Abstract
We describe 16 new species and redescribe six established species in the genus Raoiella—R. argenta sp. nov. Beard, R. australica Womersley, R. bauchani sp. nov. Beard & Ochoa, R. calgoa sp. nov. Beard & Ochoa, R. crebra sp. nov. Beard & Ochoa, R. davisi sp. nov. Beard, R. didcota sp. nov. Beard, R. eugeniae (Mohanasundaram), R. goyderi sp. nov. Ochoa & Beard, R. hallingi sp. nov. Beard, R. illyarrie sp. nov. Beard & Ochoa, R. indica Hirst, R. karri sp. nov. Ochoa & Beard, R. macfarlanei Pritchard & Baker, R. marri sp. nov. Beard & Ochoa, R. pandanae Mohanasundaram, R. pooleyi sp. nov. Beard & Ochoa, R. shimpana Meyer, R. tallerack sp. nov. Beard & Ochoa, R. taronga sp. nov. Beard & Ochoa, R. todtiana sp. nov. Beard & Ochoa, R. wandoo sp. nov. Beard & Ochoa. We discuss molecular evidence of species separation, shared character states among groups of species, and patterns in the additions of leg setae throughout ontogeny that occur in the genus. We provide a key to the known species of Raoiella.
References
Akbar, S. (1990) New species of genus Raoiella (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae) from Pakistan and their phenetic affinities. Pakistan Entomologist, 12 (1–2), 75–81.
Akbar, S. & Chaudhri, W.M. (1987) A new species of genus Raoiella (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae) from date palm. Pakistan Entomologist, 9 (1–2), 41–44.
Baker, E.W. & Pritchard, A.E. (1960) The tetranychoid mites of Africa. Hilgardia, 29 (11), 455–574.
Beard, J.J. & Gerson, U. (2009) A new flat mite genus, Acaricis (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae), from Australian sedges (Cyperaceae). Zootaxa, 2073, 31–44.
Beard, J.J. & Ochoa, R. (2011) New flat mite genera (Acari: Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae) associated with Australian sedges (Cyperaceae). Zootaxa, 2941, 1–37.
Beard, J.J., Fan, Q.H. & Walter, D. E. (2005) A new genus and two new species of Tenuipalpidae (Prostigmata: Tetranychoidea) from an Australian sedge. Acarologia, 45, 161–181.
Beard, J.J, Ochoa, R., Bauchan, G.R., Welbourn, W.C., Pooley, C. & Dowling, A.P.G. (2012) Flat mite mouthparts and feeding: Raoiella a case study (Tetranychoidea: Tenuipalpidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 57 (3–4), 227–255.
Beard, J.J., Ochoa, R., Bauchan, G.R., Trice, M.D., Redford, A.J., Walters, T.W. & Mitter, C. (2013) Flat Mites of the World—Part I Raoiella and Brevipalpus. Identification Technology Program, CPHST, PPQ, APHIS, USDA Fort Collins, Colorado, Available from: www.idtools.org/id/mites/flatmites/index.php (Accessed 18 Oct. 2018)
Beard, J.J., Seeman, O.D. & Bauchan, G.R. (2014) Tenuipalpidae (Acari: Trombidiformes) from Casuarinaceae (Fagales). Zootaxa, 3778 (1), 1–157.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3778.1.1Beard, J.J., Otley, J. & Seeman, O.D. (2016) A review of Ultratenuipalpus (Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae) and related genera, with a new species from forest oak Allocasuarina torulosa (Aiton) (Casuarinaceae). International Journal of Acarology, 42(6), 285–302.
Bolton, S.J., Klompen, H., Bauchan, G.R. & Ochoa, R. (2014) A new genus and species for Nematalycidae ( Acari: Endeostigmata). Journal of Natural History, 48, 1359–1373.
Byng, J.W., Wilson, P.G. & Snow, N. (2015) Typifications and nomenclatural notes on Indian Myrtaceae. Phytotaxa, 217 (2), 101–116.
Carrillo, D., Amalin, D., Hosein, F., Roda, A., Duncan, R.E. & Peña, J.E. (2012) Host plant range of Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in areas of invasion of the New World. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 57, 271–289.
