Abstract
An illustrated morphological description of the adult males of Tanytarsus heliomesonyctios Langton, 1999, is provided for the first time. The males were found in mountain lakes Bolshoi Darpir (Momsky District of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)) and Momontai (Susumansky District of the Magadan Region), located in the Kolyma River basin. Females, pupae and larvae of T. heliomesonyctios was previously described from Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen (Norway) and Ellesmere Island (Arctic Canada), and considered parthenogenetic. Tanytarsus heliomesonyctios is here for the first time noted for the fauna of Russia. Comparison of DNA barcodes shows high K2P nucleotide distances (1.7%) between the sexual populations (Norway and Russia) and the parthenogenetic populations (Svalbard and Canada). In the Bayesian tree, the COI- sequences from adult males group as sister to a strongly supported clade of sequences from parthenogenetic populations. This apparently indicates a single origin of parthenogeneticity, perhaps due to extreme environmental conditions.
References
Ashe, P. & O’Connor, J.P. (2009) A world Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 1. Buchonomyiinae, Chilenomyiinae, Podonominae, Aphroteniinae, Tanypodinae, Usambaromyiinae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae and Telmatogetoninae. Irish Biogeographical Society & National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 445 pp.
Ashe, P. & O’Connor, J.P. (2012) A world catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 2. Orthocladiinae. Two Vols. Sections A & B. Irish Biogeographical Society, Dublin, [14] + xvi + 468 pp. + [6] + 500 pp.
Carew, M., Gagliardi, B. & Hoffmann, A. (2013) Mitochondrial DNA suggests a single maternal origin for the widespread triploid parthenogenetic pest species, Paratanytarsus grimmii, but microsatellite variation shows local endemism. Insect science, 20, 345–357.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01564.x
Donato, M. & Paggi, A.C. (2008) Polypedilum parthenogeneticum (Diptera: Chironomidae): a new parthenogenetic species from Eryngium L. (Apiaceae) phytotelmata. Aquatic Insects, 30, 51–60.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01650420701829633
Edward, D.H.D. (1963) The biology of a parthenogenetic species of Lundstroemia (Diptera: Chironomidae), with descriptions of the immature stages. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 38, 165–170.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1963.tb00745.x
Edwards, F.W.E. (1919) Some parthenogenetic Chironomidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9 (3), 222–228.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931908673815
Edward, D.H.D. & Coless, D.H. (1968) Some Australian Parthenogenetic Chironomidae (Diptera). Australian Journal of Entomology, 7 (2), 158–162.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1968.tb00724.x
Ekrem, T. (2003) Towards a phylogeny of Tanytarsus van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae). Is morphology alone sufficient to reconstruct the genealogical relationship? Insect Systematics & Evolution, 34, 199–219.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187631203788964845
Ekrem, T., Sublette, M.F. & Sublette, J.E. (2003) North American Tanytarsus I. Descriptions and keys to species in the eminulus, gregarius, lugens and mendax species groups (Diptera: Chironomidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 96 (3), 265–328.
https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0265:NATIDA]2.0.CO;2
Felsenstein, J. (1981) Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 17 (6), 368–376.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01734359
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294–299
Gilka, W. & Paasivirta, L. (2007) Two new species of the genus Tanytarsus van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Fennoscandia. In: Andersen, T. (Ed.), Contribution to the Systematics and Ecology of Aquatic Diptera—A Tribute to Ole A. Saether, 2007, pp. 107–113 pp.
Gorodkov, K.B. (1984) Types of habitats of tundra insects and forest zones of the European part of the USSR. L.: Science, 3–20 pp. [in Russian]
Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 2, 111–120.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731581
Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33 (7), 1870–1874.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
Lanfear, R., Calcott, B., Ho, S.Y. & Guindon, S. (2012) Partitionfinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 29 (6), 1695–1701.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss020
Langton, P.H. (1992) The Chironomidae collected on Ellesmere Island by Dr. Kate Silvester. In: Hankinson, K.W. (Ed.), Ellesmere, 1991, pp.1– 87. [privately published]
Langton, P.H. (1999) Micropsectra silvesterae n.sp. and Tanytarsus heliomesonyctios n.sp., (Diptera: Chironomidae), two parthenogenetic species from Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 71 (3), 208–215.
Lencioni, V. (2004) Survival strategies of freshwater insects in cold environments, Journal of Limnology, 63, 45–55.
https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2004.s1.45
Lin, X., Stur, E. & Ekrem, T. (2015) Exploring Genetic Divergence in a Species-Rich Insect Genus Using 2790 DNA Barcodes. PLoS ONE, 10 (9), e0138993.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138993
Lindeberg, B. (1974) Parthenogenetic and normal populations of Abiskomyia virgo Edw. (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologisk Tidskrift, 95 (Supplement), 157–161.
Lindeberg, B. (1958) A parthenogenetic race of Monotanytarsus boreoalpinus Th. (Dipt., Chironomidae) from Finland. Suomen Hyönteistieteellinen Aikakauskirja, 24, 35–38.
Makarchenko, E.A., Makarchenko, M.A., Orel, O.V. & Khamenkova, E.A. (2019) Preliminary Data On The Chironomid Fauna (Diptera, Chironomidae) Of The Mountain Lakes Of Cherskiy Ridge (Magadan Region And Sakha Republic (Yakutia)). Vladimir Ya. Levanidov’s Biennial Memorial Meetings, 8, 73–90.
https://doi.org/10.25221/levanidov.08.09
Nondula, N., Marshall, D.J., Baxter, R., Sinclair, B.J. & Chown, S.L. (2004) Life history and osmoregulatory ability of Telmatogeton amphibius (Diptera, Chironomidae) at Marion Island, Polar Biology, 27, 629–635.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-004-0619-z
Porter, D.L. (1971) Oogenesis and chromosomal heterozygosity in the thelytokous midge, Lundstroemia pathenogenetica (Diptera: Chronomidae). Chromosoma, 32, 332–342.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00284841
Porter, D.L. & Martin, J. (2011) Cytogenetics of a parthenogenetic Arctic species of Micropsectra (Diptera, Chironomidae). Comparitive Cytogenetics, 5, 315–328.
https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v5i4.1356
Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M.A. (2018) Posterior summarisation in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Systematic Biology, 67 (5), 901–904.
https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032
Reiss, F. & Fittkau, E.J. (1971) Taxonomy and ecology European distributed Tanytarsus-species (Chironomidae, Diptera). Archive Hydrobiology, Supplement, 40 (1–2), 75–200.
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
Sæther, O.A. (1980) Glossary of chironomid morphology terminology (Chironomidae, Diptera). Entomologica scandinavica, 14 (Supplement), 1–51.
Stur, E. & Ekrem, T. (2011) Exploring unknown life stages of Arctic Tanytarsini (Diptera: Chironomidae) with DNA barcoding. Zootaxa, 2743 (1), 27–39.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2743.1.2
Tavaré, S. (1986) Some Probabilistic and Statistical Problems in the Analysis of DNA Sequences (PDF). Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences. American Mathematical Society, 17, 57–86.