Abstract
Chloropidae are of major economic importance, since the larvae of some species are pests of cereals and grasses, some are parasitoids and predators, and adults of some Hippelates spp. visit and transmit or are suspected of transmitting yaws sores in man and animals and by feeding around the eyes are vectors of Brazilian Purpuric Fever. Within the framework of the exploration of the biodiversity of Diptera in Southwest Saudi Arabia a survey of the grass flies fauna in 18 sites in Jazan, Asir, and Najran in south-western Saudi Arabia was performed mainly using Malaise traps and sweep nets from 2010– to 2016. Sixty six species of 43 genera and three subfamilies of Chloropidae were identified and are recorded from Saudi Arabia, 20 of them for the first time and three are described as new species: Elachiptera arabica Deeming sp. n.; Kwarea ismayi Deeming sp.n. and Tricimba turneri Deeming sp.n.. This makes the total number of Chloropidae species in Saudi Arabia 95 (including 29 species previously recorded). Seventy images are presented. The species of Chloropidae listed are predominantly of Afrotropical/ Palaearctic origin. An updated checklist of Chloropidae species of Saudi Arabia is presented.This study adds new records of Chloropidae to the Saudi Arabian Diptera fauna, which will become reference points for research detailing the systematic geographic distribution and for identifying other specimens submitted for identification. Further species will undoubtedly be discovered with more research involving collecting and rearing methods.
References
Abu-Thuraya, N.H. (1982) General Survey, Agricultural in Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Agriculture. and Water, Agriculture Research Department of Plant Protection, Research Division. 1982. 80 pp.
Adams, C.F. (1905) Diptera Africana, I. Kansas University Science Bulletin 3, 149–208.
Abu-Zoherah, R., Al-Taher, K. & Tilkian, S. (1993) List of Insects Recorded from Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Agriculture and Water, National Agriculture and Water Research Centre, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh. 394 pp.
Al-Ahmadi, A.Z. & Salem, M.M. (1999) Entomofauna of Saudi Arabia, Part 1: Checklist of Insects. Academic Publishing & Press, King Saud University. 240 pp
Al-Ali, A. (1977) Phytophagous and Entomophagous Insects and Mites of Iraq. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, University of Baghdad. Natural History Research Center Publication. Publication Number 33, 142 pp.
Al-Houty, W. (1989.) Insect Fauna of Kuwait. Fahad Al-Marzouk, Printing & Publishing Establishment, Kuwait. 189 pp.
Andersson, H. (1977) Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on Chloropidae (Diptera) with special reference to Old World genera. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 8, 1–200. Lund.
Becker, T. (1903) Äegyptische Dipteren (Fortsetzung und Schluss). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 2, 67–195.
Becker, T. (1907) Die Ergebnisse meiner dipterologischen Frühjahrsreise nach Algier und Tunis. 1906. (concl.) Zeitschrift für Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 7, 369–407.
Becker, T. (1908) Dipteren der Kanarischen Inseln. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 4, 1–180, Tafeln 1–4, Berichtigung p. 206.
Becker, T. (1909) Collections recueillies par M. Maurice de Rothschild dans I’ Afrique orientale anglaise. Insectes: Diptères nouveaux. Bulletin du Museum. d’ Histoire Naturelle. Paris, 15, 113–121.
Becker, T. (1910a) Chloropidae. Eine monographische Studie. 11. Teil. Aethiopische Region. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 8, 377–443.
Becker, T. (1910b) Chloropidae. Eine monographische Studie. 1. Teil. Palaearktische Region. Archivum Zoologicum, Budapest, 1: 33–174, pls. 2–3.
Becker, T. (1912) Chloropidae. Eine monographische Studie. IV. Teil. Nearktische Region. V. Teil. Neotropische Region. Nachtrag. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 10, 21–256. pl. 1.
Becker, T. (1913) Chloropiden aus Abessynien gesammelt von E. Kovács. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 11, 147–167.
Beschovski, V.L. (1978) Subdivision of the genus Oscinella Becker, 1909 (Diptera: Chloropidae), with description of a new species. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 10, 21–29.
Beschovski, V.L. (1987) Description of Sabroskyina genus novum (Diptera: Chloropidae) and taxonomic remarks on the species included. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 34, 36–44.
Chinery, M. (2012) Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe. 3rd Edition, Bloomsbury, London. 320 pp.
Collin, J.E. (1946) The British genera and species of Oscinellinae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 97, 117–148.
Collin, J.E. (1949) Results of the Armstrong College Expedition to Siwa Oasis (Libyan Desert), 1935 under the leadership of Prof. J. Omer-Cooper. Diptera Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Aschiza and Acalypterae. Bulletin de la Société fouad I er d’Entomologie, (Cairo) 33, 175–225.
