Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 4457 No. 1: 7 Aug. 2018
Type: Article
Published: 2018-08-07
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.1.3
Page range: 70–92
Abstract views: 227
PDF downloaded: 3

Synchrotron micro-CT scanning leads to the discovery of a new genus of morphologically conserved echinoid (Echinodermata: Cassiduloida)

University of California Museum of Paleontology and Department of Integrative Biology, 1101 Valley Life Science Building, University of California, Berkeley–CA, U.S.A., 94720 Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco–CA, U.S.A., 94118
Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 42494, São Paulo–SP, Brazil, 04218–970
Echinoidea Neognathostomata 3D imaging new species taxonomy neotype Indo-Pacific Echinodermata

Abstract

Here we use synchrotron radiation-based micro-computed tomography (SRµCT) images of type specimens to confidently place Cassidulus malayanus in a new genus (Kassandrina gen. nov.) that would not have been discovered with traditional techniques, and to describe a new species of Cassidulus (Cassidulus briareus sp. nov.) from Australia and designate a neotype for Cassidulus caribaearum. We also provide remarks describing the taxonomic history of each taxon and a diagnostic table of all living cassidulid species, and extend the known geographic and bathymetric range of C. caribaearum and C. malayanus. Besides rendering novel morphological data, the SRµCT images provide significant insights in the evolution of bourrelets of these cassiduloid echinoids.

References

  1. Agassiz, A. (1863) List of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1, 17–28.

    Agassiz, A. (1869) Preliminary report on the echini and star-fishes dredged in deep water between Cuba and the Florida Reef. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1 (9), 253–308.

    Agassiz, A. (1872–1874) Revision of the echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 3, 383–762.

    Agassiz, L. & Desor, E. (1847) Catalogue raisonné des espèces, des genres et des familles d'échinides. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 3 (7), 129–168.

    Alvarado, J.J. (2011) Echinoderm diversity in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Biodiversity, 41 (2), 261–285.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-010-0053-0

    Alvarado, J.J., Solis-Marin, F.A. & Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biología Tropical, 56 (Supplement 3), 37–55.

    Bittner, A. (1892) Über Echiniden des Tertiärs von Australien. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 101 (1), 331–371.

    Blainville, H.M. de (1830) Zoophytes. In: Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, dans lequel on traitre méthodiquement des differéns êtres de la nature, considérés soit en eux-mêmes, d’après l’état actuel de nos connoissances, soit relativement a l’utlité qu’en peuvent retirer la médicine, l’agriculture, le commerce et les arts. Edited by F. G. Levrault. Vol. 60. Le Normant, Paris, 631 pp.

    Blainville, H.M. de (1834) Manuel d’Actinologie ou de Zoophytologie. F.G. Levrault, Strasbourg, 694 pp.

    Bruguière, J.-G., Bory de Saint-Vincent, J.B.G. & Müller, O.F. (1827) Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature: vers, coquilles, mollusques et polypiers. Vol. 2. Chez Mme veuve Agasse, Paris, 219 pls. [pls. 96–314]
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63299

    Carbayo, F., Francoy, T.M. & Giribet, G. (2016) Non-destructive imaging to describe a new species of Obama land planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida). Zoologica Scripta, 45, 566–578.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12175

    Clark, H.L. (1917) Hawaiian and other Pacific echini. The Echinoneidae, Nucleoltitidae, Urechinidae, Echinocorythidae, Calymnidae, Pourtalesiidae, Palaeostomatidae, Aeropsidae, Palaeopneustidae, Hemiasteridae, and Spatangidae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 46 (2), 91–283.

    Cooke, C.W. (1959) Cenozoic echinoids of the eastern United States. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 321, 1–106.

    Des Moulins, C. (1835–1837) Études sur les échinides. Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, 7/9, 1–518.

    Eichwald, E. (1829) Zoologia specialis quam expositis animalibus tum vivis, tum fossilibus potissimum Rossiae in universum et Poloniae in specie. Vol. 1. J. Zawadzki, Vilnius, 314 pp.

