Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2020-04-22
Page range: 539–556
Abstract views: 220
PDF downloaded: 8

Revisiting the diversity and distribution of the ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Peru

Laboratorio de Ecología Marina. Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 203, 48280. Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico.
Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, S.M.P., Lima, Perú.
Echinodermata checklist biogeographic provinces literature references museum records new distribution records

Abstract

While the Ophiuroidea of Peruvian waters have long been studied, there exists inconsistencies regarding taxonomy and spatial distribution records. Based on literature review and museum records, we provide an updated checklist of the ophiuroids accompanied by the first geographical distribution analysis. Peruvian waters host 36 species of Ophiuroidea (three doubtful), yet 15 previous records of species are considered invalid for the area. We recorded five new records of species for Peru: Amphiodia oerstedi, Diopederma daniana, Ophiocomella alexandri, Ophiolepis crassa, and Ophiophthalmus normani. Peruvian maritime area is divided into four areas: The Tropical Eastern Pacific area where 16 species of ophiuroids occur, the Transition Zone with 13 species, the Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific with nine species, and the Deep Zone with 14 species. We found significant differences in species composition among areas (except among the Eastern Pacific and the Transitional Zone), and each of them is represented by particular species. According to the rarefaction curve, the inventory of ophiuroids for the country is not yet complete; therefore, we suggest performing more expeditions along the Peruvian waters focusing mainly on the deep zones which remain relatively unexplored to date.

 

References

  1. Alvarado, J.J. (2010) Isla del Coco (Costa Rica) Echinoderms: State of knowledge. In: Harris, L.G., Böttger, S.A., Walker, C.W. & Lesser, M.P. (Eds.), Echinoderms: Durham. Proceedings of the 12th International Echinoderm Conference. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, Balkema, Leiden, pp. 103–113.

    Alvarado, J.J. & Cortés, J. (2009) Echinoderms. In: Wehrtmann, I.S. & Cortés, J. (Eds.), Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America. Springer, Berlin, pp. 421–433 (text), pp. 392–408 (CD).

    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8278-8_39

    Alvarado, J.J., Solís-Marín, F.A. & Ahearn, C.G. (2010) Echinoderm (Echinodermata) diversity in the Pacific coast of Central America. Marine Biodiversity, 40, 45–56.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-009-0032-5

    Anderson, M.J., Gorley, R.N. & Clarke, K.R. (2008) PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: guide to software and statistical methods. PRIMER-E, Plymouth, 240 pp.

    ArcMap version 10.4.1 (software). ESRI ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.4.1.2015. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California.

    Austin, W. & Hadfield, M.G. (1980) Ophiuroidea: The brittle stars. In: Morris, R.H., Abbott, D.P. & Haderlie, E.C. (Eds.), Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, pp. 146–159. [1]

    Ayala-Bocos, A., Reyes-Bonilla, H., Herrero-Pérezrul, M.D., Walther-Mendoza, M. & Castañeda-Fernández de Lara, V. (2011) New records and range extensions of Astrodictyum panamense (Ophiuroidea: Gorgonocephalidae) in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Biodiversity Records, 4, 1–3. [2]

    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267211000327

    Béarez, P. & Bujard, J.T. (2014) First record of Astrocaneum spinosum (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Gorgonocephalidae) from the Gulf of Guayaquil, tropical Eastern Pacific. Marine Biodiversity Records, 6, 1–3. [3]

    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267213001000

    Belyaev, G.M. & Litvinova, N.M. (1972) New genera and species of deep-sea Ophiuroidea. Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelej Prirody. Otdel Biologicheskii, 3, 5–20.

    Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Pérez, G.H., Cantera, J.R., Cohen-Rengifo, M. & Neira, R. (2013) Echinoderms of Colombia. In: Alvarado-Barrientos, J.J. & Solís-Marín, F.A. (Eds.), Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 145–182.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9_5

    Borges, M., Gouveia-Monteiro, A.M. & Zacagnini-Amaral, A.C. (2002) Taxonomy of Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from the continental shelf and slope of the southern and southeastern Brazilian coast. Biota Neotropica, 2 (2), 1–69. [4]

    https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032002000200010

    Brusca, R.C. (1973) A handbook to the common intertidal invertebrates of the Gulf of California. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 427 pp. [5]

    Caso, M.E. (1951) Contribución al conocimiento de los ofiuroideos de México. 1. Algunas especies de ofiuroideos litorales. Anales Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 22 (1), 219–312. [6]

    Caso, M.E. (1979) Los equinodermos de la Bahía de Mazatlán, Sinaloa. Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, México, 6 (1), 197–368. [7]

    Caso, M.E. (1986) Los Equinodermos del Golfo de California colectados en las campañas SIPCO I-II-III a bordo del B/O “El Puma”. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma México, 13 (1), 91–184. [8]

    Caso, M.E. (1992) Los Equinodermos (Asteroideos, Ofiuroideos y Equinoideos de la Bahía de Mazatlán, Sinaloa. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Publicaciones Especiales, 11, 1–214. [9]

    Clark, A.M. (1966) Notes on the family Ophiotrichidae (Ophiuroidea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 13, 637–655. [10]

    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936608651676

    Clark, A.M. & Rowe, F.W.E. (1971) Monograph of shallow-water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 238 pp. [11]

    Clark, H.L. (1909) Scientific results of the trawling expedition of H.M.C.S. “Thetis”, off the coast of New South Wales, in February and March, 1898, Echinodermata. Australian Museum Memoir, 4 (11), 519–564.

    https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1967.4.1907.1506

    Clark, H.L. (1910) The Echinoderms of Peru. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard University, 52 (17), 321–358. [12]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.24250

    Clark, H.L. (1915) Catalogue of recent ophiurans: based on the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, 25, 164–376. [13]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48598

    Clark, H.L. (1917) Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer “Albatross” from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut. Commander L. M. Garrett U.S.N., Commanding. XXX. Ophiuroidea. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard University, 61 (12), 429–453. [14]

    Clark, H.L. (1918) Brittlestars, new and old. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard University, 62 (6), 265–338. [15]

    Clarke, A. & Johnston, N.M. (2003) Antarctic marine benthic diversity: patterns and processes. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 41, 47–114.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.07.008

    Clarke, K.R. & Warwick, R.M. (2006) Change in marine communities: An approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. PRIMER-E, London, 262 pp.

    Colwell, R.K., Mao, C.X. & Chang, J. (2004) Interpolating, extrapolating, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves. Ecology, 85, 2717–2727.

    https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0557

    Cortés, J. (2012) Marine biodiversity of an Eastern Tropical Pacific oceanic island, Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60 (3), 131–185.

    Delle Chiaje, S. (1828) Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di Napoli. Società Tipografica, 3, 1–232.

    Döderlein, L. (1911) Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Über Japanische und andere Euryalae. Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, Supplement-Band, 2 (5), 1–123. [16]
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16334

    Downey, M.E. (1969) Catalog of recent ophiuroid type specimens in major collections in the United States. United States National Museum Bulletin, 293, 1–239. [17]

    https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.293

    Granja-Fernández, R., Herrero-Pérezrul, M.D., López-Pérez, R.A., Hernández, L., Rodríguez-Zaragoza, F.A., Jones, R.W. & Pineda-López, R. (2014) Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from coral reefs in the Mexican Pacific. Zookeys, 406, 101–145. [18]

    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.406.6306

    Granja-Fernández, R., Herrero-Pérezrul, M.D., López-Pérez, R.A., Hernández-Morales, A. & Rangel-Solís, P.D. (2015) A literature review of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from the Pacific coast of Mexico. Revista de Biología Tropical, 63 (2), 37–47.

    Hendler, G., Miller, J.E., Pawson, D.L. & Kier, P.M. (1995) Sea stars, sea urchins, and allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 390 pp.

