Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2018-10-04
Page range: 313–336
Abstract views: 113
PDF downloaded: 94

Biogeography meets taxonomy: Distribution-based inferences on the accuracy of identification and synonymization of East Asian earthworms

Zoology Division, Endemic Species Research Institute, 1 Ming-shen East Road, Jiji, Nantou 552, Taiwan
Annelida Earthworms biogeography taxonomy synonym Taiwan the Ryukyu Archipelago

Abstract

This paper demonstrates that the uniqueness of the geographical location of Taiwan and its adjacent islands can be taken as a basis to evaluate the accuracy of identification and synonymization of East Asian earthworms and further to clarify some disputes in earthworm taxonomy. A comprehensive review of the earthworm fauna from the Ryukyu Archipelago is given; as a result, two recorded species are recognized as new species, named here Amynthas ishigakiensis sp. nov. and Amynthas iriomotensis sp. nov. Common but harmful practices in earthworm taxonomy, synonymies with question marks and erection of sympatric subspecies, are commented.

References

  1. Beddard, F.E. (1886) Notes on some earthworms from Ceylon and the Philippine Islands, including a description of two new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 17, 89–98.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938609460120

    Beddard, F.E. (1888) On the structure of three new species of earthworms, with remarks on certain points in the morphology of the Oligochaeta. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 29, 101–131.

    Beddard, F.E. (1891) Observations upon the structure of a genus of Oligochaeta belonging to the Limicoline Section. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 36, 1–18.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800037649

    Beddard, F.E. (1892) On some species of the genus Perichaeta (sensu stricto). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1892, 153–172.

    Beddard, F.E. (1893) On some new species of earthworms from various parts of the world. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1892, 666–706.

    Beddard, F.E. (1895) A Monograph of the Order of Oligochaeta. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 769 pp.

    Beddard, F.E. (1900) A revision of the earthworms of the genus Amyntas (Perichaeta). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1900, 609–652.

    Blakemore, R.J. (2003) Japanese earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta): a review and checklist of species. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 3 (Electronic Supplement 11), 1–43.

    Blakemore, R.J. (2010) Cosmopolitan Earthworms—an Eco-Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 4th Edition. VermEcology, Yokohama, 840 pp.

    Blakemore, R.J. (2012a) Amynthas carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 1 (1), 35–45.
    https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035

    Blakemore, R.J. (2012b) Japanese earthworms revisited a decade on. Zoology in the Middle East, 58 (Supplement 4), 15–22.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2012.10648981

    Blakemore, R.J. (2012c) On opening a box of worms (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae)—Historical earthworm specimens transferred to Tokyo from the Saito Ho-on Kai Museum of Natural History in Sendai. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Series A, 38 (3), 95–124.

    Blakemore, R.J. (2013a) Jeju-do earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea)-Quelpart Island revisited. Journal of Species Research, 2 (1), 15–54.
    https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.015

    Blakemore, R.J. (2013b) Ulleung-do earthworms—Dagelet Island revisited. Journal of Species Research, 2 (1), 55–68.
    https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.055

    Blakemore, R.J. (2013c) Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 2 (2), 99–126.
    https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099

    Blakemore, R.J. (2016) Darwin's earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea) with review of cosmopolitan Metaphire peguana—species group from Philippines. Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 47 (1), 9–30.
    https://doi.org/10.18348/opzool.2016.1.9

    Blakemore, R.J. & Kupriyanova, E.K. (2010) Unravelling some Kinki worms (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrili: Moniligastridae). Part I. Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 41, 3–18.

    Blakemore, R.J. & Lee, S. (2013) Survey of Busan Oligochaeta earthworms supported by DNA barcodes. Journal of Species Research, 2 (2), 127–144.
    https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.127

    Blakemore, R.J., Cho, J.-L. & Park, T.-S. (2012) Six exotic terrestrial earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Moniligastridae, Lumbricidae, Ocnerodrilidae & Megascolecidae) newly added to Korean species biodiversity list. Zootaxa, 3368, 300–304.

