree on an ecological classification of subterranean animals? Journal of Natural History, 42, 1549–1563.
Sket, B. & Hou, Z. (2018) Further elucidation of Gammaridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) phylogeny and taxonomy, mainly its Echinogammarus clade in SW Europe. Zootaxa. [in press]
Sket, B., Sidorov, D.A. & Hou, Z. (2018) What happened to Gammarus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in Central Asia. [in prep]
Stock, J.H. (1971) A revision of the Sarothrogammarus-group (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 41, 94–129.
Stock, J.H. (1974) The systematics of certain PontoCaspian Gammaridae (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Mitteilungen Hamburg Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 70, 75–95.
Stock, J.H., Mirzajani, A.R., Vonk, R., Naderi, S. & Kiabi, B.H. (1998) Limnic and brackish water Amphipoda (Crustacea) from Iran. Beaufortia, 48, 173–234.
Zamanpoore, M., Grabowski, M., Poeckl, M. & Schiemer, F. (2011) Taxonomic review of freshwater Gammarus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Iran. Zootaxa, 3140, 1–14.