Abstract
This paper presents a taxonomic revision of 28 described species of the genus Sirthenea Spinola, 1837 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae) distributed in the Afrotropical, Oriental, Palearctic, Oceanian and Australian zoogeographical regions. The following new synonymies are proposed: Sirthenea africana Distant, 1903 = S. rapax Horváth, 1909, syn. nov. = S. leonina Horváth, 1909, syn. nov. = S. bequaerti Schouteden, 1913, syn. nov. = S. leontovitchi Schouteden, 1931, syn. nov.; Sirthenea picescens Reuter, 1887 = S. atrocyanea Horváth, 1909, syn. nov.; S. rodhaini Schouteden, 1913 = S. collarti Schouteden, 1931, syn. nov. = S. angolana Villiers, 1958, syn. nov.; S. flavipes (Stål, 1855) = S. clavata Miller, 1948, syn. nov. = S. bharati Sucheta & Chopra, 1988, syn. nov. = S. koreana Kerzhner & Lee, 1996 syn. nov. = S. melanota Cai & Lu, 1990, syn. nov. = S. nigripes Murugan & Livingstone, 1990, syn. nov.; S. obscura (Stål, 1866) = S. glabra (Walker, 1873), syn. nov. A neotype is designated for S. picescens Reuter, 1887. Three species, S. erythromelas (Walker 1873), S. fulvipennis (Walker, 1873) and S. sobria (Walker, 1873), are excluded from the genus Sirthenea. Two new species from the Oriental Region, S. kali sp. nov. (India) and S. setosa sp. nov. (Malaysia) are described. Identification keys are provided for the subgenera and species from each zoogeographical region treated. Drawings of dorsal habitus and genitalic structures, drawings and images of selected morphological characters, and distribution maps of all valid species are presented.
References
Amyot, C.J.B. & Serville, A. (1843) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Hémiptères. Fain et Thunot, Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, lxxvi + 675 + 6 pp., 12 pls.
Cai, W. & Lu, J. (1990) A taxonomic revision of the Chinese species of Sirthenea Spinola (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). Entomotaxonomia, 12 (2), 85–96.
Cai, W. & Tomokuni, M. (2004) Taxonomic notes on Vietnamese Peiratinae with description of a new species (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Oriental Insects, 38, 85–94.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2004.10417377Cai, W. & Taylor, S.J. (2006) Lentireduvius, a new genus of Peiratinae from Brazil, with a key to the New World genera (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Zootaxa, 1360, 51–60.
Chłond, D. (2008a) A new species of Sirthenea Spinola, 1840 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae) from Laos. Oriental Insects, 42, 385–389.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2008.10417564Chłond, D. (2008b) A new species of Sirthenea Spinola (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae) from Vietnam. In: Borowiec, L. & Tarnawski, D. (Eds.), The importance of natural history museum of taxonomy. Polish Taxonomical Monographs, Wrocław, 15, 139–146.
Chłond, D. & Bugaj-Nawrocka, A. (2014) Model of potential distribution of Platymeris rhadamanthus Gerstaecker, 1873 with redescription of species. Zoological Studies, 53, 8.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1810-522X-53-8Chłond, D. & Bugaj-Nawrocka, A. (2015a) Distribution pattern and climate preferences of the representatives of the cosmopolitan genus Sirthenea Spinola, 1840 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). PLoS ONE, 10 (10), e0140801.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140801Chłond, D. & Bugaj-Nawrocka, A. (2015b) Assassin bugs of subfamily Diaspidiinae Miller, 1959 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae)—distribution and potential ecological niches. Entomological Science, 18 (3), 389–399.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12137Chłond, D. & Bugaj-Nawrocka, A. & Junkiert, Ł. (2015) Current and potential geographical distribution of Platymeris biguttatus (Linnaeus, 1767) with description of nymphs. Zoological Studies, 54, 9.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40555-014-0092-5Chłond, D., Bugaj-Nawrocka, A. & Sawka-Gądek, N. (2017) Are we witnessing speciation? A case study of the species Sirthenea flavipes (Stål, 1855) (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Austral Entomology. [published online]
https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12320Conrad, O., Bechtel, B., Bock, M., Dietrich, H., Fischer, E., Gerlitz, L., Wehberg, J., Wichmann, V. & Boehner, J. (2015) System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA). Geoscientific Model Development, 8, 1991–2007.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1991-2015Coscarón, M.C. & Morrone, J.J. (1995) Systematic, cladistic, and biogeography of the Peirates collarti and P. lepturoides groups (Heteroptera: Reduviidae, Peiratinae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 26 (2), 191–228.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187631295X00198Coscarón, M.C. (1995) A new Neotropical genus of Peiratinae (Reduviidae, Heteroptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 39, 453–457.
Coscarón, M.C. (1996) Synonimizing Spilodermus Stål under Peirates Serville, and revision of the resulting P. quadrinotatus species group (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 98 (3), 500–508.
Coscarón, M.C. (1997) Froeschnerisca nom. nov. for the junior homonym of Froeschneriellia Coscarón (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Physis, Buenos Aires, 54, 49.
Coscarón, M.C. (2002) Systematic analysis of Calistocoris Reuter, 1881, Ceratopirates Schouteden, 1933, and Pachysandalus Jeannel, 1916 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). Annales Musee Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, 290, 27–37.
Coscarón, M.C. & Linnavuori, R. (2007) Redescription of Lestomerus (Brachysandalus) bicolor Villiers new synonymy of Peirates sin (Linnavuori) Coscarón (Heteroptera: Reduviidae. Peiratinae). Zootaxa, 1439, 65–68.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1439.1.4Distant, W.L. (1902) Rhynchotal notes. XV. Heteroptera: Family Reduviidae (continued), Piratinae, and Ectrichodiinae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 10, 282–295.
