Abstract
The genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973 contains 16 species, 2 from Madagascar and 14 from the peninsular India. This is a remarkably species-rich genus when compared to the three other genera of the family Parabathynellidae known from India: Atopobathynella Schminke, 1973 (5 spp.), Chilibathynella Noodt, 1964 (1 sp.), and Parvulobathynella Schminke, 1973 (3 spp.). This paper provides a monographic treatment of Habrobathynella together with a detailed illustrated account of three new cavernicolous species, viz. Habrobathynella bose n. sp., Habrobathynella ernstmayr n. sp. and Habrobathynella raman n. sp., from the States of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India. For each of the already described species, the following details are provided: reference to original description, diagnosis, type data, type locality, distribution, ecology, co-occurrence with other species and remarks on taxonomic affinity. Distribution maps and a dichotomous key for identification of all species in Habrobathynella are provided. We also include a brief note on the biogeography and conservation status of the Indian bathynellaceans.
References
Babu, P.V.L.P. (1973) Morphostructure of the Krishna and the Godavari delta region. Journal of the Indian Society of Photo-Interpretation, 1, 5–67.
Biswas, J. (2009) The biodiversity of Krem Mawkhyrdop of Meghalaya, India, on the verge of extinction. Current Science, 96 (7), 904–910.
Biswas, J. (2010) Kotumsar Cave biodiversity: a review of cavernicoles and their troglobiontic traits. Biodiversity Conservation, 19 (1), 275–289.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9710-7Botosaneanu, L. (1986) Stygofauna Mundi. E.J. Brill, Leiden, 740 pp.
Boxshall, G. & Shaik, S. (2018) World Register of Marine Species (2018) Parabathynellidae Noodt, 1965. Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=390954 (accessed 25 July 2018)
Briggs, J.C. (1989) The historic biogeography of India: isolation or contact? Systamatic Zoology, 38, 322–332.
Camacho, A.I. (2003) Historical biogeography of Hexabathynella, a cosmopolitan genus of groundwater Syncarida (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Parabathynellidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 78 (4), 457–466.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0024-4066.2002.00149.xCamacho, A.I., Dorda, B.A. & Rey, I. (2012) Undisclosed taxonomic diversity of Bathynellacea (Malacostraca: Syncarida) in the Iberian Peninsula revealed by molecular data. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 32 (5), 816–826.
https://doi.org/10.1163/193724012X638473Chappuis, P.A. (1942) Eine Methode zur Untersuchung der Grundwasserfauna, Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum Naturalium,(Unviersitatis Francisco-Josephina). Kolozsvar, 6, 3–7.
Cho, J.L. (2001) Phylogeny and zoogeography of three new species of the genus Hexabathynella (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Bathynellacea) from North America. Zoologica Scripta, 30 (2), 145–157.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-6409.2001.00059.xCho, J.L. (2005) A primitive representative of the Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Syncarida) from Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History, 39 (39), 3423–3433.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930500345806Cho, J.L. & Schminke, H.K. (2001) A revision of the genus Parvulobathynella Schminke, 1973 (Bathynellacea, Parabathynellidae): with the description of two new species from South America. Crustaceana, 74 (8), 777–796.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854001317015599Cho, J.L. & Schminke, H.K. (2006) A phylogenetic review of the genus Hexabathynella Schminke, 1972 (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Bathynellacea): with a description of four new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 147 (1), 71–96.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00215.xCho, J.L., Humphreys, W.F. & Lee, S.D. (2006) Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Atopobathynella Schminke (Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 20, 9–41.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS05019Cho, J.L., Park, J.G. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2006) Brevisomabathynella gen. nov. with two new species from Western Australia (Bathynellacea, Syncarida): the first definitive evidence of predation in Parabathynellidae. Zootaxa, 1247, 25–42.
Coineau, N. & Camacho, A.I. (2013) Super order Syncarida Packard 1885. In: von Vaupel Klein, J.C., Charmantier-Daures, M. & Schram, F.R. (Eds.), Treatise on Zoology—Anatomy Taxonomy, Biology. Brill Publishers, Leiden, pp. 357–449.
Danielopol, D.L., Griebler, C., Ginatilaka, A. & Notenboom, J. (2003) Present state and future prospects for groundwater ecosystems. Environmental Conservation, 30, 104–130.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000109Delamare Deboutteville, C. & Paulian, R. (1954) Recherches sur la faune interstitielle des sédiments marins et d'eau douce à Madagascar. V.—Découverte de l'Ordre des Syncarides. Description de trois espèces nouvelles. Mémoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Série A, 9, 75–89.
Delamare Deboutteville, C. & Serban, E. (1974) Contribution la connaissance des péréiopodes VIII mâles des Habrobathynella milloti (Delamare et Paulian) Parabathynellidae, Bathynellacea. Annales de Spéléologie, 29 (3), 381–387.
