Abstract
The egg-larvae of 890 individuals in 8 species belonging to long palped crane flies of the genus Tipula (Diptera: Tipulidae) were obtained from 17 gravid females captured in Lithuania in 2011–2012. Depending on the species, it took from four days to more than eleven weeks for the eggs to hatch. Of the four instars of larvae for crane flies, the second, third and the last instar larvae are very similar in morphology, while the first instar or egg-larva differs radically. Descriptions and illustrations of the external morphology, chaetotaxy of abdominal segments, characters of head capsules and last abdominal segments are given for the previously unknown first instar larvae of T. (Lunatipula) fascipennis, T. (Pterelachisus) irrorata, T. (P.) pabulina, T. (P.) pseudovariipennis, T. (Yamatotipula) pruinosa and poorly known T. (Beringotipula) unca, T. (L.) vernalis T. (Tipula) paludosa. The differences of the head capsule and last abdominal segment among the first instar larvae of these species are more obvious than in the last instar. Characters of the head capsule such as the shape of the teeth of the mandible, shape of the basal segment of the antenna and number of sensillae on it, shape of hypostomium, arrangement of sensory structures on the labrum and frons, all differ among egg-larvae of Tipula. Sclerotisation and the arrangement of setae on the spiracular field are unique for each studied Tipula species. This is the first study to use head capsule characters to distinguish the larvae of Tipula.
References
Ahonen, S. (2008) Analysis of the crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea) subfamilies relationships using molecular sequence data. Master of Science Thesis, Department of Ecological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla. Finland, pp. 1–28.
Alexander, C.P. (1931) The early stages of crane-flies (Diptera). Victorian Naturalist, 47, 195–203.
Alexander, C.P. & Byers G.W. (1981) Tipulidae. In: McAlpine, J.F. (Coor.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Monograph 27 (1). Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 153–190
Brodo, F. (2017) Taxonomic review of Angarotipula Savchenko, 1961 (Diptera: Tipulidae) in North America. Canadian Entomologist, 150 (1), 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.4039/tce.2017.43
Bruch, C. (1939) Contribucion al conocimiento de los tipulidos Argentinos (Diptera). Physis, 17, 1–28
Byers, G.W. (1961) The crane fly genus Dolichopeza in North America. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 42, 665–924.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9822
Chiswell, J.R. (1956) A taxonomic account of the last instar larvae of some British Tipulinae (Diptera: Tipulidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 108, 409–484.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1956.tb01273.x
Dobrotworsky, N.V. (1968) The Tipulidae (Diptera) of Australia. II. The genus Clytocosmus Skuse. Australian Journal of Zoology, 16, 495–510.
https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9680495
Foote, B.A. (1963) Observations on the biology of Tipula footeana Alexander (Diptera: Tipulidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 58, 145–150.
Gelhaus, J.K. (1986) Larvae of the Crane fly genus Tipula in North America (Diptera: Tipulidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 53 (3), 121–182.
Gelhaus, J.K. (2005) Systematics and biogeography of the desert crane fly genus Tipula (Eremotipula) Alexander (Diptera: Tipulidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 46, 1–235.
Gelhaus, J.K. & Young, C.W. (1991) The immature instars and biology of the crane fly genus Brachypremna Osten Sacken (Diptera: Tipulidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 93, 613–621.
Gerbig, F. (1913) Über Tipulidenlarven mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Respirationsorgane. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 35, 127–181.
Hartman, M. & Hynes, C.D. (1982) Environmental factors influencing hatching of Tipula simplex eggs (Diptera: Tipulidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 56, 268–272.
Hemmingsen, A.M. (1965) The lotic cranefly, Tipula saginata Bergroth, and the adaptive radiation of the Tipulinae, with a test of Dyars law. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 128, 93–150.
Hennig, W. (1950) Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. Berlin, 2, 458 pp.
Jong, W.H. de (1925) Een studie over emelten en hare bestrijding. Verslagen en Mededelingen van de Plantenziektekundige Dienst, Wageningen. 42, 1–108.
Kim, D.S. & Lee, J.E. (2002) Immature stages of Tipula (Yamatotipula) latemarginata (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Korea. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology, 18, 213–218.
Kim, D.S.; Lee, J.E. (2003a) Immature stages of Tipula nova (Diptera: Tipulidae) from Korea. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology, 19, 277–282.
Kim, D.S. & Lee, J.E. (2003b) Immature stages of Tipula aino (Diptera: Tipulidae) from Korea. Korean Journal of Entomology, 33: 241–245.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2003.tb00076.x
Kim, D.S. & Lee, J.E. (2004) Immature stages of Tipula patagiata (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Korea. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 43, 263–266.
Lantsov, V.I. (1982a) Adaptive peculiarities of the life cycle of the Arctic crane-fly Tipula carinifrons (Diptera, Tipulidae). Ekologiya, 1, 71–76.
