Abstract
The chiton fauna of Hainan Island and its vicinity is poorly known. In this contribution, we present the first comprehensive account of the living chitons from this area. The present compilation is based on the study of historical collections housed in Qingdao (China), Saint Petersburg (Russia), new samples from Hainan Island and data from literature. Six species (Rhyssoplax venusta, Lucilina lamellosa, L. tenuicostata, L. tilbrooki, Onithochiton stracki and Acanthochitona intermedia) are reported for the first time from this area. Three species (Acanthochitona achates, A. britayevi and A. lanae) are re-identified on the basis of descriptions, drawings and photographs in old articles. We now know a total of 30 species (belonging to 18 genera in seven families) from the vicinity of Hainan Island. While examining material of Lucilina lamellosa, we found two forms: L. lamellosa forma typica and the new form L. lamellosa forma costata. Both forms differ from each other in the structure of the tegmentum of the pleural areas.
References
Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1854–1858) The genera of recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. I, Family Chitonidae, 467–484 (1854), pls. 53–55 (1858).
Ang, E.Z. (1967) Loricates of the Philippines. Natural and applied Science Bulletin of the University of the Philippines, 20, 383–464.
Azuma, M. (1960) A catalogue of the shell-bearing Mollusca of Okinoshima, Kashiwajima, and the adjacent area (Tosa Province), Shikoku, Japan. Class Polyplacophora, 1.
Bergenhayn, J.R.M. (1930) Kurze Bemerkungen zur Kenntnis der Schalenstruktur und Systematik der Loricaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Ser. 3, 9, 1–54.
Bergenhayn, J.R.M. (1933) Die Loricaten von Prof. Dr. Sixten Bocks Expedition nach Japan und den Bonin-Inseln 1914. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 12, l–58.
Bergenhayn, J.R.М. (1955) Die fossilen schwedischen Loricaten nebst einer vorläufigen Revision des Systems der ganzen Klasse Loricata. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, Nya Förhandlingar, Avdelning 2, 51, 1–41.
Blainville, H.M.D.de (1818) Cryptoplax, In: Curier, F. (Ed.), Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles 12, pp. 124.
Broderip, W.J. & Sowerby, G.B.(I) (1829) Observations on new or interesting Mollusca contained for the most part in the Museum of the Zoological Society. Journal of Zoology London, 4, 359–379.
Bruguiere, J.G. (1792) Description de deux coquilles, des genres de l’Oscabrion et de la Pourpre. Journal d'Histoire Naturelle, 1, 20–33.
Bullock, R.C. (1988) Notes on some Rhyssoplax from the Pacific Ocean (Mollusca, Polyplacophora, Chitonidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 101, 682–692.
Bullock, R.C. & Harper, K.D. (1994) The Polyplacophora of Cape d’Aguilar, Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. (Ed.), The Malacofauna of Hong Kong and Southern China III. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 3–54.
Burrow, E.I. (1815) Elements of conchology according to the Linnaean system. i–xix, 245 pp. 28 pls.
Cardin, C. (1976) Shelling on Hachijo Island, Japan. Of Sea and Shore, 89–91.
Carpenter P.P. (1865) Descriptions of two species of Chitonidae from the collection of W. Harper Pease, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 33, 511–512.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1865.tb02380.x
Clark, R.N. (1994) Review of the genus Placiphorella Dall, 1879, ex Carpenter MS (Polyplacophora: Mopaliidae) with descriptions of two new species. The Veliger, 37, 290–311.
Dall, W.H. (1879) Report on the limpets and chitons of the Alaskan and Arctic regions, with descriptions of genera and subspecies believed to be new. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 1, 281–344.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1-48.281
Dall, W.H. (1882) On the genera of chitons. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 4, 279–291. [for 1881]
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.4-228.279
Dall, W.H. (1886) Contributions to the natural history of the Commander Islands. 6, Report on Bering Island Mollusca, collected by Mr. Nicholas Grebnitzki. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 9, 209–219.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.9-562.209
Dall, W.H. (1889) Report on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877–78) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879–80), by the United States Coast Survey Steamer “Blake," Lieutenant-Commander C.D. Sigsbee, U.S.N., and Commander J.R. Bartlett, U.S.N., commanding. Report on the Mollusca, Pt. 2: Gastropoda and Scaphopoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 18, 1–492.