    Blakemore, R.J., Ito, M.T. & Kaneko, N. (2006) Alien earthworms in the Asia/ Pacific region with a checklist of species and the first records of Eukerria saltensis (Oligochaeta: Ocnerodrilidae) and Eiseniella tetraedra (Lumbricidae) from Japan, and Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae) from Okinawa. In: Clout, M.N., Kawamichi, M., De Poorter, M. & Iwatsuki, K. (Eds.), Assessment and Control of Biological Invasion Risks. Shoukadoh Book Sellers, Kyoto and IUCN, Gland, pp. 173–181.

    Blakemore, R.J., Kupriyanova, E.K. & Grygier, M.J. (2010) Neotypification of Drawida hattamimizu Hatai, 1930 (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrili, Moniligastridae) as a model linking mtDNA (COI) sequences to an earthworm type, with a response to the 'Can of Worms' theory of cryptic species. ZooKeys, 41, 1–29.
    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.41.374

    Blakemore, R.J., Lee, S. & Seo, H.-Y. (2014) Reports of Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from far East Asia. Journal of Species Research, 3 (2), 127–166.
    https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2014.3.2.127

    Boyer, S., Blakemore, R.J. & Wratten, S.D. (2011) An integrative taxonomic approach to the identification of three new New Zealand endemic earthworm species (Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae: Oligochaeta). Zootaxa, 2994, 21–32.

    Chang, C.-H., Lin, S.-M. & Chen, J.-H. (2008) Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the gigantic earthworms of the Metaphire formosae species group (Clitellata, Megascolecidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49, 958–968.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.08.025

    Chang, C.-H., Snyder, B.A. & Szlavecz, K. (2016) Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa, 4179 (3), 495–529.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7

    Chang, C.-H., Chuang, S.-C., Wu, J.-H. & Chen, J.-H. (2014) New species of earthworms belonging to the Metaphire formosae species group (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) in Taiwan. Zootaxa, 3774 (4), 324–332.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3774.4.2

    Chang, C.-H., Li, C.-L., Shen, H.-P., Chih, W.-J., Yang, S.-H. & Chen, J.-H. (2012) Survey of earthworm species and distribution in Kinmen. Journal of National Park, 22, 58–67. [in Chinese with English abstract]

    Chang, W.-L. (1992) Study of earthworm activities effects of surface soil infiltration. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Engineering, 38, 62–68. [in Chinese with English abstract]

    Chen, Y. (1933) A preliminary survey of the earthworms of the lower Yangtze Valley. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoology, 9, 177–296.

    Chen, Y. (1938) Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoology, 12, 375–427.

    Chen, Y., Hsu, C.-F., Yang, T. & Fong, H.-Y. (1975) On some new earthworms from China. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 21 (1), 89–99. [in Chinese with English abstract]

    Christian, E. & Zicsi, A. (1999) Ein synoptischer Bestimmungsschlüssel der Regenwürmer Österreichs (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Die Bodenkultur, 50 (2), 121–131. [in German]

    Easton, E.G. (1981) Japanese earthworms: a synopsis of the Megadrile species (Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 40 (2), 33–65.

    Gates, G.E. (1935) New earthworms from China, with notes on the synonymy of some Chinese species of Drawida and Pheretima. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 93 (3), 1–19.

    Gates, G.E. (1959) On some earthworms from Taiwan. American Museum Novitates, 1941, 1–19.

    Gates, G.E. (1972) Burmese earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1–326.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1006214

    Gates, G.E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12−77.

    Goto, S. & Hatai, S. (1898) New or imperfectly known species of earthworms. No. 1. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 2, 65–78.

    Goto, S. & Hatai, S. (1899) New or imperfectly known species of earthworms. No. 2. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 3, 13–24.

    Hatai, S. (1930) Note on Pheretima agrestis (Goto and Hatai), together with the description of four new species of the genus Pheretima. Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, 5, 651–667.