Lantsov, V.I. (1982b) Ecology and preimaginal developmental stages of the arctic crane-fly Tipula glaucocinerea (Diptera, Tipulidae). Zoologicheskyi Zhurnal, 61, 1913–1916.
Lantsov, V.I. (1984) Ecology, morphology and taxonomy of arctic crane-flies of the genus Prionocera (Diptera, Tipulidae). Zoologicheskyi Zhurnal, 63, 1196–1204.
Lantsov, V.I. (2009) The ecology, biology and larval instars of the North Caucasian population (Lake Maliy Tambukan) of Tipula subcunctans Alexander, 1921 (Diptera: Tipulidae). In: Lantsov, V. (ed.), Crane flies. History, taxonomy and ecology (Diptera: Tipulidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Trichoceridae, Ptychopteridae, Tanyderidae). Memorial volume dedicated to Dr. Charles Paul Alexander (1889–1981), Dr. Bernhard Mannheims (1909–1971) and Dr. Evgeniy Nikolaevich Savchenko (1909–1994). Zoosymposia, 3, 115–129.
Levy, L. (1919) Contributions a l’étude des métamorphoses aquatiques des diptères. Annales de Biologie Lacustre, 9, 201–248.
Neugart, C., Schneeberg, K. & Beutel, R.G. (2009) The morphology of the larval head of Tipulidae (Diptera, Insecta), the dipteran groundplan and evolutionary trends. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 248, 213–235.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2009.10.001
Oosterbroek, P. (2018) Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (CCW). Available from: http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/ccw/index.php (accessed 28 August 2018)
Oosterbroek, P., Theowald, B. (1991) Phylogeny of the Tipuloidea based on characters of larvae and pupae (Diptera, Nematocera) with an index to the literature except Tipulidae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 134, 211–267.
Petersen, M.J., Bertone, M.A., Wiegmann, B.M. & Courtney, G.W. (2010) Phylogenetic synthesis of morphological and molecular data reveals new insights into the higher-level classification of Tipuloidea (Diptera). Systematic Entomology, 35, 526–545.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00524.x
Podeniene, V. (2001) Notes on the larvae of Lithuanian Tipulidae from the subgenera Tipula (Acutipula), T. (Beringotipula) and T. (Platytipula). Ekologija, (2), 81–89.
Podeniene, V. (2003) Morphology and ecology of the last instar larvae of the crane flies (Diptera, Tipulomorpha) of Lithuania. Doctoral dissertation, Vilnius University, Biomedical sciences, Zoology, 295 pp.
Podeniene, V., Naseviciene, N. & Podenas, S. (2014) Notes on first instar larvae of Ctenophora and Nephrotoma (Diptera: Tipulidae). Zootaxa, 3764, 152–168.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3764.2.3
Pritchard, G. (1976) Growth and development of larvae and adults of Tipula sacra Alexander (Insecta: Diptera) in a series of abandoned beaver ponds. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 54, 266–284.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z76-030
Pritchard, G. (1983) Biology of Tipulidae. Annual Review of Entomology, 28, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.28.010183.000245
Pritchard, G. & Hall, H.A. (1971) An introduction to the biology of craneflies in a series of abandoned beaver ponds, with an account of the life cycle of Tipula sacra Alexander (Diptera; Tipulidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 49, 467–482.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z71-072
Ribeiro, G.C. (2008) Phylogeny of the Limnophilinae (Limoniidae) and early evolution of the Tipulomorpha (Diptera). Invertebrate Systematics, 22, 627–694.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS08017
Rogers, J.S. (1949)The life history of Megistocera longipennis (Macquart) (Tipulidae, Diptera), a member of the neuston fauna. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 521, 1–17
Theowald, B. (1967) Familie Tipulidae, Larven und Puppen. Bestimmungsbücher zur Bodenfauna Europas, 7, 1–100.
Savchenko, E.N. (1983) Crane-flies (Fam. Tipulidae), Introduction and the beginning of systematics part. Subfam. Dolichopezinae, subfam. Tipulinae (start). Fauna USSR. Diptera, Leningrad “Nauka”, 2 (1–2), 1–585.
Stary, J. (1992) Phylogeny and classification of Tipulomorpha, with special emphasis on the family Limoniidae. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 35, 11–36.
White, J.H. (1951) Observation on the life history and biology of Tipula lateralis Meig. Annals of Applied Biology, 38, 847–858.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1951.tb07855.x
Zhang, X., Kang, Z., Mao, M., Li, X., Cameron, S.L., Jong, H. de, Wang, M. & Yang, D. (2016) Comparative Mt genomics of the Tipuloidea (Diptera: Nematocera: Tipulomorpha) and its implications for the phylogeny of the Tipulomorpha. PLoS ONE, 11 (6), e0158167.