Drewes, J. & Schminke, H.K. (2011) Number of families within Bathynellacea (Malacostraca) and year of publication of their names, with redescriptions of Baikalobathynella magna (Bazikalova, 1954) from Lake Baikal. Crustaceana, 84 (11), 1377–1401.
https://doi.org/10.1163/001121611X590120Eberhard, S.M., Halse, S.A., Williams, M.R., Scanlon, M.D., Cocking, J. & Barron, H.J. (2009) Exploring the relationship between sampling efficiency and short-range endemism for groundwater fauna in the Pilbara region, Western Australia. Freshwater Biology, 54, 885–901.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01863.xElia, B., Shaik, S. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2016) Two new species of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973 (Syncarida, Parabathynellidae) from the southwestern peninsular India. Zootaxa, 4150 (2), 149–167.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4150.2.4Finston, T.L. & Johnson, M.S. (2004) Geographic patterns of genetic diversity in subterranean amphipods of the Pilbara, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, 55, 619–628.
https://doi.org/10.1071/MF04033Gavrilets, S., Li, H. & Vose, M.D. (2000) Patterns of parapatric speciation. Evolution, 54, 1126–1134.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00548.xGuzik, M.T., Abrams, K.M., Cooper, S.J.B., Humphreys, W.F., Cho, J.-L. & Austin, A. (2008) Phylogeography of the ancient Parabathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea) from the Yilgarn region of Western Australia. Invertebrate Systematics, 22, 205–216.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS07040Harries, D.B., Ware, F.J., Fischer, C.W., Biswas, J. & Kharpran Daly, B.D. (2008) A review of the biospeleology of Meghalaya, India. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 70 (3), 163–176.
Harvey, M.S. (2002) Short-range endemism among the Australian fauna: some examples from non-marine environments. Invertebrate Systematics, 16, 555–570.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02009Humphreys, W.F. (2008) Rising from Down Under: developments in subterranean biodiversity in Australia from a groundwater fauna perspective. Invertebrate Systematics, 22, 85–101.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS07016ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp.
Jarman, S.N. & Elliot, N.G. (2000) DNA evidence for morphological and cryptic Cenozoic speciations in the Anaspididae, “living fossils” from the Triassic. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 13, 624–633.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00207.xJones, R., Culver, D.C. & Kane, T.C. (1992) Are parallel morphologies of cave organisms the result of similar selection pressures? Evolution, 46, 353–365.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb02043.xKane, T.C., Culver, D.C. & Mathieu, J. (1994) Biotic fluxes and gene flow. In: Gibert, J., Danielopol, D.L. & Stanford, J. (Eds.), Groundwater Ecology. Academic Press, New York, pp. 245–259.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-050762-0.50016-4Karanovic, T. & Cooper, S.J.B. (2011a) Molecular and morphological evidence for short range endemism in the Kinnecaris solitaria complex (Copepoda: Parastenocarididae) withdescriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa, 3026, 1–64.
Karanovic, T. & Cooper, S.J.B. (2011b) Third genus of parastenocaridid copepods from Australia supported by molecular evidence (Copepoda, Harpacticoida). Studies on Freshwater Copepoda, 16, 293–337.
Lefébure, T., Douady, C.J. & Gibert, J. (2006) Relationship between morphological taxonomy and molecular divergence within Crustacea: proposal of a molecular threshold to help species delimitation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 435–447.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.014Lopretto, E.C. & Morrone, J.J. (1998) Anaspidacea, Bathynellacea (Crustacea, Syncarida), generalised tracks, and the biogeographical relationships of South America. Zoologica Scripta, 27 (24), 311–318.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1998.tb00463.xMalard, F., Dole-Olivier, M.J., Mathieu, J. & Stoch, F. (2002) Sampling manual for the assessment of regional groundwater biodiversity.European Project PASCALIS. Available from: http//www.pascalis-project.com (accessed 28 August 2018)
Mani, M.S. (1974) Biogeographical evolution in India. In: Mani, M.S. (Ed.), Ecology and Biogeography in India. Dr. W. Junk b. b. Publ., The Hague, pp. 698–724.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2331-3_24Mayr, E. (1969). Principles of Systematic Zoology.TMH Edition, Bombay, New Delhi, 428 pp.
Ranga Reddy, Y. (2002a) Why neglect groundwater biology? Current Science, 83 (8), 931–932.
Ranga Reddy, Y. (2002b) Habrobathynella nagarjunai n. sp., the second representative of Bathynellacea (Crustacea, Syncarida) from groundwaters of South India. Hydrobiologia, 470, 37–43.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015644509789Ranga Reddy, Y. (2004) Existence of the Order Bathynellacea (Crustacea, Syncarida) in South Asia: a new species of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke from River Pennar, South India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 101 (2), 277–284.
Ranga Reddy, Y. (2006) First Asian report of the genus Chilibathynella Noodt, 1963 (Bathynellacea, Syncarida), with the description and biogeographic significance of a new species from Kotumsar Cave, India. Zootaxa, 1370, 23–37.
Ranga Reddy, Y. (2011) Gondwanan heritage in groundwater crustaceans of peninsular India. Current Science, 101, 156–158.
