Abstract
The siphonophore sub-order Cystonectae presently comprises just five species in three genera and two families, and includes Physalia physalis, the Portuguese Man O’War. Despite the smallness of the group its history has been very chequered, particularly for P. physalis, which has been described under more than fifty different names. Haeckel (1888) was one of the worst offenders regarding the description of questionable species, but even Totton (1965) was uncertain as to the validity of some previously described cystonect species. Herein, an attempt has been made to review the history of the sub-order Cystonectae and to clarify its taxonomy. A list of synonyms for each recognised cystonect species is given in an appendix.
References
Agassiz, A. (1865) North American Acalephae. In: Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, pp. 199–226.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4923
Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United State of America. Volume IV. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 392 pp, 35 Plates.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12644
Alvariño, A. (1972) A second record of a rare siphonophore Epibulia ritteriana Haeckel, 1888. Fishery Bulletin US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 70, 507–509.
Bardi, J. & Marques, A.C. (2007) Taxonomic redescription of the Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia physalis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophorae, Cystonectae) from Brazil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 97, 425–433.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007000400011
Barrère, P. (1741) Essai sur l’Histoire Naturelle de la France Equinoxiale. Piget, Paris, 215 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.131280
Bedot, M. (1893) Bathyphysa grimaldii (nova species). Siphonophore bathypelagique de l’Atlantique Nord. Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 5, 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2169
Bedot, M. (1896) Les siphonophores de la Baie d’Amboine. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 3, 367–414, 1 pl.
Bedot, M. (1904) Siphonophores provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (1892-1902). Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 27, 1–27, 4 pls.
Bennett, G., (1837) Some observations on the Physalia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 5, 43.
Bigelow, H.B. (1911) The Siphonophorae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 38, 171–402.
Bigelow, H.B. & Sears, M. (1937) Siphonophorae. Report on the Danish Oceanographic Expeditions 1908-1910 to the Mediterranean and adjacent Seas, 11 (Biology), H. 2, 1–144.
Biggs, D.C. & Harbison, G.R. (1976) The siphonophore Bathyphysa sibogae Lens and van Riemsdijk 1908, in the Sargasso Sea, with notes on its natural history. Bulletin of Marine Science, 24, 14–18.
Blainville, H.M.D. de (1826) Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, 40, [PHOR-PIM]. Levrault, Paris, 492 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61213
Blumenbach, J.F. (1814) Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. Dieterich, Göttingen, 814 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.37036
Bory de St. Vincent, J.B.G.M. (1804) Voyage dans les quatres principales Îles des Mers d’Afrique. III, 473 pp. + Atlas, 56 pls.
Bosc, L.A.G. (1802) Histoire naturelle des Vers, contenant leur description et leurs moeurs. 2, 300 pp + 25 pls.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64025
Brandt, J.F. (1835) Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatum. Fasc 1, pp. 203–275.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10196
Brandt, J.F. (1838) Ausführliche Beschreibung ver von C.H. Mertens auf seiner Weltumsegelung beobachteten Schirmquallen nebst Allgemeinen Bemerkung über die Schirmquallen überhaupt. Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. 6th Series, Science naturelles, 2, 237–411, 31 Plates.
Browne, P. (1756) The civil and natural history of Jamaica. Osborne & Shipton, London, viii + 533 pp, 50 Pls.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10826
Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. (1990) Invertebrates, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 922 pp.
Burmeister, G. (1885–1891) La Ortiga de Mar, Fisalia. Anales Público de Buenos Aires, 3, 1–18, 1 Pl.
Carré, C. & Carré, D. (1995) Ordre des Siphonophores. pp. 523-596 In: Doumenc, D. (Ed.), Traité de Zoologie. Anatomie, Systématique, Biologie. Tome III. Fascicule 2. Cnidaires. Cténaires, Masson, Paris.
Chun, C. (1882a) Über die cyklische Entwickelung und die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Siphonophoren. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften for 1882, 1155–1172, 1 pl.