Dall, W.H. (1921) Summary of the marine shell-bearing molluscs of the northwest coast of America, from San Diego, California, to the Polar Sea, mostly contained in the collection of the United States National Museum, with illustrations of hitherto unfigured species. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 112, 1–217.
Dall, W.H. (1925) New shells from Japan. The Nautilus, 38, 95–97.
Dall, W.H. (1926) New shells from Japan and the Loochoo Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 39, 63–66.
Dawydoff, C. (1952) Contribution á l’étude des invertébrés de la fauna marine benthique de l’Indochine. Bulletin biologique de France et de Belgique, XXXVII (Supplement), 106–113.
Dell’Angelo, B., Hong, J.S. & Van Belle, R.A. (1990) The chiton fauna (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) of Korea. Part 1: Suborder Lepidopleurina and Ischnochitonina. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology, 6, 29–56.
Dell’Angelo, B., Gori, S., Baschieri, L. & Bonfitto, A. (2010) Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) from the Maldive Islands, Zootaxa, 2673, 1–38.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2673.1.1
Ferreira, A. (1974) The genus Lepidozona in the Panamic Province, with the descriptions of two new species (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). The Veliger, 17, 162–180.
Ferreira, A. (1978) The genus Lepidozona (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the temperate eastern Pacific, Baja California to Alaska, with the description of a new species. The Veliger, 21, 19–44.
Ferreira, A.J. (1986). A revision of the genus Acanthopleura Guilding, 1829 (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). The Veliger, 28, 221–279.
Gould, A.A. (1846) On the shells collected by the United States Exploring Expedition, commanded by Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 2, 141–145.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.3318
Gould, A.A. (1859) Descriptions of shells, collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7, 161–165.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4821
Gray, J.E. (1821) A natural arrangement of Mollusca according to their internal structure. London Medical Repository, 15, 221–239.
Gray, J.E. (1828) Spicilegia Zoologica; or original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals. Family Chitonidae, London, 1, 5–6. pls. 3, 6.
Gray, J.E. (1847) A list of the genera of recent Mollusca, their synonymy and types. Proceedings of the Zoological Society London, 15, 129–206.
Guilding, L. (1829) Observations on the Chitonidae. The Zoological Journal, 5, 25–35.
Gurjanova E.F. (1972) Fauna of the Tonking Gulf and its environmental conditions. In: Bikhovskiy B.E. (Ed.), The fauna of the Tonking Gulf and conditions of life in it. Exploration of the fauna of the seas, X(XVIII). Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 22–146.
Habe, T. (1971) Shells of Japan. Hoikusha Publ. Co., Osaka, 139 pp.
Haddon, A.C. (1886) Report on the Polyplacophora collected by H.M.S. "Challenger" during the years 1873–76. Challenger Reports, 15, 1–50.
Hasegawa, K., Saito, H., Kubodera, T. & Xu, F. (2001) Marine molluscs collected from the shallow waters of Hainan Island, South China Sea, by China-Japan joint research in 1997. In Matsuura, K (Ed.), Marine fauna of the shallow waters around Hainan Island, South China Sea, National Science Museum Monographs, Tokyo, 21, 1–43.
Higo, S. (1973) A catalogue of molluscan fauna of the Japanese Islands and the adjacent area. Class Polyplacophora. Biological Society of Nagasaki Prefecture, Nagasaki, 2–8.
Huang, Z. (Ed. in chief) (1994) Marine species and their distribution in China’s seas. China Ocean Press, Beijing, 765 pp.
Huang, X. & Xu, F. (1964) Polyplacophora. In: Zhang, X., Qi, Z., Lou, Z., Huang, X., Ma, X., Liu, Y., Xu, F. (Eds.) Pictorial guide to animals of China. Vol. I. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 5–10.
Hull, A.F.B. (1923) New Australian Polyplacophora and notes on the distribution of certain species 1, I. The Australian Zoologist, 3, 157–166.