Castro, E.B., Ochoa, R., Feres, R.J.F., Beard, J.J. & Bauchan, G.R. (2015) Reinstatement of the genus Colopalpus Pritchard and Baker (1958) and re-description of Colopalpus matthyssei Pritchard and Baker (1958), the type species of the genus (Acari, Tenuipalpidae). International Journal of Acarology, 41 (4), 310–328.
Castro, E.B., Kane, E.C., Feres, R.J.F., Ochoa, R. & Bauchan, G.R. (2016a) Definition of Tenuipalpus sensu stricto (Acari, Tenuipalpidae), with redescription of Tenuipalpus caudatus (Dugès) and description of a new species from Costa Rica. International Journal of Acarology, 42, 106–126.
Castro, E.B., Feres, R.J.F., Ochoa, R. & Bauchan, G.R. (2016b) A new species of Tenuipalpus sensu stricto (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from Brazil, with ontogeny and a key to the known species. Zootaxa, 4088 (3), 355–378.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4088.3.3Castro, E.B., Ochoa, R. & Feres, R.J.F. (2017) A new species of Terminalichus (Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae) from Thailand, with a key to the known species. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 22 (9), 1431–1443.
Chaudhri, W.M. & Akbar, S. (1985) Studies on the biosystematics and control of mites of field crops, vegetables and fruit plants in Pakistan. (PL 480 Programme of USA. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan), 314 pp.
Chaudhri, W.M., Akbar, S. & Rasool, A. (1974) Taxonomic studies of the mites belonging to the families Tenuipalpidae, Tetranychidae, Tuckerellidae, Caligonellidae, Stigmaeidae and Phytoseiidae. University of Agriculture, Lyallpur, Pakistan. Project No. A17-Ent-26, 1–250.
Da Cruz, W.P., Krug, C., De Vasconcelos, G.J.N. & Moraes, G.J. (2015) Diversity of mites associated with Raoiella indica (Acari: Prostigmata) on coconut palms in the central region of the Brazilian Amazonia, with emphasis on the predaceous Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata). Systematic & Applied Acarology, 20 (8), 875–886.
Donnadieu, A.L. (1875) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Tétranyques. Thèses. Faculté des Sciences de Lyon—Francia, 1–131.
Dowling, A.P.G., Ochoa, R. & Beard, J.J. (2008) Preliminary results on phylogeographic patterns of the invasive red palm mite, Raoiella indica (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae). Integrative Acarology. Proceedings of the 6th European Congress. (Eds. M. Bertrand, S. Kreiter, K.D. McCoy, A. Migeon, M. Navajas, M.-S. Tixier and L. Vial), European Association of Acarologists.
Dowling, A.P.G., Ochoa, R., Beard, J.J., Welbourn, W.C. & Ueckermann, E.A. (2012) Phylogenetic investigation of the genus Raoiella (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae): diversity, distribution, and world invasions. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 57 (3–4), 257–269.
Farzan, S., Asadi, M., Ueckermann, E.A., Seeman, O.D. & Beard, J.J. (2013) A review of Amblypalpus and Priscapalpus (Acari: Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae), including two new species of Amblypalpus from Iran. Zootaxa, 3716, 53–64.
Flechtmann, C.H.W. & Etienne, J. (2004) The red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst, a threat to palms in the Americas (Acari: Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae). Systematic & Applied Acarology, 9, 109–110.
García Ochaeta, J.F. (2018) Primer registro de Raoiella indica Hirst, 1924 (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) en Guatemala. Insecta Mundi, 0607, 1–3.
Giliomee, J.H. and Ueckermann, E.A. (2016) First record of the invasive red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Namibia. African Entomology, 24 (2), 530–532.
Gondim, M.G.C. Jnr, Castro, T.M.M.G., Marsaro, A.L. Jnr, Navia, D., Melo, J.W.S., Demite, P.R. & de Moraes, G.J. (2012) Can the red palm mite threaten the Amazon vegetation? Systematics and Biodiversity, 10, 527–535.
Grandjean, F. (1939) Les segments post-larvaires de l’hystérosoma chez les Oribates (Acariens). Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 64, 273–284.
