Abstract
A parasitological survey of fishes from two tributaries (Veados and Paranapananema Rivers) of the Jurumirim Reservoir, Upper Paranapanema River, São Paulo State, Brazil, was carried out a during a sampling survey in 2011 and 2012. Several ectoparasitic copepods were found inside the nostrils of the freshwater anostomid fish, Schizodon intermedius Garavello & Britski, 1990. The morphological analysis of the copepod specimens indicated that they represent two species of the ergasilid genus Gamispatulus Thatcher & Boeger, 1984: Gamispatulus schizodontis Thatcher & Boeger, 1984 (type species) and an undescribed species, Gamispatulus ferrilongus n. sp., which are described herein. The present specimens of G. schizodontis agree in several respects with its original description; however, some differences were found regarding the morphology of mouthparts and the ornamentation of legs and antennules. These differences were not sufficient to propose a new species for this genus. However, it could indicate the need for reassessment of the type material to have a more complete representation of this species. Gamispatulus ferrilongus n. sp. shares several similarities with its congener G. schizodontis but the new species can be readily distinguished from its congener in having a unique combination of diagnostic features including: a long rostral spine with tip extending up to half of cephalothorax, simple retrostylets (lacking adjacent spatulate processes), and dorsal surface of genital double-somite with 2 rounded processes (anterior and posterior) on both lateral margins. A host-parasite list for all vaigamid genera and species is included.
References
Amado, M.A.P.M., Ho, J. & Rocha, C.E.F. (1995) Phylogeny and biogeography of the Ergasilidae (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida), with reconsideration of the taxonomic status of the Vaigamidae. Contributions to Zoology, 65 (4), 233–243.
https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-06504002
Brasil-Sato, M.C. (2003) Parasitos de peixes da bacia do São Francisco. In: Godinho, H.P. & Godinho, A.L. (Eds.), Águas, peixes e pescadores do São Francisco das Minas Gerais. Puc Minas, Belo Horizonte, pp. 149–166.
Brasil-Sato, M.C., Pavanelli, G.C. & Luque, J.L. (2000) Ocorrência e aspectos quantitativos de Gamispinus diabolicus (Copepoda: Ergasilidae) parasitando o mandi-amarelo, Pimelodus maculatus (Siluroidei: Pimelodidae), no Rio Paraná, Brasil. Revista da Universidade Rural, Ciência Vida, 22, 67–69.
Boxshall, G.A. & Defaye, D. (2008) Global diversity of copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 195–207.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_21
Boxshall, G. A. & Halsey, S.H. (2004) An introduction to copepod diversity. Ray Society, London, 966 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395-91.6.1512
Boxshall, G.A. & Montú, M.A. (1997) Copepods parasitic on Brazilian coastal fishes: a handbook. Nauplius, 5 (1), 1–225.
Bush, A.O., Lafferty, K.D., Lotz, J.M. & Shostak, A. W. (1997) Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. Revisited. The Journal of Parasitology, 83, 575–583.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3284227
Camargo, A.A., Negrelli, D.C., Pedro, N.H.O., Azevedo, R.K., Silva, R.J. & Abdallah, V.D. (2016) Metazoan parasite of lambari Astyanax altiparanae, collected from the Peixe river, São Paulo, southeast of Brazil. Ciência Rural, 46 (5), 876–880.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20151100
Eiras, J.C., Takemoto, R.M. & Pavanelli, G.C. (2010) Diversidade dos parasitas de peixes de água doce do Brasil. Cliche Tec, Maringá, 333 pp.
El-Rashidy, H.H. (1999) Ergasilid copepods and grey mullet. Queen Mary University of London, London, 468 pp.