Chun, C. (1882b) Die microscopischen Waffen der Cöleneraten. Humboldt; Monatsschrift für die gesamten Naturwissenschaften, 1, 54–57.
Chun, C. (1883) On the cyclical development and the relationships of the Siphonophora. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 5, Vol. 11, 153–169, 1 pl
Chun, C. (1887) Zur Morphologie der Siphonophoren. 2. Ueber die postembryonale Entwickelung von Physalia. Zoologische Anzeiger, 10, 557–561, 574–577.
Chun, C. (1897) Die Siphonophoren der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung, 2.K.b., 1–126.
Claus, C. (1884) Ueber das Verhältnis von Monophyes zu den Diphyiden sowie über den phylogenetischen Entwicklungsgang der Siphonophoren. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologischen Institute der Universität Wein und der Zoologischen Station in Triest, 5, 15–28.
Claus, C. (1889a) Zur Beurtheilung des Organismsus der Siphonophoren und deren phylogenetischer Ableitung. Eine Kritik von E. Haeckel’s sog. Medusom-Theorie. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologischen Institute der Universität Wein und der Zoologischen Station in Triest, 8, 159–174.
Claus, C. (1889b) On the organism of the Siphonophora and their Phylogenetic Derivation: a Criticism upon E. Haeckel’s so-called Medusome-theory. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6th Series, Vol. 4, No. 21, 185–198.
Collins, A.G. (2002) Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15, 418–432.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x
Cuvier, G. (1817) Le Règne Animal distribué d’après son organisation, pour servir de base a l’histoire naturelle des animaux et d’introduction a l’anatomie comparée. Volume 4. Les Zoophytes, les tables, et les planches. Déterville, Paris, 255 pp. + 15 Plates.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.41460
Daniel, R. (1974) Siphonophora from the Indian Ocean. Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India, 15 (4), 1–242.
Daniel, R. (1985) Coelenterata: Hydrozoa Siphonophora. The fauna of India and adjacent countries, Zoological Survey of India, 440 pp.
De Fréminville, C-P de la P. (1824a) Note sur les Physalides, et particulièment sur la Physalide pélagique (Physalia pelagica), Lam. Bulletin des Sciences par la Société Philomatique de Paris for 1824, 42–45.
De Fréminville, C-P de la P. (1824b) Note sur les Physalides, et particulièment sur la Physalide pélagique (Physalia pelagica), Lam. Bulletin des Sciences naturelles et de Géologie, 3, 320–323.
De Haan, W. (1827) Verhandeling over de Rangschikking der Vellelen, Porpiten en Physaliën. Bijdragen tot der Natuurkundige Wetenschappen, 2, 480–503.
Delage, Y & Herouard, E. (1901) Traité de Zoologie Concrète, 2 (2), 10 + 848 pp., 72 pls, Paris.
delle Chiaje, S. (1822) Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli Animali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli. Figures. Fernandes, Napoli, 109 Atlas.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10021
delle Chiaje, S. (1823) Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli Animali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli. I. Fernandes, Napoli, 184 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10021
delle Chiaje, S. (1825) Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli Animali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli. II, Fernandes, Napoli 444 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10021
delle Chiaje, S. (1828) Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli Animali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli. III, Fernandes, Napoli 232 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10021
delle Chiaje, S. (1829) Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli Animali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli. Fernandes, Napoli IV, 214 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10021
delle Chiaje, S. (1830–31) Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli Animali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli, Fernandes, Napoli Napoli, vii + 184 + 444 + 232 + 214 pp., 109 Plates.
delle Chiaje, S. (1841) Descrizione e notomia Animali Invertebrati della Sicilia citeriore osservati vivi negli anni 1822-30. Polipi, Amorfi, Descrizioni Tegniche. 5, 165 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10031
Delonchamps, E. (1828) Physalie. Physalia. Dictionairre Classique d’Histoire Naturelle, PAN-PIV, 13, 468.