Gupta, S.K. (1985) Handbook, Plant mites of India. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, xxxiv + 520 pp.
Hasan, M. & Akbar, S. (2000) Genus Raoiella (Tenuipalpidae) from date palm in Punjab-Pakistan. Pakistan Entomologist, 22 (1/2), 11–13.
Hatzinikolis, E.N. (1987) A revision of tenuipalpid mites of Greece (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Entomologia Hellenica, 5 (2), 47–60.
Hirst, S. (1924) LV. On some new species of red spider. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (ser. 9), 14, 522–527.
Kane, E.C. (2003) A maximum parsimony phylogeny of the mite family Tenuipalpidae (Acari: Tetranychoidea) based on setal characters. Master of Science Thesis, University of Maryland, USA.
Kane, E.C., Ochoa, R., Mathurin, G. & Erbe, E.F. (2005) Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae): An island-hopping mite pest in the Caribbean. Entomological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. [Poster, www.sel.barc.usda.gov]
Kane E.C. & Ochoa, R. (2006) Detection and Identification of the red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) Available from: http://ww.sel.barc.usda.gov/acari/PDF/indicaGuide.pdf (Accessed 18 Oct. 2018)
Kane, E.C., Ochoa, R., Mathurin, G., Erbe, E.F. & Beard, J.J. (2012) Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae): An island-hopping mite pest in the Caribbean. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 57 (3-4), 215–225.
Khanjani, M., Khanjani, M., Saboori, A. & Seeman, OD. (2012) The false spider mites of the genus Cenopalpus Pritchard & Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from Iran. Zootaxa, 3433, 1–59.
Khanjani, M., Zahiri, B. & Khanjani, M. (2013) A new species of Aegyptobia (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from Hamedan province, Iran. Persian Journal of Acarology, 1, 49–55.
Lindquist, E.E. (1985) External anatomy. In: Helle, W. & Sabelis, M.W., Eds. Spider mites: their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 1A, Chapter 1.1 Anatomy, Phylogeny and Systematics. Elsevier Sci. Publ. B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 3–28.
Lubkin, S., Marrs, J., McCartney, S. & Thieme, A. (2016) Mites from Space: Tracking a microscopic pest in Puerto Rico. DEVELOP, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center. [Sept. 2017] Available from: https://earthzine.org/2016/08/11/mites-from-space-tracking-a-microscopic-pest-in-puerto-rico/, https://develop.larc.nasa.gov/2016/summer/PuertoRicoAg.html (Accessed 18 Oct. 2018)
Mesa, N.C., Ochoa, R., Welbourn, W.C., Evans, G.A. & de Moraes, G.J. (2009) A catalog of Tenuipalpidae Berlese (Acari: Prostigmata) of the world, with key to genera. Zootaxa, 2098, 1–185.
Meyer, M.K.P. (1979) The Tenuipalpidae (Acari) of Africa with keys to the world fauna. Entomology Memoir, Department of Agriculture Republic of South Africa, Pretoria, 50, 1–133.
Meyer, M.K.P. & Gerson, U. (1980) Some false spider mites (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae) from Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology, 15, 67–81.
Mielke, T. (2017) Supply, demand and price outlook for vegetable oils in 2017/2018. World Veg Oil Price Outlook 15 Sep 2017. Available from: https://www.oilworld.biz/t/sample/sample_34.pdf (Accessed 18 Oct. 2018)
Mitrofanov, V.I. (1973) Revision of the system of phytophagous mites of the subfamily Tenuiplapinae s. str. (Trombidiformes, Tenuipalpidae). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 52, 1315–1320.
Mitrofanov, V.I. & Strunkova, Z.I. (1979) A key to false spider mites. Operdelitl`Kleshchei-ploskotelok, USSR, 148, 1–148.
Mohanasundaram, M. (1985) A new species of Raoiella (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal Acarology, 10 (1/2), 31–33.
Mohanasundaram, M. (1996) A new tenuipalpid mite, Neoraoiella eugeniae gen. et sp. nov. from South India (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). Journal of Entomological Research, 20 (2), 141–143.