El-Rashidy, H.H. & Boxshall, G.A. (1999) Ergasilid copepods (Poecilostomatoida) from the gills of primitive Mugilidae (grey mullets). Systematic Parasitology, 42 (3), 161–186.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006075223683
Ferreira, D.O. & Tavares-Dias, M. (2017) Ectoparasites and endoparasitas community of Ageneiosus ucayalensis (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae), catfish from Amazon River system in northern Brazil. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 41 (3), 639–646.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-016-0857-3
Fischer, C., Malta, J.C.O. & Varella, A.M.B. (2003) A fauna de parasitas do tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) (Characiformes: Characidae) do Médio Rio Solimões, Estado do Amazonas (AM) e do Baixo Rio Amazonas, Estado do Pará (PA), e seu potencial como indicadores biológicos. Acta amazônica, 33 (4), 651–662.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672003000400012
Guidelli, G., Takemoto, R.M. & Pavanelli, G.C. (2009) Ecologia das infrapopulações ectoparasitas das cavidades nasais de Leporinus lacustris (Anostomidae) da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, Brasil. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 31 (2), 209–214.
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v31i2.3309
Guidelli, G., Tavechio, W.L.G., Takemoto, R.M. & Pavanelli, G.C. (2006) Fauna parasitária de Leporinus lacustris e Leporinus friderici (Characiformes, Anostomidae) da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, Brasil. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 28 (3), 281–290.
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v28i3.228
Guidelli, G., Tavechio, W.L.G., Takemoto, R.M. & Pavanelli, G.C. (2011) Relative condition factor and parasitism in anostomid fishes from the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, 177 (1–2), 145–151.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.035
Lacerda, F.A.C., Takemoto, M.R., Lizama, M.A.P. & Pavanelli, G.C. (2007) Parasitic copepods in the nasal fossae of five fish species (Characiformes) from the upper Paraná river floodplain, Paraná, Brazil. Acta Scientiarum, Biological Sciences, 29 (4), 429–435.
Lizama, M.A.P., Takemoto, R.M. & Pavanelli, G.C. (2005) Influence of host sex and age on infracommunities of metazoan parasites of Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Prochilodontidae) of the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Parasite, 12 (4), 299–304.
https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2005124299
Lizama, M.A.P., Takemoto, R.M. & Pavanelli, G.C. (2006a) Parasitism influence on the hepato, splenosomatic and width /length relation and relative condition factor of Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Prochilodontidae) of the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 15 (3), 116–122.
Lizama, M.A.P., Takemoto, R.M. & Pavanelli, G.C. (2006b) Influence of the seasonal and environmental patterns and host reproduction on the metazoan parasites of Prochilodus lineatus. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 49 (4), 611–622.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132006000500011
Lizama, M.A.P., Takemoto, R.M. & Pavanelli, G.C. (2008) Ecological aspects of metazoan parasites of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Characidae) of the Upper Paraná River Floodplain, Brazil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34 (4), 527–533.
Lizama, M.A.P., Takemoto, R.M., Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T., Ayroza, M.S. & Pavanelli, G.C. (2007) Relação parasito-hospedeiro em peixes de pisciculturas da região de Assis, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. 2. Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887). Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 29, 4, 437–445.
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v29i4.888
Lopes, L.P.C., Varella, A.M.B. & Malta, J.C.O. (2009) Metazoan parasites of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Linnaeus, 1766) and Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) of the Central Amazon Basin, Brazil. Biologia Geral e Experimental, 9 (2), 3–15.
Luque, J.L. & Tavares, L.E.R. (2007) Checklist of Copepoda associated with fishes from Brazil. Zootaxa, 1579 (1), 1–39.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1579.1.1
Luque, J.L., Vieira, F.M., Takemoto, R.M., Pavanelli, G.C. & Eiras, J.C. (2013) Checklist of Crustacea parasitizing fishes from Brazil. Check List, 9 (6), 1449–1470.