Iredale, T. & Hull, A.F.B. (1925) A monograph of the Australian loricates (Phylum Mollusca-Order Loricata) Part. V. The Australian Zoologist, 4, 75–111.
Issel, A. (1869). Malacologia del Mar Rosso. Ed. Biblioteca Malacologia, Pisa, 387 pp, pls 1–5.
Jakovleva A.M. (1952) Shell-bearing mollusks (Loricata) of the seas of the USSR. Opredeliteli po faune SSSR 45, 107 pp. pls. 1–11. [in Russian] [Translated in English by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1965]
Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R.A. (1980) Catalogue of Living Chitons. W. Backhuys. Rotterdam, 144 pp.
Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R.A. (1985) Monograph of Living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora), Vol. 2 Suborder Ischnochitonina. Ischnochitonidae: Schizoplacinae, Callochitoninae & Lepidochitoninae. E. J. Brill/W, Backhuys, Publisher, Leiden, 198 pp.
Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R.A. (1987) Monograph of living chitons. Vol. 3. Suborder Ischnochitonina: Ischnochitonidae: Chaetopleurinae, and Ischnochitoninae. E. J. Brill/W, Backhuys, Publisher, Leiden, 302 pp.
Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R.A. (1990) Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Volume 4. Suborder Ischnochitonina: Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (continued). Additions to Vols 1, 2 and 3. E.J. Brill, Leiden - New York - København - Köln, 402 pp.
Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R.A. (1994) Monograph of living chitons. (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Volume 5. Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (concluded), Callistoplacinae; Mopaliidae. Additions to volumes 1–4. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 402 pp.
Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R.A. (1998) Catalogue of living chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). 2nd Revised Edition. Dr. W. Backhuys, Publisher, Leiden, 204 pp.
Kaas, P., Van Belle, R.A. & Strack, H.L. (2006) Monograph of Living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 6. Suborder Ischnochitonina (concluded): Schizochitonidae; Chitonidae. Additions to Vols 1–5. E.J. Brill, Leiden-Boston, 463 pp.
Kira, T. (1964) Coloured illustrations of the shells of Japan, Osaka, 240 pp. pls. 1–71.
Leloup, E. (1937) Diagnoses de six nouvelles espéces d’Amphineures polyplacophores de la region Indo-Pacifique. Bulletin du Musée royal d’ Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 13, 1–3.
Leloup, E. (1939) A propos des amphineures Liolophura japonica (Lischke, 1873) et L. gaimardi (Blainville, 1825): deux nouvelles formes. Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 15, 1–7.
Leloup, E. (1940) Les Chitons du genre Cryptoplax Blainville, 1818. Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 16, 1–32.
Leloup, E. (1941) Quatre Ischnochitons de Tsingtao (China). Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 7, 1–15.
Leloup, E. (1952) Polyplacophores de l'Océan Indien et des côtes de I'Indochine française. Memoires, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Deuxième Série, 47, 1–69.
Leloup, E. (1961) Species of the genus Liolophura Pilsbry, 1893 (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia, 39–50.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00852988.1961.10673783
Leloup, E. (1973) Quelques espèces du genre Tonicia Gray, 1847. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 49, 1–19.
Li, C.-W., Chin, T.S., Li, J.S. & Huang, S.H. (1989) Growth of chiton teeth evidenced from magnetic measurements and microstructure characterization. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 25, 3818–3820.
https://doi.org/10.1109/20.42443
Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema naturae, 12th Edition. Vol. 1. Pt. 2. Salvii, Holmiae, 795 pp. [pp. 533–1327].
Lischke, C.E. (1873) Diagnosen neuer Meeres-Conchylien aus Japan. Malakozoologische Blätter, 21, 19–25.
Ma, X. (2004) Polyplacophora. In: Qi, Z. (Ed.), Seashells of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing. pp. 3–6.
Middendorff, A.T. von. (1847) Vorläufige Anzeige bisher unbekannter Mollusken, als Vorarbeit zu einer Malacozoologica Rossica. Bulletin de la classe physico-mathématique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences Saint Pétersbourg, 6, 113–122.