Deshayes, G.P. & Milne Edwards, H. (1840) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. 2nd Edition, Volume 3. J.B. Baillière, Paris, 770 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4846
Descourtilz, E. (1809) Voyage d’un Naturaliste et ses observations voyages naturaliste, faites sur les trois règnes de la Nature, dans plusieurs ports de mer français, en Espagne, au continent de l’Amérique septentrionale, à Saint. Yago de Cuba, et à St. - Domingue, où l’Auteur devenu le prisonnier de 40,000 Noirs révoltés, et par suite mis en liberté par une colonne de l’armée française, donne des détails circonstanciés, sur l’expéditiondu général Leclerc. Part 1, Dufart, Paris, lxiv + 365 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49377
Dunn, C.W. (2005) The colony-level evolution and development of the Siphonophora. Ph. D. Thesis, Yale University, 264 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20483
Dunn, C.W. & Wagner, G.P. (2006) The evolution of the colony-level development in the Siphonophora (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Development Genes and Evolution, 216, 743–754.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-006-0101-8
Dunn, C.W., Pugh, P.R. & Haddock, S.H.D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of the Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54, 916–935.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150500354837
Du Tertre, R.P. (1654) Histoire generales des Isles des Christophe, de la Guadelope, de la Martinique, et autres dans l’Amerique. Langlois, Paris, 688 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61174
Du Tertre, R.P. (1667) Histoire generale de Antilles habitées par les Francois. Vol. II, Jolly, Paris, 539 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.119250
Eichwald, E. (1824) Observationes nonnullae circa fabricum Physaliae. Mémoires de l’Académie impériale des Sciences de St. Petersburg, 9, 453–472,
Endersby, J. (2009) ‘The vagaries of a Rafinesque’: imagining and classifying American nature. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 40, 168–178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2009.06.009
Eschscholtz, F. (1829) System der Acalephen. 1-190, 16 pls. Berlin, 539 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10139
Eysenhardt, K.W. (1821) Zur Anatomie und Naturegeschichte der Quallen. Ueber die Seeblassen. Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldin-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum, 10, 375–422.
Fenner, P.J., Williamson, J.A., Burnett, J.W. & Rifkin, J. (1993) First aid treatment of jellyfish stings in Australia. Response to a newly differentiated species. Medical Journal of Australia, 158, 498–501.
Fewkes, J.W. (1879) Note on the structure of Rhizophysa filiformis. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 20, 292–303.
Fewkes, J.W. (1880) Contributions to a knowledge of tubular jellyfishes. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 6, 127–146, 3 plates.
Fewkes, J.W. (1882) Notes on the Acalephs from the Tortugas, with a description of new genera and species. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 9, 251–289.
Fewkes, J.W. (1883) On a few Medusae from the Bermudas. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 11, 79–90.
Fewkes, J.W. (1886) Report on the medusae collected by the U.S.F.C. Steamer Albatross, in the region of the Gulf Stream, in 1883-84. Report of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Part XII, 927-980.
Fewkes, J.W. (1889) Report on the Medusae collected by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer “Albatross” in the region of the Gulf Stream in 1885-86. Report of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1886, Part XIV, 513–534, 1 pl.
Fleurieu, C.P.C. 1798. Voyage autour du Monde pendant les Années 1790, 1791 et 1792, par Étienne Marchand, precede d’une Introduction Histrorique; auquel on a joint des Recherches sur les Terres Australes de Drake et un Examen Critique du Voyage de Roggeween, avec Cartes et Figures. Imprimierie de la République, Paris, 164 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48588
Forbes, J. (1813) Oriental Memoirs: selected and abridged from a series of familiar letters written during seventeen years residence in India: including observations on parts of Africa and South America, and a narrative of occurrences in four India voyages: illustrated by engravings from original drawings. Volume II, Bensley, London, 542 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53635
Forsskål, P. (1775) Descriptiones animalium avium, amphiborum, piscium, insectorum, vermium quæ in itinere orientali observavit. Post mortem auctoris edit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniæ, 20 + xxxiv + 164 pp., 1 map.