    Faulwetter, S., Vasileiadou, A., Kouratoras, M., Dailianis, T. & Arvanitidis, C. (2013) Micro-computed tomography: introducing new dimensions to taxonomy. ZooKeys, 263, 1–45.
    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.263.4261

    Gladfelter, W.B. (1978) General ecology of the cassiduloid urchin Cassidulus caribbearum. Marine Biology, 47, 149–160.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00395636

    Gray, J.E. (1855) Catalogue of the Recent Echinida, or sea eggs, in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Echinida Irregularia. Order of the Trustees, London, 69 pp.

    Gregory, J.W. (1890) Some additions to the Australian Tertiary Echinoidea. Geological Magazine, 7, 481–492.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800195573

    Gregory, J.W. (1892) Further additions to Australian fossil Echinoidea. Geological Magazine, 9, 433–438.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800190739

    Holmes, F.C. (1999) Australian Tertiary Apatopygidae (Echinoidea). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 111, 51–70.

    Holthuis, L.B. (2002) The Indo-Pacific scyllarine lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Scyllaridae). Zoosystema, 24, 499–683.

    ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.

    Kier, P.M. (1962) Revision of the cassiduloid echinoids. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 144, 1–262.

    Kier, P. M. (1975) The echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 206, 1–45.
    https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.206

    Kier, P.M. & Lawson, M.H. (1978) Index of living and fossil echinoids 1924–1970. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 34, 1–182.
    https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.34.1

    Krau, L. (1954) Nova espécie de ouriço do mar: Cassidulus mitis, ordem Cassiduloida, Echinoidea, capturado na Baía de Sepetiba. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 52 (2), 455–475.
    https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761954000200013

    Kroh, A. (2010) Index of living and fossil echinoids 1971–2008. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 112, 195–470.

    Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2017). World Echinoidea Database. Available from: http://marinespecies.org/Echinoidea/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=510501 (accessed 19 August 2017)

    Kroh, A. & Smith, A.B. (2010) The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 8 (2), 147–212.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14772011003603556

    Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. de (1801) Système des animaux sans vertèbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; présentant leurs caractères essentiels et leur distribution, d'après la considération de leurs rapports naturels et de leur organisation, et suivant l'arrangement établi dans les galeries du Muséum d'hist. naturelle, parmi leurs dépouilles conservées; précédé du discours d'ouverture de cours de zoologie donné dans le Muséum national d'histoire naturelle l'an 8 de la République. Chez l'auteur & Deterville, Paris, 432 pp.

    Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. de (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Vol. 3. Verdière, Paris, 586 pp.

    Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. de (1837) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Vol. 1. Meline, Cans et Compagnie, Bruxelles, 670 pp.

    Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. de (1840) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Vol. 3. J.B. Baillière, Paris, 770 pp.

    Lamouroux, M.M., Saint-Vincent, B. & Deslongchamps, E. (1824) Encyclopédie méthodique: histoire naturelle des zoophytes, ou animaux rayonnes. Vol. 2. Chez Mme veuve Agasse, Paris, 819 pp.

    Lambert, J. & Thiéry, P. (1909–1925) Essai de nomenclature raisonnee des echinides. Libraire Septime Ferriere, Chaumont, 607 pp.

    Leske, N.G. (1778) Iacobi Theodori Klein naturalis dispositio echinodermatum. Accesserunt lucubratiuncula de aculeis echinorum marinorum et spicilegium de belemnitis. Edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonymis auctorem aucta. Officina Libraria Gleditschiana, Leipzig, 278 pp.

    Lovén, S. (1874) Études sur les échinoidées. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 11, 1–91.

    MNHN (2017) Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (France). Collection: Echinoderms (IE). Specimen MNHN-IE-2013-10590. Accessed from: http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/ie/2013-10590 (accessed 17 July 2018)

    Mooi, R. (1990a) A new “living fossil” echinoid (Echinodermata) and the ecology and paleobiology of Caribbean cassiduloids. Bulletin of Marine Science, 46 (3), 688–700.

    Mooi, R. (1990b) Living cassiduloids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): a key and annotated list. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 130 (1), 63–85.

    Mortensen, T. (1948a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. IV. 1. Holectypoida, Cassiduloida. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 363 pp.