Ranga Reddy, Y. & Schminke, H.K. (2005) Morphologic diversity of habrobathynellids (Parabathynellidae, Bathynellacea) in India, with the description a new species. Journal of Natural History, 39 (24), 2217–2224.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930400007464Ranga Reddy, Y. & Schminke, H.K. (2009) Co-occurrence of two species of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973 (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Bathynellacea) in sandy sediments of the River Godavari, South India, with the description of a new species. Crustaceana, 82 (4), 475–485.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854008X400595Ranga Reddy, Y. & Sharma, S.V. (2010) A note on the occurrence of non-stygobitic fishes in a cave in Andhra Pradesh, peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History, 107 (2), 163–166.
Ranga Reddy, Y. & Totakura, V.R. (2010) A taxonomic revision of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973, with the description of four new species from southeastern India (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Bathynellacea). Zootaxa, 2532, 1–54.
Ranga Reddy, Y. & Totakura, V.R. (2012) Indobathynella prehensilis gen. et sp. nov., an aberrant species of Bathynellacea (Eumalacostraca) from India. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 32 (2), 281–293.
https://doi.org/10.1163/193724011X615587Ranga Reddy, Y., Shaik, S. & Totakura, V.R. (2014) Habrobathynella borraensis n. sp. (Syncarida: Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae) from the Borra Caves of southeastern India, with a note on the taxonomic significance of paragnath morphology. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 34 (1), 90–106.
Ranga Reddy, Y., Shaik, S. & Totakura, V.R. (2015) Camachobathynella meghalayaensis n. g., n. sp., the first palearctic element of Bathynellacea (Eumalacostraca, Bathynellidae) from northeastern India. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 35 (5), 700–713.
https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X-00002355Ranga Reddy, Y., Shaik, S. & Totakura, V.R. (2017) Crustacea: Eumalacostraca: Bathynellacea In: Chandra, K., Gopi, K.C., Rao, D.V., Valamarthi, K. & Alfred, J.R.B. (Eds.), Current Status of Freshwater faunal diversity in India. ZSI Press, Kolkata, pp. 273–312.
Schminke, H.K. & Cho, J.L. (2013) Biology and ecology of Parabathynellidae (Crustacea, Bathynellacea)––a review. Crustaceana, 86 (10), 1266–1273.
https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003200Schminke, H.K. (1973a) Ökologische Aspekte der Gattungsgliederung der Familie Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Malacostraca). Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 11 (2), 154–160.
Schminke, H.K. (1973b) Evolution, system and Verbreitungsgeschichte der Familie Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Malacostraca). Akadamie der Wissenschaften und Literatur Mainz, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Mikrofauna Meeresbodens, 24, 1–192.
Schminke, H.K. (1974) Mesozoic intercontinental relationship as evidenced by bathynellid crustacea (Syncarida: Malacostraca). Systematic Zoology, 23, 157–164.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2412129Schminke, H.K. (1976) Systematische Undtersuchungen an Grundwasserkrebsen eine Bestandsaufnahme (mit der Beschreibung eweier neuer Gasttungen der Familie Parabathynellidae, Bathynellacea). International Journal of Speleology, 8, 195–216.
https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.8.1.18Schminke, H.K. (1981a) Adaptations of Bathynellacea (Crustacea, Syncarida) to life in the interstitial (“Zoea Theory”). Internationale Revue gesamten Hydrobiologie, 66, 578–637.
https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19810660411Schminke, H.K. (1981b) Perspectives in the study of the Zoogeography of interstitial Crustacea: Bathynellacea (Syncarida) and Parastenocarididae (Copepoda). International Journal of Speleology, 11, 83–89.
https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.11.1.9Schminke, H.K. (2014) Freshwater origin of Bathynellacea (Malacostraca). Crustaceana, 87, 1225–1242.
https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003322Schram, F.R. (1977) Paleozoogeography of the late Paleozoic and Triassic Malacostraca. Systematic Zoology, 26, 367–379.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2412793Schram, F.R. (2008) Does biogeography have a future in a globalized world with globalized faunas? Contributions to Zoology, 77 (2), 127–133.
Shaik, S. (2017) Biodiversity of Indian caves and hyporheic habitats with special reference to phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of Copepoda, Bathynellacea and Isopoda (crustacea), Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar, 156 pp.
Totakura, V.R. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2014) Three new species of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973 (Syncarida, Parabathynellidae) from the peninsular India. Zootaxa, 3826 (1), 139–168.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.4Wilson, G.D.F. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2011) Andhracoides shabuddin gen. n. sp. nov., a new phreatoicidean isopod (Crustacea, Hypsimetopidae) in hypogean aquatic habitats in Andhra Pradesh, India. Zootaxa, 2869, 37–53.
Wilson, G.D.F., Shaik, S. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2015) A new species of Andhracoides Wilson and Ranga Reddy, 2011 (Isopoda, Hypsimetopidae) from Belum Cave, Andhra Pradesh, India, with a phylogenetic review of the family. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 35 (2), 216–240.
https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X-00002333