Forsskål, P. (1776) Icones rerum naturalium, quas in itinere orientali depingi curavit Petrus Forskål, prof. haun, post mortem auctoris ad Regis Mandatum æ incisas Editit Carstern Niebuhr. Hauniæ, 15 pp, 43 pls.
Freyère, Isaac de la. (1647) Relation du Groenland, Corbé, Paris, 278 pp.
Gegenbaur, C. (1853) Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der Schwimmpolypen (Siphonophoren). Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 5, 285–344 + 3 pls.
Gegenbaur, C. (1859) Neue Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der Siphonophoren. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosum, 27, 331–424, 7 pl.
Gershwin, L-A., Zeidler, W. & Davie, P.J.F. (2010) Medusae (Cnidaria) of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 54 (3), 47–108.
Gmelin, J.F. (1788) Caroli a Linné, Systema naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. Vol. I, Part VI. pp. 3021–3910.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.125970
Gould, S.J. (2000) Abscheulich! (Atrocious). Haeckel’s distortions did not help Darwin. Natural History for 2000 (3), 42–49.
Günther, A. (1889) Report on the pelagic fishes collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Zoology, 31, Part II, 1–47 + 6 pls.
Haddock, S.H.D. & Dunn, C.W. (2015) Fluorescent proteins function as a prey attractant: experimental evidence from the hydromedusa Olindias formosus and other marine organisms. Biology Open, 4, 1094–1104.
Haddock, S.H.D., Dunn, C.W., Pugh, P.R. and Schnitzler, C.E. 2005. Bioluminescent and red-fluorescent lures in a deep-sea siphonophore. Science, New York 309, 263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1110441
Haeckel, E, (1887) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 46 pp.
Haeckel, E. (1888a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1–46.
Haeckel, E. (1888b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1–380.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6513
Hakluyt, R. (1904) The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation. Volume IV. MacLehose & Sons, Glasgow, 457 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6515
Hjortberg, G.F. (1769) Holothuria Physalis. Kongliga vetenskaps academiens handlingar, 30, 226–228, Plate VII (partim).
Huxley, T.H. (1859) The Oceanic Hydrozoa: a description of the Calycophoridae and Physophoridae observed during the voyage of HMS Rattlesnake 1846-1850. Ray Society, London, 143 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10033
Hymen, L.H. (1940) The Invertebrates: Protozoa through Ctenophora. McGraw Hill, New York, xii + 726 pp.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2420952
Jones, D.O.B. & Pugh, P.R. (2016) First sighting of a siphonophore of the genus Bathyphysa from the South Atlantic. Marine Biodiversity, 46, 2 pp.
http://dx.doi.org/s12526-016-0611-1
Kawamura, T. (1910) “Bozunira” and “Katsuwo no Eboshi” Rhizophysa and Physalia. Dobutsugaku zasshi Tokyo, 22, 445–454, 1 pl. [In Japanese]
Kawamura, T. (1947) On two species of Bathyphysa. Dobutsugaku zasshi Tokyo, 57, 95–97. [In Japanese]
Kawamura, T. (1954) A report on Japanese siphonophores with special references to new and rare species. Journal of the Shiga Prefectural Junior College Series A, 2, 99–129, 7 pls.
Lamarck, J.B.P.A de M de. (1801) Systême des animaux sans vertèbres … Verdière, Paris, 432 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14255
Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. de. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Verdière, Paris, 2, 568 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12712
La Martinière, (1787) Sur quelques Insects. Obervations sur la Physique, sur l’Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts, 30, 365–366, pl. 2, figs. 13-14.
Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816) Histoire des polypiers coralligènes flexibles, vulgairement nommés zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen. pp. i-xxxiv, 1–560, pls 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11172
Leloup, E. (1936) Siphonophores calycophorides (suite) et physophorides provenant des campagnes du Prince Albert 1er de Monaco. Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 93, 1–36.
Lens, A.D. & van Riemsdijk, T. (1908) The Siphonophora of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie (Siboga Expedition), 9, 1–130.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16085
Léry, J. de. (1578) Histoire d’un Voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique. Chuppin, La Rochelle. 424 + 11 pp.
Léry, J. de. (1594) Histoire d’un Voyage fait en la terre du Bresil. 382 + 10 pp.
Lesson R.-P. (1826) Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du Roi, sur la corvette de sa Majesté, la Coquille pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie Atlas Volume 3, Arthus Bertrand, Paris.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.57936
Lesson, R.-P. (1827) Considérations nouvelles sur la grande Physalia, la Caravelle la grande Galère des tropiques. Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Géologie, 11, 163–169.
Lesson, R.-P. (1828) Dictionnaire Classique d’Histoire Naturelle, 13, Paris, 648 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.33901
Lesson, R.-P. (1830) Description de la familie des cystisomes et des espèces observées pendant le voyage de la Coquille. In: Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du Roi, sur la corvette de sa Majesté, la Coquille pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie Tome 2, Partie 2, 2nd Division. Arthus Bertrand, Paris. 155 pp. Chapitre XV. pp. 17–66.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.57936
Lesson, R.-P. (1843) Acalèphes. Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes. Librairie Encyclopédique Roret, Paris. 1–596.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4799
Lesueur, C.A. (1813) Mémoire sur quelques nouvelles espèces d’animaux mollusques et radiares. Journal de Physique, du Chimie, d’Hisytpoire Naturelle at des Arts, 77, 119–124.
Lesueur, C.A. (? 1815) Voyage de decouvertes aux terres australes. Histoire naturelle. Parte Iconographique et gravure. Par. M.C.A. Lesueur, pp. 1–5, pl. 1. Paris [unpublished manuscript].
Lesueur, C.A. & Petit, N. de (1807) Voyage de découvertes aus terres australes. Atlas, 40 pls. Imprimerie Impériale, Paris.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44096
Leuckart, R., (1848) Über die Morphologie und die Verwandtscaftsverhältnisse der wirbelosen Thiere. Viewr, Braunschwigg, 180 pp.
Leuckart, R. (1851) Ueber der Bau der Physalien und der Röhrenquallen in Allgemeinen. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 3, 189–212, pl. 6.
Leuckart, R. (1852) Mémoire sur la Structure des Physalies et des Siphonophores en général. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 3rd Series, Zoologie, 18, 201–230, pl. V (in partim).
Ligon, R. (1673) A true & exact History of the Island of Barbadoes. Peter Parker, London, 122 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1
Linnaeus, C. von. (1748) Systema Narturae sistens regna tria naturae, in Classes et Ordines Genera et Species redact tabulesque æneis illustrate. Kiesewetteri, Stockholm, 226 + 30 pp, 8 Plates.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.36934
Linnaeus, C. von. (1756) Systema Naturae sistens regna tria naturae. 256 pp., 8 Plates.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.156767
Linnaeus, C. von. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae. 1, 824 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
Mariscal, R.N. (1974) Nematocysts. In: Muscatine, L. & Lenhoff, H.M. (Eds), Coelenterate Biology. Reviews and new Perspectives. Academic Press, pp. 129–178.
Mayer, A.G. (1894) An account of some Medusae obtained in the Bahamas. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 25, 235–241.
Merrill, E.D. (1949) Index Rafinesquianum: the plant names published by C.S. Rafinesque with reductions, and a consideration of his methods, objectives and attainments. Arnold Arborteum of Harvard University, 296 pp.
Modeer, A. (1789) Slägtet Hafsblasa Physophora. Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar, Series 2, 10, 277–294, pl. X.