https://doi.org/10.15560/9.6.1449
Marques, T.M., Boeger, W.A. & Brasil-Sato, M.C. (2015) Two new species of Ergasilus Nordmann, 1832 (Copepoda: Ergasilidae) and a redescription of Ergasilus salmini Thatcher & Brazil-Sato, 2008 from Salminus brasiliensis Cuvier and S. franciscanus Lima & Britsky (Teleostei: Characidae) in Brazil. Systematic Parasitology, 90 (1), 81–89.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-014-9529-9
Martin, J.W. & Davis, G.E. (2001) An updated classification of the recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, 129 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1651/0278-0372(2003)023[0495:br]2.0.co;2
Morey, G.A.M. & Malta, J.C.O. (2016a) As espécies de copepoda (Crustacea: Ergasilidae) parasitas dos filamentos branquiais e narinas de Serrasalmus altispinis (Merckx, Jégu e Santos, 2000) (Characiformes—Serrasalmidae) em Lagos de Várzea do Brasil. Folia Amazónica, 25 (1), 55–60.
https://doi.org/10.24841/fa.v25i1.384
Morey, G.A.M. & Malta, J.C.O. (2016b) Metazoários parasitas das narinas do Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) (Characiformes: Characidae) coletadas em Lagos de Várzea da Amazônia Central, Brasil. Folia Amazónica, 25 (1), 71–76.
https://doi.org/10.24841/fa.v25i1.386
Morey, G.A.M., Moreira, A.C., Morais, A.M., Atroch, F.M.P.B., Santana, H.P., Brandão, N.R., Dumbo 1, J.C., Vital, F.J. & Malta, J.C.O. (2016) Copepods (Crustacea: Ergasilidae) fish parasites of floodplain Lakes of Central Amazon, Brazil. Neotropical Helminthology, 10 (2), 281–294.
Narciso, R.B., Brandão, H., Perbiche-Neves, G. & Silva, R.J. (2019) A New Genus of Ergasilidae (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) from the gills of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819) (Actinopterygii: Characidae). Acta Parasitologica, 64 (4), 850–865.
https://doi.org/10.2478/s11686-019-00108-x
Neves, L.R. & Tavares-Dias, M. (2019) Low levels of crustacean parasite infestation in fish species from the Matapi River in the state of Amapá, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 28 (3), 493–498.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019006
Oliveira, M.S.B., Corrêa, L.L., Ferreira, D.O., Neves, L.R. & Tavares-Dias, M. (2017) Records of new localities and hosts for crustacean parasites in fish from the eastern Amazon in northern Brazil. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 41 (2), 565–570.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-016-0852-8
Pavanelli, G.C., Eiras, J.C. & Takemoto, R.M. (2008) Doenças de Peixes: profilaxia, diagnóstico e tratamento. Eduem, Maringá, 305 pp.
Pavanelli, G.C., Takemoto, R.M. & Eiras, J.C. (2013) Parasitologia de peixes de água doce do Brasil. Eduem, Maringá, 452 pp.
Piasecki, W., Goodwin, A.E., Eiras, J.C. & Nowak, B.F. (2004) Importance of Copepoda in freshwater aquaculture. Zoological Studies, 43 (2), 193–205.
Rosim, D.F., Mesquita, R.L.B. & Luque, J.L. (2010) Occurrence of Gamispatulus schizodontis Thatcher & Boeger, 1984 (Cyclopoida, Ergasilidae) in the nasal cavities of Erythrinidae fishes from Brazil. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 5 (1), 153–156.
Silva, W.M. & Perbiche-Neves, G. (2017) Trends in freshwater microcrustaceans studies in Brazil between 1990 and 2014. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 77 (3), 527–534.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17915
Takemoto, R.M., Pavanelli, G.C., Lizama, M.A.P., Lacerda, A.C.F., Yamada, F.H., Moreira, L.H.A., Ceschini, T.L. & Bellay, S. (2009) Diversity of parasites of fish from the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 69 (2), 691–705.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000300023
Tavares-Dias, M., Araujo, C.S.O., Porto, S.M.A., Viana, G.M. & Monteiro, P.C. (2013) Sanidade do Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum nas Fases de Larvicultura e Alevinagem. Embrapa, Amapá, 42 pp.