    Hendler, G. (1996) Taxonomic atlas of The Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 14. Class Ophiuroidea. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 179 pp. [19]

    Herrero-Pérezrul, M.D., Reyes-Bonilla, H. & Granja-Fernández, R. (2017) Effects of environmental factors on the abundances of the basket stars Astrocaneum spinosum and Astrodictyum panamense (Ophiuroidea: Gorgonocephalidae) in the northern Gulf of California, Mexico. Marine Biology Research, 13 (2), 210–219. [20]

    https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1236203

    Hickman, C.P. Jr (1998) A Field Guide to Sea Stars and other Echinoderms of Galápagos. Sugar Spring, Virginia, 83 pp. [21]

    Hill, A. (1940) A new genus of brittle stars, Amphicontus. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 8 (1), 1–4. [22]

    Hooker, Y. (2009) Nuevos registros de peces costeros tropicales para el Perú. Revista Peruana de Biología, 16, 33–41.

    https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v16i1.192

    Hooker, Y., Solís-Marín, F.A. & Lleellish, M. (2005). Equinodermos de las Islas Lobos de Afuera (Lambayeque, Perú). Revista Peruana de Biología, 12 (1), 77–82. [23]

    Hooker, Y., Prieto-Rios, E. & Solís-Marín, F.A. (2013) Echinoderms of Peru. In: Alvarado-Barrientos, J.J. & Solís-Marín, F.A. (Eds.), Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 277–299. [24]

    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9_8

    Ives, J.E. (1889) Catalogue of the Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 169, 179.

    Koehler, R. (1897) Echinodermes recueillis par “l’Investigator” dans l’Ocean Indien. I. Les Ophiures de mer profonde. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie, Series 8, 4, 277–372.

    Koehler, R. (1900) Note preliminaire sur les Echinides et les Ophiures de l’Expédition Antarctique Belge. Bulletin Academie Royale Belgique, 11 (3), 814–820.

    Koehler, R. (1907) Revision de la Collection des Ophiures du Museum D´Historie Naturelle de Paris. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 61, 279–370. [25]

    Koehler, R. (1908) Astéries, Ophiures et Echinides de l’Expedition Antarctique National Ecossaise. Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of S.Y. Scotia during the years 1902, 1903, and 1904, 5 (13), 193–313.

    Koehler, R. (1922) Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-1914, Scientific Report Series C, 8 (2), 5–98.

    Kyte, M.A. (1987) Stegophiura ponderosa (Lyman), new combination, and Amphiophiura vemae and Homophiura nexila, new species (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the R/V Vema collections. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 100, 249–256.

    Lama, P., Lavika, G., Jensena, M.M., Vossenbergb, J., Schmidb, M., Woebkena, D., Gutiérrez, D., Amanna, R., Jettenb, M.S.M. & Kuypersa, M.M.M. (2009) Revising the nitrogen cycle in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 4752–4757.

    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812444106

    Lambert, P. & Boutillier, J. (2011) Deep-sea Echinodermata of British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2929, 1–140. [26]

    Law of the baselines of the maritime domain of Peru (2014) Ley Nº 30223: Ley que adecua la Ley Nº 28621, Ley de Líneas Base del Dominio Marítimo del Perú, según la delimitación marítima entre la República del Perú y la República de Chile, realizada por el fallo de la Corte Internacional de Justicia del 27 de enero de 2014. Available from: http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/es/c/LEX-FAOC140954/ (accessed 30 March 2020)

    Le Conte, J.L. (1851) Zoological Notes. Proceedings of the Society of Natural History Philadelphia 1850–1851, 5, 316–319.

    Ljungman, A.V. (1867) Ophiuroidea viventia huc usque cognita eneumerat. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 23, 303–336. [27]

    Luke, S.R. (1982) Catalog of benthic invertebrate collections, Echinodermata. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Series. No.82-5. University of California, La Jolla, 66 pp. [28]

    Lütken, C.F. (1856) III. Bidrag til kundskab om Ophiurerne ved Central-Amerikas vestkyst. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 1856, 20–26. [29]

    Lütken, C.F. (1859) Additamenta ad Historiam Ophiuridarum. Beskrivelser af de fra Vestindien og Central Amerikas vestkyst hidtil beckjendte Slangest jerner. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Biologiske Skrifter, 2, 75–169. [30]

    Lütken, C.F. & Mortensen, T. (1899) The Ophiuridae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 23, 93–208.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65637

    Lyman, T. (1860) Descriptions of new Ophiuridae, belonging to the Smithsonian Institution and to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7, 193–204, 252–262. [31]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4822

    Lyman, T. (1865) Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, 1, 1–200. [32]

    Lyman, T. (1875) II. Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae. Zoological results of the “Hassler” Expedition. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 8, 1–34. [33]

    Lyman, T. (1878) Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae of the “Challenger” expedition. Part I. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College, 5 (7), 65–168.