Moser, F. (1925) Die Siphonophoren der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition, 1901-03. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition, 17 (zool 9), 1–541.
Mosquin, D. (2012) Constantine Rafinesque, A Flawed Genius. Arnoldia, 70, 9 pp.
Müller, O.F. (1776) Beschreibung zweier Medusen. Beschäftigungen der Berlinischen Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, 2, 290–297, pl. 9.
Munro, C., Siebert, S, Zapata, F., Howison, M., Damian-Serrano, A., Church, S.H., Goetz, F.E., Pugh, P.R., Haddock, S.H.D. & Dunn, C.W. (2018) Improved Phylogenetic Resolution within Siphonophora (Cnidaria) with implications for trait evolution. bioRΧiv, 27 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.030
Okada, K. (1932) Developpement post embryonnaire de la Physalia pacifique. Memoirs of the College of Sciences, Kyoto Imperial University, B8, 1–25, 1 pl.
Okada, K. (1935) Les jeunes physalis. Note supplémentaire sur le development postembryonnaire de la physalie. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University Series B, 10 (5), 407–410.
Oken, L. (1815) Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Volume 3, Zoologie, Part 1, xxix + 840 + xvii pp.
Olfers, J.F von (1822) Ueber eine neue Art Seeblase, Physalia producta m. Abhandlungen der physikalischen Klasse der Königlich-Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften aus den Jahren 1820-21, pp. 347-356, Plate I.
Olfers, J.F.M. von. (1832) Ueber die grosse Seeblase (Physalia arethusa) und die Gattung der Seeblasen im Allgemeinen. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 155–200, Pls 1–2.
Osbeck, P. (1757) Dagbok öfwer en ostindisk Resa åren 1750, 1751, 1752. Stockholm.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.112527
Osbeck, P. (1765) Reise nach Ostindien und China. 409 pp. 13 Tafeln. Rostock. [German Translation by J.G. Georgi] Google version has no Plates, but on p. 34 of scan quotes Pl. 12, fig. 1 Holothuria velificans.On p. 371 of text mentions Holothuria physalis.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.120128
Osbeck, P. (1771) A voyage to China and the East Indies. [Translation by J.R. Forster]. 2 volumes of 367 & 152 pp. Benjamin White, London.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5807
Õstman, C. (2000) A guideline to nematocyst nomenclature and classification, and some notes on the systematic value of nematocysts. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supl. 1) 31–46.
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2000.64s131
Pagès, F. (2002) The status of three rare siphonophores (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) described by Tamiji Kawamura: Bathyphysa japonica, Athorybia longifolia and Forskalia misakiensis. Scientia Marina, 66, 375–382.
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2002.66n4375
Péron, F. (1807) Voyage de découvertes aux Terres Australes exécuté par ordre de sa Majesté l’Empereur et Roi, sur le Corvettes le Géographe, le Naturaliste, et la Goelette le Casuarina, pendant les années, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804. Historique, Tome 1. Paris, xv + 498 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44096
Pickwell, G.V. (1966) Physiological dynamics of siphonophores from deep scattering layers. Size of gas-filled floats and rate of gas production. U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory. Research and Development Report, No. 1369, 50 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1970.tb49777.x
Piso, W. (1648) Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. Medicina Brasiliensi. Batavorum, Amsterdam, 124 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.102103
Poche, F. (1908) Über den richtigen Gebrauch der Gattungsnamen Holothuria und Actinia, nebst einigen andern, grösstenteils dadurch bedingten oder damit in Zusammenhang stehenden Ȁnderungen in der Nomenclatur der Coelenteraten, Echinodermen und Tunicaten. Zoologische Anzeiger, 32, 106–109.
Pontin, D.R. (2009) Factors affecting the occurrence of stinging jellyfish (Physalia spp.) at New Zealand beaches. Ph.D. Thesis, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. xiv + 129 pp.