Crosskey, R.W. (1980) (ed.) Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London. 1437 pp.
Curran, C.H. (1928) Diptera of the American Museum Congo Expedition. Part 11. Asilidae, Conopidae, Pyrgotidae, Micropezidae, Chloropidae, Drosophilidae, Lonchaeidae, Sapromyzidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, and Tachinidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 57, 327–399.
Czerny, L. & Strobl, G. (1909) Spanische Dipteren. III. Beitrag. Verhandlugen der Zoologich-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 59 (6), 121–301.
Dabbour, A.I. (1979) Short note on dipterous flies in westeren and central regions of Saudi Arabia. Journal of faculty of Science, Riyadh University, 10, 117–119.
Dabbour, A.I. & El-Dawy, M. (1981) Morphological and Classification Studies of some Dipterous Flies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Agricultural Research Center Bulletin, No. (10). Riyadh University, faculty of Agriculture. 92 pp. (in Arabic).
Dawah, H.A. & Abdullah, M.A. (2006) New records of Chloropidae (Diptera) from Southwest Saudi Arabia with some biological information, world-wide geographical distribution and taxonomic features. Saudi Journal of Biological Science 13 (1), 182–192.
Deeming, J.C. (1972) A review of the taxonomy of the African shoot flies of sorghum. In: Jotwani, M.G. & Young, W.R., editors. Control of Sorghum Shoot Fly, pp. 3–26. Oxford and IBM Publishing Co., New Delhi. 324 pp.
Deeming, J.C. (1981) A contribution to the study of Afrotropical chloropine Diptera. Journal of Natural History, 15, 789–828.
Deeming, J.C. (2003) A contribution to the knowledge of African species of Oscinella Becker (Diptera: Chloropidae). Cimbebasia, 19, 81–94.
Deeming, J.C. (2011) Order Diptera, family Chloropidae. In: van Harten A, editors. Arthropod Fauna of the United Arab Emirates, Volume 4, pp. 784–806. Dar Al-Ummah Printing, Publishing, Distribution and Advertising, Abu Dhabi, UAE. 816 pp.
Deeming, J.C. (2018) A revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachylophus Loew (Diptera: Chloropidae) and some ovoviviparous genera. Zootaxa, 4482 (1), 1–51.
Deeming, J.C. & Al-Dhafer, H.M. (2012) Chloropidae from the Arabian Peninsula (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). Zoology in the Middle East. 58, 1–88.
De Meijere, J.C.H. (1906) Einige von Herrn Dr. Winkler in Victoria, Kamerun, gesammelte Dipteren. Zeitschrift für Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 6, 332–335.
De Meijere, J.C. H. (1908) Studien über südostasiatische Dipteren 11. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 51, 105–180.
Duda, O. (1933) 61. Chloropidae (concl.). Die Fliegen der paläarktischen Region, vi, 1, 61: iv + 1–248. 3pl, Stuttgart.
Duda, O. (1935) Weitere neue und wenig bekannte exotische akalyptraten (Dipt.) des British Museum. Stylops, 4, 238– 240.
El-Hawagry, M., Khalil, M.W., Sharsf, M.R., Fadl, H.H. & Aldawood, A.S. (2013) A preliminary study on the insect fauna of Al-Baha Province, Saudi Arabia, with descriptions of two new species. Zookeys, 274, 1–88.
El-Hawagry, M.S., Abdel-Dayem, M.S., Elgharbawy, A.A. & Al-Dhafer, H.M. (2016) A preliminary account of the fly fauna in Jabal Shada al-A’la Nature Reserve, Saudi Arabia, with new records and biogeographical remarks (Diptera, Insecta). Zookeys, 636, 107–139.
El-Hawagry, M.S., Abdel-Dayem, M.S., El-Sonbati, S.A. & Al-Dhafer, H.M. (2017) A preliminary account of the fly fauna in Garf Raydah, Nature Reserve, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with new records and biogeographical remarks (Diptera: Insecta). Journal of Natural History, 51 (25–26), 1499–1530.
El-Hawagry, M.S., Abdel-Dayem, M. S. & Al Dhafer, H. M. (2018) A contribution to the knowledge of fly fauna in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: new country records and an account of flies identified from Rawdhats, Riyadh Region, with biogeographical remarks (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of Natural History, 52 (21–22), 1377–1393.
Enderlein, G. (1911) Einige neue Gattungen und Arten aussereuropaeischer Chloropiden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 38, 122–126.