    Lyman, T. (1879) Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae of the “Challenger” expedition. Part II. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College, 6 (2), 17–83.

    Maluf, L.Y. (1988) Composition and distribution of the central Eastern Pacific Echinoderms. Technical Report 2. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, 307 pp. [34]

    Maluf, L.Y. (1991) Echinoderm fauna of the Galápagos Islands. In: James, M.J. (Ed.), Galápagos marine invertebrates: taxonomy, biogeography, and evolution in Darwin’s Islands. Plenum, New York, pp. 345–367. [35]

    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0646-5_17

    Maluf, L.Y. & Brusca, R.C. (2005) Echinodermata. Chapter 18. In: Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C. & Findley, L.T. (Eds.), A Distributional checklist of the macrofauna of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Part I. Invertebrates. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, pp. 327–343. [36]

    Martynov, A.V. & Litvinova, N.M. (2008) Deep-water Ophiuroidea of the northern Atlantic with descriptions of three new species and taxonomic remarks on certain genera and species. Marine Biology Research, 4 (1), 76–111.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000701840066

    Müller, J. & Troschel, F.H. (1842) System der Asteriden.1. Asteriae. 2. Ophiuridae. Vieweg, Braunschweig, 134 pp.

    Müller, J. & Troschel, F.H. (1843) Neue Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Asteriden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 9 (11), 113–131.

    Nielsen, E. 1932. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pacific Expedition 1914–1916. 59. Ophiurans from the Gulf of Panama, California, and the Strait of Georgia. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 91, 241–346.

    O´Hara, T.D., Stöhr, S., Hugall, A.F., Thuy, B. & Martynov, A. (2018) Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification. European Journal of Taxonomy, 416, 1–35.

    https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.416

    Okanishi, M. & Fujita, T. (2014) A taxonomic review of the genus Astrodia (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Asteronychidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 94 (1), 187–201. [37]

    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315413001331

    Paredes, C. (1974). El modelo de zonación en la orilla rocosa del Departamento de Lima. Revista Peruana de Biología, 1 (2), 168–191. [38]
    https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v1i2.8422

    Paredes, C., Tarazona, J., Canahuire, E., Romero, L. & Cornejo, O. (1988) Invertebrados Macro-Bentónicos del área de Pisco, Perú. In: Salzwedel, H. & Landa, A. (Eds.), Recursos y dinámica del ecosistema del afloramiento peruano. Boletín Instituto del Mar Perú Callao, Volumen extraordinario, pp. 121–132. [39]

    Paredes, C., Cardoso, F. & Tarazona, J. (1999) Invertebrados del intermareal rocoso del departamento de Lima, Perú: Una lista comentada de especies. Revista Peruana de Biología, 6 (2), 143–151. [40]

    https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v6i2.8309

    Paterson, G.L.J. (1985) The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 49 (1), 1–162.

    Philippi, A. (1858) Beschreibungen einiger neuer Seesterne aus dem Meere von Chiloe. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 24 (1), 264–268.

    Pineda-Enríquez, T., Solís-Marín, F.A., Hooker, Y. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2013) Ophioderma peruana, a new species of brittlestar (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophiodermatidae) from the Peruvian coast. ZooKeys, 357, 53–65. [41]

    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.357.6176

    Rowe, F.W.E. & Pawson, D.L. (1977) A catalogue of echinoderm type-specimens in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Records of The Australian Museum, 30, 337–364. [42]

    https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.30.1977.392

    Sánchez, G., Orozco, R. & Alvarado, D. (1996) Evaluación de los efectos de la contaminación en el macrobentos de la bahía Carquín, Huacho. 1990-1991. Informe Progresivo Instituto del Mar del Perú, 48, 3–19. [43]

    Say, T. (1825) On the species of the Linnaean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the U.S. Journal of the Academy of natural sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 141–154.