Pontin, D.R. & Cruickshank, R.H. (2012) Molecular phylogenetics of the genus Physalia (Cnidaria: Siphonophora) in New Zealand coastal waters reveals cryptic diversity. Hydrobiologia, 686, 91–105.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0994-8
Pugh P.R. (2006) The taxonomic status of the genus Moseria (Siphonophora, Physonectae). Zootaxa 1343, 1–42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zendo.174440
Pugh, P.R. (2019b) A Review of the siphonophore species mentioned in Haeckel’s (1888b) Challenger Monograph. Zootaxa, ????, ???
Pugh, P.R. & Haddock, S.H.D. (2016) A description of two new species of the genus Erenna (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Erennidae), with notes on recently collected specimens of other Erenna species. Zootaxa, 4189 (3), 401–446.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4189.3.1
Purcell, J.E. (1980) Influence of siphonophore behavior upon their natural diets: evidence for aggressive mimicry. Science. New York, 209, 1045–1047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.209.4460.1045
Quatrefages, A. de (1854) Memoire sur l’organisation des physalis (Physalia). Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Serie Zoologie 4, II, 107–142.
Richards, R.J. (2008) The tragic sense of life. Ernst Haeckel and the struggle over evolutionary thought. 512 pp. University of Chicago Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226712192.001.0001
Schneider, K.C. (1896) Mittheilungen über Siphonophoren. II. Grundriss der organisation der Siphonophoren. (Jena) Zoologischen Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 9, 571–664.
Schneider, K.C. (1898) Mittheilungen über Siphonophoren. III. Systematische und andere Bemerkungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 21, 51–53, 73–93, 114–133, 153–173, 185–200.
Sherborn, C.D. (1930) Q, R. Index Animalium sive index nominum quae ab A.D. MDCCLVIII generibus et speciebus animalium imposta sunt. British Museum, London, 6357 pp.
Sloane, H. (1725) A voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica, with the Natural History of the Herbs and Trees, Four-footed Beasts, Fishes, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, etc. of the last of those Islands. Vol. 2. London. 499 pp. + 118 plates.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.153795
Steche, O. (1907) Die Genitalanlagen der Rhizophysalien. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 86, 134–171.
Steche, O. (1910) Das Knospungsgesetz und der Bau der Anhangsgruppen von Physalia. Festschrift. zum sechzigsten Geburtstag Richard Hertwigs, Jena. Vol. 2, 357–372, 10 Plates.
Stepanjants, S.D. (1967) Siphonophores of the seas of the USSR and the north western part of the Pacific Ocean. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR, 96, 1–216. [In Russian]
Stepanjants, S.D. (2014) Morphology and classification of siphonophores (based on traditional and advanced concepts). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 93, 342–355. [In Russian]
http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/S0044513414030131
Studer, T. (1878a) Ueber Siphonophoren des tiefen Wassers. Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern for 1877, 87–96.
Studer, T. (1878b) Ueber Siphonophoren des tiefes Wassers. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 31, 1–24.
Thompson, D.W. (1910) The works of Aristotle. Volume IV. Historia Animalium, Clarendon Press, Oxford, xv + 482 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.147382
Tilesius, W.G. (1810) Ueber die Seeblasen. In: Reise um die Weltin den Jahren 1803, 1804, 1805 und 1806. Auf Befehl seiner kaiserlichen Majestät Alexander der Ersten auf den Schiffen Nadeshda und Newa unter den Commando des Capitains von der Kaiserlichen Marine. A.J. von Krusenstern. 3, 1–108, Atlas zool. Pl. 23, figs. 1–6.
Tilesius, W.T. (1814) Af Djurslågtet Physsophora och af dess hittills kånde Arter, samt Beskrifning på en ny Art af samma Slågte. Kongliga Svenska vetenskaps-akademiens handlingar for 1814, 178–188, Pl. 8A.
Toreen, O. (1765) Eine Ostindishe Reise nach Suratte, China, u.s.w. 431–514, Koppe, Roskov.