    Hsu, F.-H., Lin, F.-J. & Lin, Y.-S. (2001) Phylogeographic structure of the Formosan wood mouse, Apodemus semotus Thomas. Zoological Studies, 40 (2), 91–102.

    International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature [ICZN] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp.

    Ishizuka, K., Azama, Y. & Sasaki, T. (2000) Two new species of the genus Pheretima s. lat. (Family Megascolecidae) from the Yambaru District, Okinawa Island, Japan. Edaphologia, 65, 89–95.

    James, S.W., Shih, H.-T. & Chang, H.-W. (2005) Seven new species of Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) and new earthworm records from Taiwan. Journal of Natural History, 39 (14), 1007–1028.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930400001434

    Kano, T. (1932a) Coleopteran fauna of Kôtôsho. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 2, 244–245.

    Kano, T. (1932b) Ecological distribution of the birds in Kôtôsho. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 2, 239–243.

    Kano, T. (1932c) Notes on Pachyrrhynchides from Kôtôsho and their zoogeographical significance. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 2, 246–248.

    Kano, T. (1932d) Notes on the zoogeographical correlation between Kôtôsho and adjacent territories under the distribution of butterflies. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 2, 249–250.

    Kobayashi, S. (1934) Three new Korean earthworms belonging to the genus Pheretima, together with the wider range of the distribution of Pheretima hilgendorfi (Michaelsen). Journal of Chosen Natural History Society, 19, 1–11.

    Kobayashi, S. (1936a) Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea. Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, 11 (1), 115–138.

    Kobayashi, S. (1936b) Earthworms from Kôryô, Korea. Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, 11 (1), 139–184.

    Kobayashi, S. (1938a) Earthworms from Hakodate, Hokkaidô. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 17, 405–417.

    Kobayashi, S. (1938b) Earthworms of Korea. I. Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, 13, 89–170.

    Kobayashi, S. (1941) The distribution of terrestrial oligochaetes in western Japan. Zoological Magazine, Tokyo, 53, 371–384. [in Japanese]

    Kuo, T.-C. (1987) The propagation and composition of Taiwan red earthworm (Pheretima asiatica) and its effects on soil fertility. Chinese Bioscience, 30, 7–15. [in Chinese with English abstract]

    Kuo, T.-C. (1995) Ultrastructure of genital markings in some species of Pheretima, Bimastus and Perionyx in northern Taiwan. National Hsinchu Teacher's College Journal, 8, 181–199.

    Lin, H.-D., Chen, Y.-R. & Lin, S.-M. (2012) Strict consistency between genetic and topographic landscapes of the brown tree frog (Buergeria robusta) in Taiwan. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, 251–262.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.022

    Michaelsen, W. (1892) Terricolen der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung. II. Aŕchiv für Naturgeschichte, 58, 209–261. [in German]
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.8321

    Michaelsen, W. (1895) Zur Kenntnis der Oligochaeten. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, 13, 1–37. [in German]

    Michaelsen, W. (1897) Die Terricolen des Madagassischen Inselgebiets. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 21, 218–252. [in German]

    Michaelsen, W. (1899) Terricolen von verschiedenen Gebieten der Erde. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 16, 1–122. [in German]

    Michaelsen, W. (1900a) Die Lumbriciden-Fauna Eurasiens. Extrait de l'Annuaire du Musée Zoologique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, 5, 213–225. [in German]

    Michaelsen, W. (1900b) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich, 10, 1–575. [in German]

    Michaelsen, W. (1902) Neue Oligochaeten und neue Fundorte alt-bekannter. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 19 (2), 1–54. [in German]

    Michaelsen, W. (1928) Miscellanea Oligochaetologica. Arkiv för Zoologi, 20 (2), 1–15. [in German]

    Michaelsen, W. (1931) The Oligochaeta of China. Peking Natural History Bulletin, 5, 1–24.