Milne, K.L. (1958) Descriptions of new species of chitons (Mollusca, Loricata). Royal Society of New South Wales, 152–155.
Montagu, G. (1803) Testacea Britannica or natural history of British shells, marine, land and freshwater, including the most minute, systematically arranged and embellished with figures, London, 1, 291 pp. 2, 292–606 pp.
Morton, B. & Morton, J. (1983) The Sea Shores Ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Unviersity Press, Hong Kong, 342 pp.
Nierstrasz, H.F. (1905) Die Chitonen der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga Expeditie, 48, 1–112.
Nierstrasz, H.F. (1906) Remarks on the Chitonidae. Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging, 10, 141–171.
Oldroyd, I.S. (1927) Chitons. In: The marine shells of the west coast of North America. Stanford University publications. Geological sciences, 2 (3), 246–323.
Owada, M. (2016) A new cryptic species distinguished from Ischnochiton comptus (Gould, 1859) (Polyplacophora: Ischnochitonidae) in central Honshu, Japan. Molluscan Research, 36, 255–263.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2016.1150772
Owada, M. (2018) Phylogenetic relationships among Japanese species of the Genus Ischnochiton (Polyplacophora: Ischnochitonidae), including a new species. Zoological Science, 35, 281–291.
https://doi.org/10.2108/zs170106
Pennant, T., (1777) British Zoology, ed. 4, vol. 4. Crustacea, Mollusca, Testacea. London, i-viii, 154 pp. 193 pls.
Pilsbry, H.A. (1892) Polyplacophora. In: Tryon, G.W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology. Vol. 14. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1–128. pls. 1–30.
Pilsbry, H.A. (1893) Polyplacophora. In: Tryon, G.W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology. Vol. 15. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1–64. pls. 1–10.
Pilsbry, H.A. (1894) Polyplacophora. In: Tryon, G.W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology. Vol. 15. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 65–133, pls. 11–17.
Pilsbry, H.A. (1901) New Mollusca from Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, Formosa and the Philippines. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 53, 193–210.
Plate, L.H. (1901) Die Anatomie und Phylogenie der Chitonen. Fauna Chilensis. Zoologische Jahrbücher. 1. Supplement. 5, 281–600.
Qi, Z., Ma, X., Xue, Y. & Lin, B. (1984) A preliminary checklist of marine molluscs from Hainan Island. Tropical Ocean Research, 3, 1–22.
Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1835) Voyage de découvertes de l' "Astrolabe". Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d´Urville. Zoologie 3, Mollusques, Genre Oscabrion, Paris, 369–411.
Rafinesque, C.S. (1815) Analyse de la Nature ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. Palermo, 223 pp.
Reeve, L.A. (1847a) Descriptions of new species of shells collected in the eastern Archipelago by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher and Mr. Adams during the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15, 24–26.
Reeve, L.A. (1847b–1848) Conchologia Iconica, or Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animals. 4, Monograph of the genus Chiton, Monograph of the genus Chitonellus, London, pp. 1–27 (1847), pl. 28 (1848).
Rochebrune, A.T. de (1881) Diagnoses d'especé nouvelles de la famille des Chitonidae. Bulletin annuel de la Société Philomatique de Paris, 7, 115–121.
Saito, H. (1995) The chiton fauna of Onagawa Bay, northeastern Honshu, Japan. Memoir of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 28, 99–112.
Saito, H. (1998) The chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) of the Goto Islands, west coast of Kyushu, Japan. Memoir of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 31, 145–163
Saito, H. (2000a) Polyplacophora. In: Okutani, T. (Ed.), Marine mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 4–23.
Saito, H. (2000b) The chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Memoir of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 33, 97–104.
Saito, H. (2001) Shallow-water chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) of Hachijo Island, Izu Islands, Japan. Memoir of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 37, 193–202.
Saito, H. (2004) Phylogenetic significance of the radula in chitons, with special reference to the Cryptoplacoidea (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Bollettino Malacologico, 5 (Supplement), 85–100
Saito, H. (2006) A preliminary list of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the Sagami Sea. Memoir of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 40, 203–224.