Torén, O. (1857) En Ostindist Resa til Suratte, China &c. 313–376, Grefing, Stockholm.
Torén, O. (1771) A voyage to Suratte, China, etc. 153–266. Benjamin White, London.
Totton, A.K. (1932) Siphonophora. Scientific Reports. Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929, 4, 317–374.
Totton, A.K. (1936) Plankton of the Bermuda Oceanographic Expeditions. VII. Siphonophora taken during the year 1931. Zoologica, New York, 21, 231–240.
Totton, A.K. (1954) Siphonophora of the Indian Ocean together with systematic and biological notes on related specimens from other oceans. Discovery Reports, 27, 1–162.
Totton, A.K. (1960) Studies on Physalia physalis (L.). Part 1. Natural History and morphology. Discovery Reports, 30, 301–368.
Totton, A.K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. London: British Museum (Natural History), 230 pp, 20 plates.
Van Hasselt, J.C. (1823) Brief von Dr. J.C. van Hasselt an Herrn Prof. van Swinderen zu Gröningen. Isis von Oken, for 1823 1st Part, 1413–1418.
Van Hasselt, J.C. (1824) Anatomie des Physalis. Extrait d’une letter du Dr. J.C. Van Hasselt à M. prof. Van Schwinderen, à Groningue, 3, 117–123.
Vogt, C. (1851) Klasse der Röhrenquallen (Siphonophora). Zoologische Briefe, 1, 138–141.
Vogt, C. (1852a) Ueber die Siphonophoren. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 3, 522–525, Plate XIV.
Vogt, C. (1852b) Note sur les Siphonophores. Sciences Naturelles. 3rd Series. Zoologie, 18, 273–278, Pl. V (partim). [French Translation of Vogt (1852a)].
Vogt, C. (1854) Recherches sur les animaux inférieurs de la Méditerranée. I. Sur les Siphonophores de la mer de Nice. Mémoires de l’Institut National Genevois, 1, 1–165 + 21 plates.
Voigt, J.H. (1806) Holothuria physalis etc. Magazin für den neuesten Zustand der Naturkunde mit Rücklicht auf due dazu gehörigen Hülfswissenschaften, 12, 507–508.
Wagner, R. (1835) Entdeckung männlicher Geschlectstheile bei den Actien. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 1, 215–219, Pl. III.
Wagner, R. (1841) Ueber muthmassliche Nesselorgane der Medusen und das Vorkommen eigenthümlicher Gebilde bei wirbellosen Thieren, welche eine neue Classe von Bewegungsorganen zu constituiren scheinen. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 7, 38–42.
Wallich, G.C. (1863) The structure and habits of Physalia. Intellectual Observer, 2, 362–368.
Weill, R. (1934) Contribution a l’étude des Cnidaires et de leurs nématocystes. II. Valeur taxonomique du cnidome. Traveaux de la Station Zoologique de Wimereux, 11, 349-701.
Werner, B. 1965. Die Nesselkapseln der Cnidaria, mit besonderer Berüchsichtigung der Hydroida. 1. Klassifikation und Bedeutung für die Systematik und Evolution. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 12, 1–39.
Yanagihara, A. A., Kuroiwa, J. M. Y., Oliver, L. M., & Kunkel, D. D. (2002) Ultrastructure of nematocysts from the fishing tentacle of the Hawaiian bluebottle, Physalia utriculus (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophora). Hydrobiologia, 489, 139–150.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023272519668
Zapata, F., Goetz, F.E., Smith, S.A., Howison, M., Siebert, S., Church. S.H., Sanders, S. M., Ames, C.L., McFadden, C.S., France, S.C., Daly, M., Collins, A.G., Haddock, S. H.D., Dunn, C.W & Cartwright, P. (2015) Phylogenomic analyses support traditional relationships within Cnidaria. PLoS One, 10 (10), 13 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4b6d3/1