    Nguyen, T.T., Nguyen, A.D., Tran, B.T.T. & Blakemore, R.J. (2016) A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa, 4140 (1), 1–92.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1

    Oba, Y., Matsuda, M., Fujimori, N., Ikeya, H. & Kawano, K. (2015) DNA barcoding of the luminous earthworm Pontodrilus litoralis in Japan. Bulletin of the Firefly Museum of Toyota Town, 7, 1–10. [in Japanese with English abstract]

    Ohfuchi, S. (1940) On the Oligochaeta from the East and West Carolines, South Sea Islands, I. Palao Tropical Biological Station Studies, 2, 7–28.

    Ohfuchi, S. (1956) On a collection of the terrestrial Oligochaeta obtained from the various localities in Riû-kiû Islands, together with the consideration of their geographical distribution (Part I). Journal of Agricultural Science Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku, 3 (1), 131–176.

    Ohfuchi, S. (1957a) On a collection of the terrestrial Oligochaeta obtained from the various localities in Riû-kiû Islands, together with the consideration of their geographical distribution (Part II). Journal of Agricultural Science Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku, 3 (2), 243–261.

    Ohfuchi, S. (1957b) On a collection of the terrestrial Oligochaeta obtained from the various localities in Riû-kiû Islands, together with the consideration of their geographical distribution (Part III). Journal of Agricultural Science Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku, 3 (3), 357–378.

    Ota, H. (1997) Historical biogeographical implications in the variation and diversity of amphibians and reptiles in Taiwan. In: The Symposium on the Phylogeny, Biogeography and Conservation of Fauna and Flora of East Asian Region, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, pp. 75–86.

    Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 8, 5–198. [in French]

    Rosa, D. (1890) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e Regioni vicine XXVI. Perichetidi. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 10, 107–122. [in Italian]

    Rosa, D. (1896) I Lombrichi raccolti a Sumatra dal Dott. Elio Modigliani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 16, 502–532. [in Italian]

    Shen, H.-P. (2012) Three new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from eastern Taiwan with redescription of Amynthas hongyehensis Tsai and Shen, 2010. Journal of Natural History, 46 (37–38), 2259–2283.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.716867

    Shen, H.-P. (2018) Occurrence of the earthworm Drawida barwelli (Beddard, 1886) in Taiwan. Taiwan Journal of Biodiversity, 20 (3), 143–152.

    Shen, H.-P. & Tsai, C.-F. (2002) Earthworm fauna of the Lanyu Island (Botel Tobago). Endemic Species Research, 4 (2), 1–8.

    Shen, H.-P. & Yeo, D.C.-J. (2005) Terrestrial earthworms (Oligochaeta) from Singapore. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 53 (1), 13–33.

    Shen, H.-P., Chang, C.-H. & Chih, W.-J. (2014) Five new earthworm species of the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Matsu, Taiwan. Journal of Natural History, 48 (9–10), 495–522.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.826742

    Shen, H.-P., Chang, C.-H. & Chih, W.-J. (2015) Earthworms from Matsu, Taiwan with descriptions of new species of the genera Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) and Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae). Zootaxa, 3973 (3), 425–450.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3973.3.2

    Shen, H.-P., Chang, C.-H. & Chih, W.-J. (2016) Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from southwestern Taiwan with re-description of Amynthas tungpuensis Tsai, Shen and Tsai, 1999. Journal of Natural History, 50 (29–30), 1889–1910.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1180721

    Shen, H.-P., Chang, C.-H. & Chih, W.-J. (2018) Two new earthworm species of the genus Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from southwestern Taiwan. Zootaxa, 3599 (5), 471–482.

    Shen, H.-P., Tsai, C.-F. & Tsai, S.-C. (2002) Description of a new earthworm belonging to the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Taiwan and its infraspecific variation in relation to elevation. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 50 (1), 1–8.

    Shen, H.-P., Tsai, C.-F. & Tsai, S.-C. (2003a) Amynthas hsinpuensis (Kuo, 1995) as a synonym of Amynthas rockefelleri (Chen, 1933) (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta). Endemic Species Research, 5 (1), 41–44.