Tavares-Dias, M., Dias-Junior, M.B.F., Florentino, A.C., Silva, L.M.A & Cunha, A.C.D. (2015) Distribution pattern of crustacean ectoparasites of freshwater fish from Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 24 (2), 136–147.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015036
Tavernari, F.C., Takemoto, R.M., Guidelli, G.M., Lizama, M.A.P., Lacerda, A.C.F. & Pavanelli, G.C. (2009) Parasites of Auchenipterus osteomystax (Osteichthyes, Auchenipteridae) from two different environments, Rosana’s reservoir and upper Paraná river floodplain, Brazil. Acta Scientiarum, Biological Sciences, 31 (1), 49–54.
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v31i1.833
Thatcher, V.E. (1998) Copepods and fishes in the Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Marine Systems, 15 (1–4), 97–112.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(97)00043-2
Thatcher, V.E. (2006) Amazon fish parasites. Pensoft, Moscow, 508 pp.
Thatcher, V.E. & Boeger, W.A. (1984a) The parasitic crustaceans from the Brazilian Amazon. 15. Gamispatulus schizodontis gen. et sp. nov. (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida: Vaigamidae) from the nasal fossae of Schizodon fasciatus AGASSIZ. Amazoniana: Limnologia et Oecologia Regionalis Systematis Fluminis Amazonas, 9 (1), 119–126.
Thatcher, V.E. & Boeger, W.A. (1984b) The parasitic crustaceans of fishes from the Brazilian Amazon. 13. Gamidactylus jaraquensis gen. et sp. nov. (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida: Vaigamidae) from the nasal fossae of Semaprochilodus insignis (Schomburgk). Amazoniana: Limnologia et Oecologia Regionalis Systematis Fluminis Amazonas, 8 (3), 421–426.
Thatcher, V.E. & Boeger, W.A. (1984c) The parasitic Crustaceans of fishes from the Brazilian Amazon, 14, Gamispinus diabolicus gen. et sp. nov. (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida: Vaigamidae) from the nasal fossae of Ageneiosus brevifilis VALENCIENNES. Amazoniana: Limnologia et Oecologia Regionalis Systematis Fluminis Amazonas, 8 (4), 505–510.
Thatcher, V.E. & Robertson, B.A. (1984) The parasitic crustaceans of fishes from the Brazilian Amazon. 11. Vaigamidae fam. nov. (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida) with males and females of Vaigamus retrobarbatus gen. et sp. nov. V. spinicephalus sp. nov. from plankton. Canadian Journal of zoology, 62 (4), 716–729.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z84-102
Thatcher, V., Santos, M. & Brasil-Sato, M. (2008) Gamidactylus piranhus sp. nov. (Copepoda, Vaigamidae) from the nasal fossae of serrasalmid fishes from the Três Marias Reservoir, Upper São Francisco River, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Acta Parasitologica, 53 (3), 284–288.
https://doi.org/10.2478/s11686-008-0034-7
Varella, A. (1994) Gamidactylus bryconis sp. n. (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida, Vaigamidae) das fossas nasais de peixes, Brycon pellegrini Holly, 1929 e B. melanopterus (Cope, 1872) da Amazônia brasileira. Acta Amazonica, 24 (1–2), 145–152.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921994242152
Varella, A. & Malta, J.C.O. (1995) Gamidactylus hoplius sp. n. (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida, Vaigamidae) das fossas nasais de Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) (Characiformes, Erythrynidae) da Amazônia Brasileira. Acta Amazonica, 25 (3–4), 281–288.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921995253288
Varella, A.M.B., Morey, G.A.M. & Malta, J.C.O. (2019) Ergasilus tipurus n. sp. (Copepoda: Ergasilidae), A Parasite of Brazilian Amazon Fish Species. Acta Parasitologica, 64 (1), 187–194.
https://doi.org/10.2478/s11686-018-00020-w
Williams, E.H. & Bunkley-Williams, L. (2019) Life Cycle and Life History Strategies of Parasitic Crustacea. In: Smit, N., Bruce, N. & Hadfield, K. (Eds.), Parasitic Crustacea. Springer, Cham and Gewerbestrasse, pp. 179–266.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17385-2_5