Mohanasundaram, M. & Parameswaran, S. (1991) Two new mite pests of Eugenia jambolana in South India. Madras Agricultural Journal, 78 (1–4), 77–78.
Moraes, G.J., Castro, T.M.M.G., Kreiter, S., Quilici, S., Gondim Jr., M.G.C. & Sá, L.A.N. (2012) Search for natural enemies of Raoeilla indica Hirst in Réunion Island (Indian Ocean). Acarologia, 52, 129–134.
Mound, L.A., Tree, D.J. & Goldarazena, A. (2010) A new species of predatory Scolothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) feeding on Raoiella mites (Tenuipalpidae) in Australia. Zootaxa, 2620, 63–68.
Nageshachandra, B.K. and Channabasavanna, G.P. (1974) Raoiella macfarlanei Pritchard and Baker—a new false spider mite from India and its immature stages (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 8, 390–395.
Navia, D., Marsaro, A.L. Jnr, da Silva, F.R., Gondim, M.G. Jnr & de Moraes, G.J. (2011) First report of the red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), in Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 40 (3), 409–411.
Nusantara, A., Trisyono, Y.A., Suputa & Martono, E. (2017a) Current status and distribution of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on coconut crops in Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Acarology, 43 (2), 137–141.
Nusantara, A., Trisyono, Y.A., Suputa & Martono, E. (2017b) Biology of Red Palm Mite, Raoiella indica, on Different Coconut Varieties. Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia, 21 (1), 23–29.
Ochoa R., Beard, J.J., Bauchan, G.R., Kane, E.C., Dowling, A.P.G. & Erbe, E.F. (2011) Herbivore exploits chink in armour of host. American Entomologist 57, 26–29.
Oliveira, D.C., Prado, E.P., de Moraes, G.J., de Morais, E.G.F., Chagas, E.A., Gondim, M.G.C. & Navia, D. (2016) First report of Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Southeastern Brazil. Florida Entomologist, 99 (1), 123–125.
Otero-Colina, G., González-Gómez, R., Martínez-Bolaños, L., Otero-Prevost, L.G., López-Buenfil, J.A. & Escobedo-Graciamedrano, R.M. (2016) Infestation of Raoiella indica Hirst (Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae) on host plants of high socio-economic importance for Tropical America. Neotropical Entomology, 45, 300–309.
Pritchard, A.E. & Baker, E.W. (1958) The false spider mites (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). University of California Publications in Entomology, 14 (3), 175–274.
Quiros-Gonzalez (1985) A systematic and phylogenetic analysis of the world genera of Tenuipalpidae Berlese (Acari: Tetranychoidea). PhD Dissertation, University of Maryland. 429 pp.
Ramos, L.M. & Aguilar, V. (2014) Registro del ácaro exótico Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) en Managua, Nicaragua. In: III Simposio Latinoamericano y del Caribe “Biodiversidad Acarina” Utilización, Protección y Conservación. VII Seminario Internacional de Sanidad Vegetal, La Habana Cuba, 7–11 April 2014.
Rimando, L.C. (1996) Rarosiella cocosae, n. gen., n. sp. (Tenuipalpidae: Acarina), a new pest of coconut in Camiguin Island, Philippines. Philippines Entomologist, 10 (1), 1–7.
Roda, A.L., Dowling, A.P.G., Welbourn, W.C., Pena, J.E., Rodrigues, J.C.V., Hoy, M.A., Ochoa, R., Duncan, R.A. & De Chi, W. (2008) Red palm mite situation in the Caribbean. Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting XLIV, (1), 80–87.
Rodrigues, J.C.V., Ochoa, R. & Kane, E.C. (2007) First report of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and its damage to coconut palms in Puerto Rico and Culebra Island. International Journal of Acarology, 33, 3–5.
Saito, Y., Kotaro, M. & Chittenden, A.R. (1999) Body characters reflecting the body size of spider mites in flattened specimens (Acari, Tetranychidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 34 (3), 383–386.
Sayed, M.T. (1938) Sur une nouvelle sous-famille et deux nouveaus genres de Tétranyques (Acariens). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (série 2), 10, 601–610.