    Shen, H.-P., Tsai, C.-F. & Tsai, S.-C. (2003b) Six new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from central Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 42 (4), 479–490.

    Shen, H.-P., Tsai, S.-C. & Tsai, C.-F. (2005a) Occurrence of the earthworms Pontodrilus litoralis (Grube, 1855), Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872), and Eiseniella tetraedra (Savigny, 1826) from Taiwan. Taiwania, 50 (1), 11–21.

    Shen, H.-P., Tsai, S.-C., Tsai, C.-F. & Chen, J.-H. (2005b) Occurrence of the earthworm Amynthas carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) in the northern Taiwan. Endemic Species Research, 7 (1), 95–100.

    Shen, H.-P., Chang, C.-H., Li, C.-L., Chih, W.-J. & Chen, J.-H. (2013) Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Kinmen, Taiwan. Zootaxa, 3599 (5), 471–482.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3599.5.4

    Sims, R.W. & Easton, E.G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169–268.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x

    Stephenson, J. (1925) Oligochaeta from various regions, including those collected by the Mount Everest Expedition 1924. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1925, 879–907.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1925.tb07109.x

    Sun, J., Jiang, J.-B. & Qiu, J.-P. (2012) Four new species of the Amynthas corticis-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa, 3458, 149–158.

    Toda, M., Nishida, M., Matsui, M., Lue, K.-Y. & Ota, H. (1998) Genetic variation in the Indian rice frog, Rana limnocharis (Amphibia: Anura), in Taiwan, as revealed by allozyme data. Herpetologica, 54 (1), 73–82.

    Tsai, C.-F., Shen, H.-P. & Tsai, S.-C. (2000a) Native and exotic species of terrestrial earthworms (Oligochaeta) in Taiwan with reference to Northeast Asia. Zoological Studies, 39 (4), 285–294.

    Tsai, C.-F., Shen, H.-P. & Tsai, S.-C. (2001) Some new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mt. Hohuan of Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 40 (4), 276–288.

    Tsai, C.-F., Shen, H.-P. & Tsai, S.-C. (2002) A new athecate earthworm of the genus Amynthas Kinberg (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan with discussion on phylogeny and biogeography of the A. illotus species-group. Journal of Natural History, 36, 757–765.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930010026391

    Tsai, C.-F., Shen, H.-P. & Tsai, S.-C. (2004) Endemicity and altitudinal stratification in distribution of megascolecid earthworms in the centro-western Taiwan. Endemic Species Research, 6 (2), 1–18.

    Tsai, C.-F., Tsai, S.-C. & Liaw, G.-J. (2000b) Two new species of proandric pheretimoid earthworms belonging to the genus Metaphire (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan. Journal of Natural History, 34, 1731–1741.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930050122156

    Tsai, C.-F., Shen, H.-P., Tsai, S.-C. & Lee, H.-H. (2007) Four new species of terrestrial earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan with discussion on speculative synonyms and species delimitation in oligochaete taxonomy. Journal of Natural History, 41 (5–8), 357–379.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930701201279

    Tsai, C.-F., Shen, H.-P., Tsai, S.-C., Lin, K.-J., Hsieh, H.-L. & Yo, S.-P. (2009) A checklist of oligochaetes (Annelida) from Taiwan and its adjacent islands. Zootaxa, 2133, 33–48.

    Tzeng, C.-S. (1986) Distribution of the freshwater fishes of Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan Museum, 39, 127–146.

    Wong, S.-H. & Griffiths, D.A. (1991) Vermicomposting in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong.World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 7 (6), 593–595.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00452837

    Zhang, L., He, N., Chang, D., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Xu, Y., Zhao, C., Sun, J., Li, W., Li, H., Hu, F. & Xu, L. (2018) Does ecotype matter? The influence of ecophysiology on benzo[a]pyrene and cadmium accumulation and distribution in earthworms. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 121, 24–34.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.02.020