Abstract
A new free-living marine nematode of the family Xyalidae is described from Armação Beach, northeastern Brazil, and the genus Pseudosteineria is reviewed. Pseudosteineria longisetis sp. n. is characterized by having six groups of long subcephalic setae, amphids situated slightly anterior to the groups of subcephalic setae or at the level of the first subcephalic setae, long somatic setae located posteriorly to subcephalic setae and distributed along the body, one papiliform precloacal supplement, and gubernaculum with dorso-caudal apophysis. An emended diagnosis of the genus, an updated list of species and dichotomous identification key, and a pictorial key are given. A comparative table including the main characters of all Pseudosteineria species is also provided.
References
Allgén, C.A. (1959) Freeliving marine nematodes. Further zoological results of the Swedish Antarctic expedition, 1901–1903 under the direction of Dr. Otto Nordenskjold. V (2) P.A. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm, 293 pp.
Appeltans, W., Ahyong, S.T., Anderson, G., Angel, M.V., Artois, T., Bailly, N., Bamber, R., Barber, A., Bartsch, I., Berta, A., Blazewicz-Paszkovicz, M., Bock, P., Boxshall, G., Boyko, C.B., Brandao, S.N., Bray, R.A., Bruce, N.L., Cairns, S.D., Chan, T.Y., Cheng, L., Collins, A.G., Cribb, T., Curini-Galletti, M., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Davie, P.J.F., Dawson, M.N., Clerck, O.D., Decock, W., Grave, S.D., Voogd, N.J., Domning, D.P., Emig, C.C., Erséus, C., Eschmeyer, W., Fauchald, K., Fautin, D.G., Feist, S.W., Fransen, C.H.J.M., Furuya, H., Garcia-Alvarez, O., Gerken, S., Gibson, D., Gittenberger, A., Gofas, S., Gómez-Daglio, L., Gordon, D.P., Guiry, M.D., Hernandez, F., Hoeksema, B.W., Hopcroft, R.R., Jaume, D., Kirk, P., Koedam, N., Koenemann, S., Kolb, J.B., Kristensen, R.M., Kroh, A., Lambert, G., Lazarus, D.B., Lemaitre, R., Longshaw, M., Lowry, J., Macpherson, M., Madin, L.P., Mah, C., Mapstone, G., McLaughlin, P.A., Mees, J., Meland, K., Messing, C.J., Mills, C.E., Molodsova, T.N., Mooi, R., Neuhaus, B., Ng, P.K.L., Nielsen, C., Norenburg, J., Opresko, D.M., Osawa, M., Paulay, G., Perrin, W., Pilger, J.F., Poore, G.C.B., Pugh, P., Read, G.B., Reimer, J.D., Rius, M., Rocha, R.M., Saiz-Salinas, J.I., Scarabino, V., Schierwater, B., Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., Schnabel, K.E., Schotte, M., Schuchert, P., Schwabe, E., Segers, H., Self-Sullivan, C., Shenkar, N., Siegel, V., Sterrer, W., Stohr, S., Swalla, B., Tasker, M.L., Thuesen, E.V., Timm, T., Todaro, M.A., Turon, X., Tyler, S., Uetz, P., van der Land, J., Vanhoorne, B., van Ofwegen, L.P., van Soest, R.W.M., Vanaverbeke, J., Walker-Smith, G., Walter, T.C., Warren, A., Williams, G.C., Wilson, S.P. & Costello, M.J. (2012) The magnitude of global marine species diversity. Current Biology, 22, 2189–2202.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.036
Aryuthaka, C. & Kito, K. (2018) Two new species of the genus Daptonema Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Xyalidae) found in an intertidal seagrass bed on the coast of the Andaman Sea, Thailand, with reference to the taxonomic status of the genus Trichotheristus Wieser, 1956. Zootaxa, 4394 (1), 77–94.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4394.1.4
Bastian, H.C. (1865) Monograph of the Anguillulidae, or free nematoids, marine, land, and freshwater; with descriptions of 100 new species. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 25 (2), 73–184.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1865.tb00179.x
Bongers, T. & Ferris, H. (1999) Nematode community structure as a bioindicator in environmental monitoring. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 14 (6), 224–228.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01583-3
Chitwood, B.G. (1951) North American marine nematodes. Texas Journal of Science, 3 (4), 617–672.
Cobb, N.A. (1917) Notes on nemas. Contribution to a science of nematology, 5, 117–128.
Cobb, N.A. (1920) One hundred new nemas (type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to a science of nematology, 9, 217–343.
De Coninck, L.A. (1965) Classe des Nématodes—Systématique des nématodes et sous-classe des Adenophorea. Traite de Zoologie, 4 (2), 586–681.
De Coninck, L.A. & Schuurmans Stekhoven, J.H. (1933) The freeliving marine nemas of the Belgian Coast. II With general remarks on the structure and the system of nemas. Mémoires du Musée royal d’histoire naturelle de Belgique, 58, 3–163.
De Grisse, A.T. (1969) Redescription ou modification de quelques techniques utilisés dans l’étude des nématodes phytoparasitaires. Mededelingen Rijksfakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen, 34, 351–369.
De Ley, P. & Blaxter, M. (2002) Systematic position and phylogeny. In: Lee, D.L. (Ed.), The biology of nematodes. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 1–30.
De Ley, P. & Blaxter, M. (2004) A new system for Nematoda combining morphological characters with molecular trees, and translating clades into ranks and taxa. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives, 2, 633–653.
Ditlevsen, H. (1928) Free-living marine nematodes from Greenland waters. Meddelelser om Gronland, 23, 199–250.