Saito, H. (2017) Polyplacophora. In: Okutani, T. (Ed.), Marine mollusks in Japan, 2nd edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 46–55, 728–738.
Saito, H. & Okutani, T. (1989) Revision on shallow-water species of the genus Placiphorella (Polyplacophora: Mopaliidae) from Japan. The Veliger, 32, 209–227.
Saito, H. & Yoshioka, E. (1993) An occurrence of Acanthopleura tenuispinosa (Leloup, 1939) (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) from Amami and Okinawa Islands in reference to taxonomic evaluation. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series A (Zoology), 19, 45–50.
Schwabe, E. (2001) Preliminary review of the Polyplacophora (Mollusca) from the Samoan Archipelago. 4th International Workshop of Malacology (of Italian Malacological Society). "Systematics, Phylogeny and Biology of Polyplacophora", Menfi, 27. [Abstract)]
Schwabe, E. (2005) Polyplacophora, pp. 52–55. In: Dharma, B. (Ed.), Recent & Fossil Indonesian Shells. Hackenheim, Germany, ConchBooks, 423 pp.
Schwabe, E. (2006a) On a small collection of chitons from Papua New Guinea (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Venus, 65, 97–112.
Schwabe, E. (2006b) Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) collected during the Thai-Danish Bioshelf Surveys (1996–2000) in the Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean. Journal of the Zoological Society Wallacea, 2, 19–28.
Schwabe, E. (2007) Taxonomic notes on chitons. 5. On some problematica and a new record of Polyplacophora from Indonesia. (Mollusca). Spixiana, 30, 145–158.
Schwabe, E., Sirenko, B. & Seeto, J. (2008) A checklist of Polyplacophora (Mollusca) from the Fiji islands. Zootaxa, 1777, 1–52.
Sirenko B.I. (1976a) Taxonomy of mail-shells of genus Spongioradsia Pilsbry 1893 (Ischnochitonina, Ischnochitonidae). Vestnik Zoologii, 2, 49–55.
Sirenko B.I. (1976b) Chitons from the Vostok Bay (Sea of Japan). In: Kasjanov V.L. (Ed.), Biological investigations of Vostok Bay. Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Vladivostok, pp. 87–91.
Sirenko, B.I. (2006) New outlook on the system of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Venus, 65, 81–89.
Sirenko, B.I. (2012) Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) of Nha Trang Bay, South Vietnam. In: Britayev, T.A. & Pavlov, D.S. (Eds.), Benthic fauna of the Bay of Nha Trang, South Vietnam. 2. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, pp. 56–122.
Sirenko, B.I. (2016a) New and rare species of the genus Lepidozona (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the South China, East China and Philippine seas. The Bulletin of the Russian Far East Malacological Society, 20, 28–46.
Sirenko, B.I. (2016b) A supplement to the recent Chitonidae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) of Vietnam. In: Adrianov, A.V. & Lutaenko, K.A. (Eds.), Biodiversity of the western part of the South China Sea. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 481–502.
Sirenko, B.I. (2016c) Seven-year taxonomical investigation of chitons in Vietnam. In: Dautova, T.N. (Ed.), Proceedings of the conference “Developing life-supporting marine ecosystems along with the Asia-Pacific coast a synthesis of physical and biological data for the science based management and socio-ecological policy making”. Nha Trang, Vietnam, Dalnauka, Vladivostok-Nha Trang, pp. 82–86.
Sirenko, B.I. (2018) Taiwanese deep-water chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) and survey of chiton fauna of Taiwan. Zootaxa, 4422, 301–344.
Sirenko, B.I. & Saito, H. (2017) New species of chitons of the superfamily Cryptoplacoidea (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from Vietnamese waters. Zootaxa, 4299, 451–506.
Slieker, F.J.A. (2000) Chitons of the world. An illustrated synopsis of recent Polyplacophora. L’Informatore Piceno Ed., Ancona, vi + 154 pp.
Smith, E.A. (1903) Marine Mollusca. In: Gardiner, J.S. (Ed.), The fauna and geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, being the account of the work carried on and of the collections made by an Expedition during the years 1899 and 1900. Volume II, Part II, University Press, Cambridge, pp. 589–630. pls. 35–36.