Ferrar, P.A. (1987) Guide to the breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, Entomonograph, (Part I: Text), Volume 8. E.J. Brill, Scandinavian press, Leiden, Copenhagan. 478 pp.
Gadallah, N.S. & Bosly, H.A. (2006) Diptera associated with camels in the Jeddah region, western Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Arabia, 21, 338–350.
Hodkinson, I.D. (2005) Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude. Biological Reviews Cambridge Phylosophical Society, 80, 489–513.
Kanmiya, K. (1983) A systematic study of the Japanese Chloropidae (Diptera). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11, 1–370.
Kotrba, M. & Nartshuk, E. (2009) Masseauftreten der Gemeinen Rasenhalmfliege Thaumatomyia notata (Diptera: Chloropidae) an Gebäuden: Determination - Biologie – Verbreitung. Studia Dipterologica, 15 (1/2) (2008), 193–209.
Kotrba, M. (2009) Male flies with yellow balls – New observations on the eversible vesicles on the postabdomen of male Thaumatomyia notata (Diptera: Chloropidae). European journal of Entomology, 106, 57–62.
Lamb, C.G. (1912) The Percy Sladen Trust expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, under the leadership of Mr J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A. Vol. 4. No. XlX. Diptera: Lonchaeidae, Sapromyzidae, Ephydridae, Chloropidae, Agromyzidae. Transactions of Linnean Society, London. (2, Zool.), 15, 303–348.
Lamb, C.G. (1917) Notes on exotic Chloropidae. Part 11. Oscininae (Part). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 19 (8), 33–58.
Lamb, C.G. (1918) Notes on exotic Chloropidae. Part 11. Oscininae (Part). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 329–348.
Lamb, C.G. (1937) New species of Chloropidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 20 (10), 421–432, pl.X.
Latreille, P.A. (1805) Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, des Crustacés et des Insectes, Paris, 14. 432 pp.
Loew, H. (1845) Dipterologischer Beitrag (1). Öffentl. K. Friedrich-Wilhelms Gymnasiums zu Posen, 1845, 1–52.
Loew, H. (1858) Zwanzig neue Dipteren. Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift, 2, 57–62, 65–69.
Loew, H. (1860) Bidrag till kännedomen om Afrikas Diptera (part). Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar (Stockholm) 17, 81–97.
Loew, H. (1866) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria Sexta. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 9 (1865), 127–186.
Macquart, J. (1835) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Diptères 2: 703 or 710 pp., pls 13–24. Paris.
Mani, M.S. (1968) Ecology and biogeography of high altitude insects. In: Schimitschek, E, (editor). Series Entomologica, Volume 4. Springer –Science & Business Media, B.V. Netherlands. 530 pp.
Mani, M.S. & Giddings, L.E. (1980) Ecology of Highlands. In: Illies, I. editor. Monographiae Biologicae, volume, 40. Dr W Junk bv Publishers The Hague-Boston-London. 249 pp.
Marshall, S.A. (2012) Flies. The Natural History & Diversity of Diptera. Firefly Books Ltd, Ontario, Canada. 616 pp.
Martin, H.E. (1972) Report of the Government of Saudi Arabia on Research in Plant Protection. F.A.O. Entomologist, FAO/SAO/IF/63 (AGP.TA) 207, 38.
Meigen, J.W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. 6, iv + 401 pp. Schulz, Hamm.
Meigen, J.W. (1838) Systematische Beschreibungen der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. Hamm, 7 (supplementary volume): XII + 1–434.
Nartshuk, E.P. (1978) Two new species of Chloropidae (Diptera) from Middle Asia [In Russian]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademyia Nauk, SSSR, Leningrad, 71, 83–89.
Nartshuk, E.P. (1984) Family Chloropidae. In: Sóos Á, Papp, L. (editors) Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, Volume 10, pp. 222–299. Elsevier, Budapest. 402 pp.
Nartshuk, E.P. (1992) Diptera of the family Chloropidae from Vietnam and southern China. Trudy Zoologicheskogo instituta . St. Petersburg, 249 (1991). 77–120 [In Russian].
Nartshuk, E.P. (2010) To the Knowledge of Grassflies (Diptera: Chloropidae) of Greece with Description of Two New Species. Acta zoologica bulgarica, 62 (1), 61–70.
Nartshuk, E.P. (2012) Chloropidae (Diptera) of Turkey with descriptions of new species records. Israel Journal of Entomology, (2011), 4–42, (2012), 115–14.