Fadeeva, N.P. (1986) Systematic study of the genus Pseudosteineria (Nematoda, Xyalidae). Vestn Zoologii, 1, 3–9.
Farias, F.F., Bittencourt, A.C.S.P., Zanini, A. & Dominguez, J.M.L. (1985) Variações Temporais e Espaciais na Dinâmica da Sedimentação da Praia de Armação, Salvador (BA). Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 15 (1), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.25249/0375-7536.19854854
Filipjev, I.N. (1918) Free-living marine nematodes of the Sevastopol area. Transactions of the Zoological Laboratory and the Sevastopol Biological Station of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 (4), 1–350. [in Russian]
Filipjev, I.N. (1929) Classification of freeliving Nematoda and relations to parasitic forms. Journal of Parasitology, 15, 281–282.
Fonseca, G. & Bezerra, T.N. (2014) Order Monhysterida Filipjev, 1929. In: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology: Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnatifera. Vol. 2. Nematoda. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 435–465.
Galtsova, V.V. (1976) Free-living nematodes as a component of meiobenthos of Chupa Inlet of the White Sea. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei (Nematody i ikh rol’ v meiobentose), 15 (23), 165–272.
Gerlach, S.A. (1955) Zur kenntnis der freilebenden marinen nematoden von San Salvador. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 158 (2/4), 249–303.
Gerlach, S.A. (1956) Die Nematodenbesiedlung des tropischen Brandungsstrandes von Pernambuco. Brasilianische Meeres-Nematoden II. Kieler Meeresforschungen, 12 (2), 202–218.
Gerlach, S.A. (1957) Die Nematodenfauna Des Sandstrandes an Der Küste von Mittelbrasilien (Brasilianische Meeres‐Nematoden IV). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Zoologisches Museum und Institut für Spezielle Zoologie, Berlin, 33 (2), 411–459.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.19570330206
Gerlach, S.A. & Riemann, F. (1973) The Bremerhaven Checklist of Aquatic Nematodes. A Catalogue of Nematoda Adenophorea excluding the Dorylaimida. Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven Supplementband, 4, 1–736.
Huang, Y. & Li, J. (2010) Two new free-living marine nematode species of the genus Pseudosteineria (Monohysterida: Xyalidae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Journal of Natural History, 44 (41–42), 2453–2463.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.501530
Hugot, J.P., Baujard, P. & Morand, S. (2001) Biodiversity in helminths and nematodes as a field of study: an overview. Nematology, 3 (3), 199–208.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854101750413270
Inglis, W.G. (1983) An Outline Classification of the Phylum Nematoda. Australian Journal of Zoology, 31, 243–255.
https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9830243
de Man, J.G. (1880) Die Einheimischen, frei in der reinen Erde und im süssen Wasser lebenden Nematoden. Vorlaufiger Bericht und descriptive-systematischer Teil. Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging, 5, 1–104.
Mawson, P.M. (1957) Marine freeliving nematodes from South Australia, part 1. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 80, 98–108.
Moens, T., Braeckman, U., Derycke, S., Fonseca, G., Gallucci, F., Gingold, R., Guilini, K., Ingels, J., Leduc, D., Vanaverbeke, J., Colen, C.V., Vanreusel, A. & Vincx, M. (2014) Ecology of free-living marine nematodes. In: Schmidt- Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology: Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnatifera. Vol. 2. Nematoda. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 109–152.
Pastor de Ward, C.T. (1985) Nematodes marinos de la Ria Deseado (Monhysteroidea, Xyalidae), Santa Cruz, Argentina. II. Physis, Buenos Aires, Secciones A, 43 (105), 113–130.
Pearse, A.S. (1942) An Introduction to Parasitology. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 375 pp.
Platonova, T.A. (1971) Free-living marine nematodes in the Bay of Pos’ et, Sea of Japan. Fauna and flora of the Bay of Pos’ et, Sea of Japan, Leningrad, Nauka, 8 (16), 72–108.
Schuurmans Stekhoven, J.H. (1950) The freeliving marine nemas of the Mediterranean: I. The Bay of Villefranche. Mémoires de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 2, 1–220.
Steiner, G. (1916) Freilebende Nematoden aus der Barentssee. Abteilung fuer Systematik Zoologische Jahrbücher, 39, 511–664.
Sun, Y., Huang, Y., Tang, H., Zang, Y., Xiao, H. & Tang, X. (2019) Two new free-living nematode species of the family Xyalidae from the Laizhou Bay of the Bohai Sea, China. Zootaxa, 4614 (2), 383–394.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4614.2.7
Tchesunov, A.V. (1990) Long-hairy Xyalidae (Nematoda, Chromadoria, Monhysterida) in the White Sea: new species, new combinations and status of the genera Trichotheristus. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 69 (10), 5–19.
Tchesunov, A.V. (2000) Descriptions of Pseudosteineria horrida (Steiner, 1916) and P. ventropapillata sp. nov. from the White Sea with a review of the genus Pseudosteineria Wieser, 1956 (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Xyalidae). Annales Zoologici, 50 (2), 281–287.
Venekey, V., Gheller, P.F., Maria, T.F., Brustolin, M.C., Kandratavicius, N., Vieira, D.C., Brito, S., Souza, G.S. & Fonseca, G. (2014) The state of the art of Xyalidae (Nematoda, Monhysterida) with reference to the Brazilian records. Marine biodiversity, 44 (3), 367–390.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-014-0226-3
Wieser, W. (1956) Free-living marine nematodes III. Axonolaimoidea and Monhysteroidea. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 52 (13), 1–115.
Wieser, W. (1959) Free-living nematodes and other small invertebrates of Puget Sound beaches. University of Washington Publications in biology, 19, 1–179.