Sayed, M.T. (1942) Contribution to the knowledge of the Acarina of Egypt: I The genus Raoiella Hirst (Pseudotetranychidae -Tetranychidae). Bulletin of the Society Fouad Ier. Entomology, 26, 81–91.
Sayed, M.T. (1950) On the taxonomy of Tetranychidae and allied genera. A new family and two new sub-families in Acarina. Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Entomology, Stockholm, Sweden, 1012–1017.
Seeman, O.D. & Beard, J.J. (2011) A new species of Aegyptobia (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from Myrtaceae in Australia. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 16, 73–89.
Seeman, O.D., Loch, D.S. & McMaugh, P.E. (2016) Redescription of Dolichotetranychus australianus (Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae), a pest of bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae). International Journal of Acarology, 42, 193–205.
Silva, R.V., Narita, J.P.Z., Vichitbandha, P., Chandrapatya, A., Konvipasruang, P., Kongchuensin, M. & Moraes, G.J. (2014) Prospection for predaceous mites to control coconut pest mites in Thailand, with taxonomic descriptions of collected Mesostigmata (Acari). Journal of Natural History, 48, 699–719.
Smiley, R.L. & Gerson, U. (1995) A review of the Tenuipalpidae (Acari: Prostigmata) of Australia with descriptions of two new genera and four new species. International Journal of Acarology, 21, 33–45.
Smiley, R.L., Frost, W.E. & Gerson, U. (1996) A revision of the subfamily Tegopalpinae, with the descriptions of two new genera and five new species (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). International Journal of Acarology, 22, 167–180.
Tassi, A.D., Garita-Salazar, L.C., Amorim, L., Novelli, V.M., Freitas-Astúa, Childers, C.C. & Kitajima, E.W. (2017) Virus-vector relationship in the Citrus leprosis pathosystem. Experimental & Applied Acarology 71, 227–241.
Taylor, B. (2017) Raoiella indica (red palm mite). Invasive Species Compendium, CABI. Available from: https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/46792 (accessed 8 Dec 2017)
Ueckermann, E.A., Theron, P.D. & Tiedt, L.R. (2010) Revision of the genus Obuloides Baker and Tuttle, 1975 (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), w ith the description of five new species. International Journal of Acarology, 36, 151–167.
Wainstein, B.A. (1960) Tetranychoid mites of Khazakhstan (with revision of the family). Issledoniya Institut Zash Rast Trudy, Moscow, 5, 231–248.
Walter, D.E. & Krantz, G.W. (2009) Collection, rearing, and preparing specimens. In: Krantz, G.W. & Walter, D.E. (Eds.), A Manual of Acarology, Third Edition. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, pp. 83–96.
Welbourn, W.C., Beard, J.J., Bauchan, G.R. & Ochoa, R. (2017) Description of a new species of Tenuipalpus (Acari: Trombidiformes) from succulent plants in Florida, USA, and a redescription of T. crassulus Baker and Tuttle. International Journal of Acarology, 43 (2), 112–136.
Womersley, H. (1940) Studies in Australian Acarina Tetranychidae and Trichadenidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 64, 233–265.
Womersley, H. (1941) Revisional notes on the Australian species of Tenuipalpus (Acarina, Tetranychidae). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 65, 42–43.
Womersley, H. (1942) Miscellaneous additions to the acarine fauna of Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 66, 85–93.
Womersley, H. (1943) Australian Acarina of the family Trichadenidae. Records of the South Australian Museum, 7, 245–248.
Xu, Y. & Fan, Q.-H. (2010) Tenuipalpus orilloi Rimando, a new record to the Chinese fauna (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 15, 135–138.
Xu, Y., Fan, Q-H. & Zhang, Z-Q. (2013) A new species of Ultratenuipalpus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from Cook Islands, with a key to the known species. Zootaxa, 3731 (2), 223–233.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3731.2.3Zanotto, S.P. & Rodrigues, J.C.V. (2010) Chemical composition of flat mite glandular exudates. In: Abstract book of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, San Diego, California, U.S.A., 12–15 December, 56 pp.
Zhang, Z.-Q. & Fan Q.-H. (2004) Redescription of Dolichotetranychus ancistrus Baker & Pritchard (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from New Zealand. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 9, 111–131.