Nartshuk, E.P. (2013) Grassflies of the subfamily Chloropinae (Diptera: Chloropidae) from Vietnam and Thailand, with descriptions two new species. Zootaxa,3702 (6), 534–544.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.2
Nye, I.W.B. (1958) The external morphology of some of the dipterous larvae living in the Gramineae of Britain. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 110 (5), 411–487.
Paganelli, C.H. & Sabrosky, C.W. (1993) Hippelates flies (Diptera: Chloropidae) possibly associated with Brazilian purpuric fever. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 95, 165–74.
Sabrosky, C.W. (1947) A revision of the African genus Epimadiza Becker (Diptera: Chloropidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser.11, 13, 1946, 821–851.
Sabrosky, C.W. (1951) British Museum (Natural History) Ruwenzori Expedition 1934-1935. Chloropidae. British Museum (Natural History), London. 2 (7), 711–828.
Sabrosky, C.W. (1954) Some East African Diptera of the families Acroceridae, Asteiidae and Chloropidae. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 49 (2), 36–46.
Sabrosky, C.W. (1957) Chloropidae (Diptera) of the Cape Verde Islands. Commentationes Biologicae, Helsingfors 16 (9), 1–10.
Sabrosky, C. W. (1959) Diptera (Brachycera): Chloropidae. South African Animal life, 6, 413–424.
Sabrosky, C.W. (1976) A new genus and two new species of Chloropidae from Hawaii (Diptera). Pacific Insects 17 (1), 91–97.
Sabrosky, C.W. (1979) Diptera Asteiidae, Milichiidae and Chloropidae from the Comoro Archipelago. Faune Entomologique de I’Archipel des Comores. Memorias del Museo de Historia Naturelle, Paris, (n.s) (A) 109, 315–330 (1978).
Sabrosky, C.W. (1980) Family Chloropidae. In: Crosskey, R.W. (editor). Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region, pp. 695–712. British Museum (Natural History), London. 1437pp.
Sabrosky, C.W. (1985) Arcuator, a new genus of Chloropidae (Diptera), with a key to the Afrotropical and Palaearctic species. Annals of the Natal Museum, 27, 339–354.
Séguy, E. (1933) Contributions à ľ étude de la faune du Mozambique. Voyage de M. P. Lesne (1928–1929). 13e note. Diptères (2e partie). Memorias Estudos Museu zoologico Universidade Coimbra, 67, 5–80.
Sivinski, J., Marshall, S.A. & Petersson, E. (1999) Kleptoparasitism and phoresy in the Diptera. Florida Entomol.1999; 82 (2), 179–97.
Speiser, P. (1910) [Abteilung] 10. Diptera. 5. Cyclorhapha. Aschiza, Cyclorhapha, Schizophora, Schizometopa (Auswahl), Holometopa (Auswahl). Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrika 1905–1906 unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Yngve Sjöstedt. – 2. Band, Abteilung 8–14, 113–202 [in 844 pp. + 19 Tafeln].
Strobl, G. (1893) Neue österreichische Muscidae acalypterae. 1. Theil. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 12, 225–231.
Tondella, M.L.C., Paganelli, C.H., Bortolotto, I.M., Takano, OA, Perkins, B.A., Silva, G.A., Irino, K., Mezzacapa, B.N., Santos, A.S., Ghilardi, A.C.R. & Study Group on FPB (1991) Isolamento do clone invasor de Haemophilus aegyptius (Hae), responsivel pela febre purpúrica brasileira (FPB), de chloropideos (Diptera) dos géneros Hippelates e Liohippelates. Revista Brasileirade Microbiologia 22 (1), 1–157.
Tondella, M.L.C., Paganelli, C.H., Bortolotto, I.M., Takano, O.A., Irino, K., Brandilrone, M.C.C., Mezzacapa, B.N., Vieira, V.S.D. & Perkins, B.A. (1994) Isolamento de Haemophilus aegyptius associado á febre purpúrica brasileira, de chloropideos (Diptera) dos Gêneros Hippelates e Liohippelates. Revista do Instituto de Medicina tropical de São Paulo, 36, 105–109.
Walker, F. (1871) List of Diptera collected in Egypt by J.K. Lord Esq.; with descriptions of the species new to science. Entomologist, 5, 255–262, 271–275, 339–346.
Wiedemann, C.R.W. (1830) Aussereuropäische zweiflügelige Insekten (concl.). Hamm, Tafeln vii–ix, xa–xb + 684 pp.
Wheeler, T.A. (2010) Chloropidae (Frit flies, Grass flies, Eye gnats). In: Brown BV, Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (editors). Manual of Central American Diptera, Volume 2, pp. 1137–1153. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Canada. 715–1442.