Distant, W.L. (1903) Rhynchotal Miscellanea (Second Series). Annals of the South African Museum, 3, 43–62.
Dohrn, F.A. (1860) Zur Heteropteren-Fauna Ceylon. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 399–409.
Esaki, T. (1926) Verzeichniss der Hemiptera-Heteroptera der Insel Formosa. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 24, 136–189.
Fabricius, J.C. (1798) Supplementum entomologiae systematicae. Proft et Storch, Hafniae, 572 pp.
Forthman, M.F., Chłond, D. & Weirauch, C. (2016) Taxonomic monograph of the endemic millipede assassin bug fauna of Madagascar (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 400, 1–152.
https://doi.org/10.1206/amnb-928-00-01.1Gao, J., Li, H., Truong, XL., Dai, X., Chang, J. & Cai, W. (2013) Complete nucleotide sequence and organization of the mitochondrial genome of Sirthenea flavipes (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae) and comparison with other assassin bugs. Zootaxa, 3669 (1), 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3669.1.1Gil-Santana, H. & Costa, L.A.A. (2003) Um novo gênero e espécie de Peiratinae de Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae). Revista Brasiliera de Zoologia, 20 (1), 3–8.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752003000100002Hijmans, R.J., Guarino, L. & Rojas, E. (2002) DIVA-GIS. A geographic information system for the analysis of biodiversity data. Manual. International Potato Center, Lima, 71 pp.
Horváth, G. (1909) Species generis Reduviidarum Sirthenea Spinola. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 7, 356–369.
Horváth, G. (1911) Miscellana Hemipterologica I–V. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, IX, 327–435.
Lee, C.E. & Kerzhner, I.M. (1996) A new species of Sirthenea Spinola (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from Korea. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 93 (3), 407–411.
Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world (Insecta: Heteroptera). Caribbean Journal of Science Special Edition, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, 694 pp.
Matsumura, S. (1905) Die Hemipteren fauna von Riukiu (Okinawa). Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society, 1, 15–38.
Miller, N.C.E. (1948) New genera and species of Reduviidae from the Philippines, Celebes, and Malaysia. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 99, 411–473.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1948.tb01228.xMiller, N.C.E. (1958) On the Reduviidae of New Guinea and adjacent islands (Hemiptera: Hetroptera). Parts 1 and 2. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. Nova Guinea, 9, 33–143 + 145–229 + 322–678.
Murugan, C. & Livingstone, D. (1990) A new species of the genus Sirthenea Spinola (Peiratinae: Reduviidae: Heteroptera) from the Coromandel coast, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 87, 125–126.
Putshkov, V.G. & Putshkov, P.V. (1986–1989) A Catalogue of the Reduviidae (Heteroptera) of the World. 6 Vols. Vinity, Lyubertsy, 920 pp.
Readio, P.A. (1927) Studies on the Biology of Reduviidae of America north of Mexico. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 1927, 275–291.
Reuter, O.M. (1887) Ad cognitionem Heteropterorum Madagascariensium. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 8, 77–109.
Schouteden, H. (1913) Reduviidae, Nabidae et Pyrrhocoridae recueillis au Congo para le Dr. J. Bequaert. Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 2, 232–248.
Schouteden, H. (1931) Catalogues raisonnés de la faune entomologique du Congo Belge. Part I. Hemiptera–Reduviidae. Annales du Musée du Congo Belge, 1, 97–161.
Signoret, A.V. (1860) Fauna des Hémiptères de Madagascar 2 partie. (Suite et fin). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 8, 917–972.
Signoret, A.V. (1862) Quelques espèces nouvelles d’Hémiptères de Cochinchine. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 4 (3), 123–126.
Spinola, M.M. (1837) Essai sur les genres d’inseces appartenants a l’ordre des Hémiptères, Lin. ou Rhyngotes, Fab. et a la section des Hétéroptères, Dufour. Par Maximilien Spinola. Gènes, Chez Yves Gravier, 383 pp. [re-published as Spinola, M.M. (1840) Essai sur les Insectes Hémiptères Rhyngotes ou Hétéroptères. Baill, Paris, 383 pp.]
Stål, C. (1855) Nya Hemiptera. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 12, 181–192.
Stål, C. (1865) Hemiptera Africana. Vol. 3. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 3, 1–200.
Stål, C. (1866) Bidrag till Reduviidernas kännedom. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 23, 235–302.
Sucheta & Chopra, N.P. (1988) A new species of the genus Sirthenea Spinola (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 8 (1), 59–64.
Villiers, A. (1958) Hémiptères Réduviidés récoltés en Angola (3ème note). Publicaçöes Culturais de Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 38, 11– 46.
Walker, F. (1873) Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part VII. Printed for the Trustees, London. 7, 1–123.
Weirauch, C., Bérenger, J.M., Berniker, L., Forero, D., Forthman, M., Frankenberg, S., Freedman, A., Gordon, E., Hoey-Chamberlain, R., Hwang, W.S., Marshall, S.A., Michael, A., Paiero, S.M., Udah, O., Watson, C., Yeo, M., Zhang, G. & Zhang, J. (2014) An illustrated identification key to assassin bug subfamilies and tribes. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 26, 1–115.
https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2014.26Willemse, L. (1985) A taxonomic revision of the New World species of Sirthenea (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 215, 1–67.
Zhang, G. & Weirauch, C. (2011) Matching dimorphic sexes and immature stages with adults: resolving the systematics of the Bekilya group of Malagasy assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). Systematic Entomology, 36, 115–138.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00551.x