Sowerby, G.B. (I.) (1840) Description of some new chitons. The Magazin of Natural History, (2) 4, 287–294.
Sowerby, G.B. (II.) (1841) Descriptions of several new species of chitones, brought by H. Cuming, Esq., from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 9, 61–62.
Sowerby, G.B. (II.) (1842) Descriptions of four species of the genus Chiton, brought by H. Cuming, Esq. from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 9, 103–104.
Spalowsky, J. (1795) Prodromus in Systema historicum Testaceorum: 88 pp.
Strack, H.L. (1986) Notes on New Caledonian chitons. I. The species described by St.- M. Souverbie. Basteria, 50, 193–198.
Strack H.L. (1991) Description of a new Leptochiton from the Azores and of a new Lepidozona from Vietnam. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 4e série, 13A, 49–59.
Strack, H. (2003) Class Polyplacophora. In: Hylleberg, J. & Kilburn, R.N. (Eds.), Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme. Marine Molluscs of Vietnam. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 28, pp.12–15.
Taki, Is. (1938) Report on the biological survey of Mutsu Bay. 31. Studies on chitons of Mutsu Bay with general discussion on chitons of Japan. Science Reports of Tohoku Imperial University, Series 4, Biology, 12, 323–423.
Taki, Is. (1962) A list of the Polyplacophora from Japanese Islands and vicinity. Venus, 22, 29–53.
Taki, Is. & Taki, Iw. (1929) Studies on Japanese Chitons (2). Venus, 1, 141–153.
Taki, Is. & Taki, Iw. (1930) Studies on Japanese Chitons (4). Venus, 2, 99–107.
Taki, Iw. (1964a) On the chiton fauna of Japan (1), The status of Ischnochiton comptus and I. boninensis. Venus, 22, 341–350.
Taki, Iw. (1964b) Classification of the class Polyplacophora, with a list of Japanese chitons. Venus, 22, 401–414.
Tapparone-Canefri, C.M. (1874) Zoologia del viaggio intorno al globo della Regia Fregata Magenta durante gli anni 1865-68. Malacologia (Gastropodi, Acefali e Brachiopodi. Pub. G.B. Paravia, Torino, Italy, 161 pp. pls. 4
Thiele, J. (1893) Polyplacophora, Lepidoglossa, Schuppenzüngler, In: Troschel, F.H. (Ed.), Das Gebiss der Schnecken 2, 353–401, pls. 30–32.
Thiele, J. (1911) Polyplacophora. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens, Jena, 3 (11), pp. 397–406, pl. 6.
Thiele, J. (1909) Revision des Systems der Chitonen. Teil. 1. Zoologica, 22, 1–132, figs. A–E, pls. 1–10.
Van Belle, R.A. (1980) Supplementary notes on Hong Kong chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). In: Morton, B. & Tseng, C.K. (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Marine Biology Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong, 1980. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 469–483.
Van Belle, R.A. (1982) Supplementary notes on Hong Kong chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Proceeding of the first international marine biology Workshop. Hong Kong, 469–483.
Wood, W. (1828) Supplement to the Index Testaceologicus; or a catalogue of shells, British and foreign. London, i–v, 1–34.
Wu, S.-K. (1969) Some chitons from Taiwan (Formosa). Malacological Review, 2, 103–111.
Xu, F. (2008) Class Polyplacophora Blainville, 1867. In: Liu, R. (Ed.), Checklist of marine biota of China seas, pp. 456–459.
Yoshioka, E. & Nakashima, Y. (1996) Distribution of four species of Acanthopleura (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) in Sesoko Island, Okinawa. Venus, 55, 41–49.
Yum, S. (1988) Classification and distribution of Korean Polyplacophora, 104 pp. figs. 1–8, pls. 1–30.
Zhang, J., Shi, Z., Wang, C., Zhang, S. & Zhang, S. (2015) Taxonomic study on some common species of Polyplacophora in the coast of China based on valves and radular morphology. Marine Sciences, 39, 96–107.
Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Chen, C. & Xu, F. (2016) Mollusks of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. Science Press, Beijing, 421 pp.