    Mortensen, T. (1948b) New Echinoida (Cassiduloida; Clypeasteroida). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 111, 67–72.

    Okanishi, M., Fujita, T., Maekawa, Y. & Sasaki, T. (2017) Non-destructive morphological observations of the fleshy brittle star, Asteronyx loveni using micro-computed tomography (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Euryalida). ZooKeys, 663, 1–19.
    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.663.11413

    O'Leary, M.A. & Kaufman, S.G. (2012) MorphoBank 3.0: Web application for morphological phylogenetics and taxonomy. Available from: http://www.morphobank.org (accessed 17 July 2018)

    Rodríguez-Barreras, R., Sabat, A.M., Benavides-Serrato, M. & Bontemps, D.R. (2012) A new record for Puerto Rico of the irregular echinoid Cassidulus caribaearum. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e85.

    Samyn, Y., Smirnov, A. & Massin, C. (2013) Carl Gottfried Semper (1832–1893) and the location of his type specimens of sea cucumbers. Archives of Natural History, 40 (2), 324–339.
    https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2013.0179

    Schindelin, J., Arganda-Carreras, I., Frise, E., Kaynig, V., Longair, M., Pietzsch, T., Preibisch, S., Rueden, C., Saalfeld, S., Schmid, B., Tinevez, J.-Y., White, D.J., Hartenstein, V., Eliceiri, K., Tomancak, P. & Cardona, A. (2012) Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nature Methods, 9 (7), 676–682.
    https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019

    Stock, S.R. (2009) MicroComputed Tomography: methodology and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 331 pp.

    Sullivan, J. (2007) Australanthus florescens (Gregory, 1892). In: Smith, A.B. & Kroh, A. (Eds.), The Echinoid Directory. Available from: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/echinoid-directory/taxa/taxon.jsp?id=1875 (accessed 17 July 2018)

    Suter, S.J. (1994a) Cladistic analysis of cassiduloid echinoids: trying to see the phylogeny for the trees. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 52, 31–72.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1994.tb01001.x

    Suter, S.J. (1994b) Cladistic analysis of the living cassiduloids (Echinoidea), and the effects of character ordering and successive approximations weighting. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 112, 363–387.
    https://doi.org/10.1006/zjls.1994.1048

    Telford, M. & Mooi, R. (1996) Podial particle picking in Cassidulus caribaearum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) and the phylogeny of sea urchin feeding mechanisms. Biological Bulletin, 191, 209–223.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1542924

    Tzompantzi, D.B., Solís-Marín, F.A., Laguarda-Figueras, A., Abreu-Pérez, M. & Durán-González, A. (1999) Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Mexican Caribbean: Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Avicennia, 10/11, 43–72.

    Vadon, C., De Ridder, C., Guille, A. & Jangoux, M. (1984) Les types d’échinides actuels (échinodermes) du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 6 (4), 1–38.

    Wagner, P.J. (2000) Exhaustion of morphologic character states among fossil taxa. Evolution, 54 (2), 365–386.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00040.x

    Zamora, S., Rahman, I.A. & Ausich, W.I. (2015) Palaeogeographic implications of a new iocrinid crinoid (Disparida) from the Ordovician (Darriwillian) of Morocco. PeerJ, 3, e1450.
    https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1450

    Ziegler, A. (2012) Broad application of non-invasive imaging techniques to echinoids and other echinoderm taxa. Zoosymposia, 7, 53–70.

    Ziegler, A., Faber, C., Mueller, S. & Bartolomaeus, T. (2008) Systematic comparison and reconstruction of sea urchin (Echinoidea) internal anatomy: a novel approach using magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Biology, 6, 33.
    https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-6-33

    Ziegler, A. & Menze, B.H. (2014) Accelerated acquisition, visualization, and analysis of zoo-anatomical data. In: Zander, J. & Mosterman, P.J. (Eds.), Computation for humanity: information technology to advance society. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 235–263.

    Ziegler, A., Mooi, R., Rolet, G. & De Ridder, C. (2010) Origin and evolutionary plasticity of the gastric caecum in sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 313.
    https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-313