    Solís-Marín, F.A., Alvarado, J.J., Abreu-Pérez, M. et al. (2013) Appendix. In: Alvarado-Barrientos, J.J. & Solís-Marín, F.A. (Eds.), Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 543–658. [44]

    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9

    Spalding, M.D., Fox, H.E., Allen, G.R., Davidson, N., Ferdaño, Z.A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B.S., Jorge, M.A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S.A., Martin, K.D., McManus, E., Molina, J., Recchia, C.A. & Robertson, J. (2007) Marine Ecoregions of the World: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience, 57 (7), 573–583.

    https://doi.org/10.1641/B570707

    Stöhr, S., O ìHara, T. & Thuy, B. (2020) World Ophiuroidea database. Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/ophiuroidea (accessed 3 March 2020)

    Tarazona, J., Guitérrez, D., Paredes, C. & Indacochea, A. (2003) Overview and challenges of marine biodiversity research in Peru. Gayana, 67 (2), 206–231.

    https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-65382003000200009

    Tarazona, J., Arntz, W., Canahuire, E., Ayala, Z. & Robles, A. (1985) Modificaciones producidas durante El Niño en la infauna bentónica de áreas someras del ecosistema peruano. Boletín Instituto del Mar del Perú, Volumen Extraordinario, 55–63. [45]

    Tarazona, J., Salzwedel, H. & Arnzt, W.E. (1988a) Oscillations of macrobenthos in shallow waters of the Peruvian central coast induced by E1 Niño 1982-83. Journal of Marine Research, 46, 593–611. [46]

    https://doi.org/10.1357/002224088785113513

    Tarazona, J., Salzwedel, H. & Arnzt, W.E. (1988b) Positive effects of El Niño on macrozoobenthos inhabiting hypoxic areas of the Peruvian upwelling system. Oecologia, 76, 184–190. [47]

    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379951

    Tarazona, J., Arntz, W.E. & Canahuire, E. (1996) Impact of two ‘El Niño’ events of different intensity on the hypoxic soft bottom macrobenthos off the central Peruvian coast. Marine Ecology, 17, 425–446. [48]

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1996.tb00519.x

    Tarazona, J. & Valle, S. (1999) Impactos potenciales del cambio climático global sobre el ecosistema marino peruano. In: Marticorena, B. (Ed.), Vulnerabilidad frente al cambio climático: Aproximaciones a la experiencia con el fenómeno El Niño. Consejo Nacional del Ambiente -CONAM, Lima, pp. 95–111. [49]

    Tommasi, L.R. (1968) Amphiuridae de la Bahía de Valparaiso (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea). Revista de Biología Marina, 13 (2), 71–83.

    Tommasi, L.R. (1976) Ophiuroidea collected in the Peru-Chile trench by the USNS “Eltanin” during Cruise III. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 29 (8), 281–318. [50]

    Verrill, A.E. (1867a) V. Notes on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 2 Notes on the Echinoderms of Panama and West Coast of America, with descriptions of new genera and species. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1 (2), 251–322. [51]

    Verrill, A.E. (1867b) V. Notes on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 3 On the geographical Distribution of the Echinoderms of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1 (2), 323–338. [52]

    Verrill, A.E. (1867c) V. Notes on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 4 Comparison of the Tropical Echinoderm-Faunae of the East and West coasts of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1 (2), 339–350. [53]

    Verrill, A.E. (1867d) V. Notes on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 9 On the echinoderm-fauna of the Gulf of California and Cape St. Lucas. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1 (2), 593–596. [54]

    Verrill, A.E. (1869) On new and imperfectly known echinoderms and corals. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 12, 381–396. [55]

    Verrill, A.E. (1871) On the echinoderm fauna of the Gulf of California and Cape San Lucas. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1, 593–596. [56]

    Ziesenhenne, F.C. (1937) Echinoderms from the West Coast of Lower California, the Gulf of California and Clarion Island. Zoologica, 22, 209–239.

    Ziesenhenne, F.C. (1940) New Ophiurans of the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 8, 9–52. [57]

    Ziesenhenne, F.C. (1955) A review of the genus Ophioderma Müller and Troschel. In: Essays in the Natural Sciences in honor of Captain Allan Hancock, on the occasion of his birthday, July 26, 1955. University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, California, pp. 185–201. [58]