Abstract
A new Neotropical genus of Ctenidae from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest is described based on male and female characters: Bulboctenus gen. nov. Three new species are described for the genus: Bulboctenus kayapo sp. nov., Bulboctenus itunaitata sp. nov. and Bulboctenus munduruku sp. nov. The genus can be distinguished from other Ctenidae by males with median apophysis oriented horizontally, perpendicular to the tegulum, RTA strongly excavated anteriorly, metatarsi III and IV with bulbous setae ventrally, sternum and coxae with thick setae; and females with median sector of the epigyne hexagonal with two posterior conical projections ventrally and elevated lateral margins. Discussion on the modification on the leg setae across the Neotropical Ctenids species are given.
References
Álvarez-Padilla, F. & Hormiga, G. (2007) A protocol for digesting internal soft tissues and mounting spiders for scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Arachnology, 35, 538–542.
https://doi.org/10.1636/Sh06-55.1
Bloom, T., Binford, G., Esposito, L.A., Alayón G., Peterson, I., Nishida, A., Loubet-Senear, K. & Agnarsson, I. (2014) Discovery of two new species of eyeless spiders within a single Hispaniola cave. Journal of Arachnology, 42, 148–154.
https://doi.org/10.1636/K13-84.1
Brescovit, A.D. (1996) Revisão do gênero Centroctenus Mello-Leitão (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 40, 301–313.
Brescovit, A.D. & Simó, M. (1998) On a new species of Asthenoctenus Simon from Brazil, with notes on the systematics of the genus (Araneae, Ctenidae). Aracnologia, 27, 1–8.
Brescovit, A.D. & Simó, M. (2007) On the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Species of the Spider Genus Ctenus Walckenaer, with the Description of a Neotype for C. dubius Walckenaer (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae). Arachnology, 14 (1), 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.13156/arac.2007.14.1.1
Dupérré, N. (2015) Description of a new genus and thirteen new species of Ctenidae (Araneae, Ctenidae) from the Chocó region of Ecuador. Zootaxa, 4028 (4), 451–484.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4028.4.1
Grand, J., Cummings, M.P., Rebelo, T.G., Ricketts, T.H. & Neel, M.C. (2007) Biased data reduce efficiency and effectiveness of conservation reserve networks. Ecology Letters, 10, 364–374.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01025.x
Hazzi, N.A. & Silva-Dávila, D. (2012) A new species of Caloctenus (Araneae: Ctenidae) from Colombia. Zootaxa, 3315 (1), 65–68.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3315.1.3
Hazzi, N.A., Polotow, D., Brescovit, A.D., González-Obando, R. & Simó, M. (2018) Systematics and biogeography of Spinoctenus, a new genus of wandering spider from Colombia (Ctenidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 32 (1), 111–158.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17022
Hijmans, R.J., Guarino, L., Cruz, M. & Rojas, E. (2001) Computer tools for spatial analysis of plant genetic resources data: 1. DIVA-GIS. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 127, 15–19.
Höfer, H., Brescovit, A.D. & Gasnier, T.R. (1994) The wandering spiders of the genus Ctenus (Ctenidae, Araneae) of Reserva Ducke, a rainforest reserve in central Amazonia. Andrias, 13, 81–98.
Höfer, H. & Brescovit, A.D. (2000) A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Ancylometes Bertkau (Araneae: Pisauridae). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 31 (3), 323–360.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187631200X00075
INPE (2020) Projeto de Monitoramento do Desmatamento na Amazônia Legal por Satélite (PRODES), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. Available from: http://www.obt.inpe.br/OBT/assuntos/programas/amazonia/prodes (accessed 9 June 2020)
Jiménez, M.L., Berrian, J.E., Polotow, D. & Palacios-Cardiel, C. (2017) Description of Califorctenus (Cteninae, Ctenidae, Araneae), a new spider genus from Mexico. Zootaxa, 4238 (1), 97–108.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4238.1.7
Jocqué, R. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A.S. (2006) Spider families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, 336 pp.
Keyserling, E. (1877) Ueber amerikanische Spinnenarten der Unterordnung Citigradae. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 26, 609–708.
Keyserling, E. (1891) Die Spinnen Amerikas: Brasilianische Spinnen. Vol. 3. Forgotten Book, 330 pp.
Khmelik, V.V., Kozub, D. & Glazunov, A. (2006) Helicon Focus 4.70 Pro. Available from: https://www.heliconsoft.com/heliconsoft-products/helicon-focus/ (accessed 17 April 2020)
Martins, R. & Bertani, R. (2007) The non-Amazonian species of the Brazilian wandering spiders of the genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae: Ctenidae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa, 1526 (1), 1–36.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1526.1.1
Oliveira, U., Brescovit, A.D. & Santos, A.J. (2017) Sampling effort and species richness assessment: a case study on Brazilian spiders. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26, 1481–1493.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1312-1
Pickard-Cambridge, F.O. (1897) On cteniform spiders from the lower Amazons and other regions of North and South America, with a list of all known species of these groups hitherto recorded from the New World. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 19 (109), 52–106.
Polotow, D. & Brescovit, A.D. (2007) Ctenus similis F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, a poorly known ctenid spider from Amazon Forest (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 24, 587–590.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752007000300010
Polotow, D. & Brescovit, A.D. (2008) Revision of the Neotropical spider genus Gephyroctenus (Araneae: Ctenidae: Calocteninae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 25 (4), 705–715.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752008000400016
Polotow, D. & Brescovit, A.D. (2009a) Revision and cladistic analysis of Isoctenus and description of a new neotropical genus (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155 (3), 583–614.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00452.x
Polotow, D. & Brescovit, A.D. (2009b) Revision of the new wandering spider genus Ohvida and taxonomic remarks on Celaetycheus Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Ctenidae). Zootaxa, 2115 (1), 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2115.1.1
Polotow, D. & Brescovit, A.D. (2009c) Description of Toca, a new neotropical spider genus (Araneae, Ctenidae, Calocteninae). Journal of Arachnology, 37, 243–245.
https://doi.org/10.1636/A08-24.1
Polotow, D. & Brescovit, A.D. (2013) New species of the Neotropical spider genus Celaetycheus Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Ctenidae). Zootaxa, 3637 (2), 139–157.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3637.2.5
Polotow, D. & Brescovit, A.D. (2014) Phylogenetic analysis of the tropical wolf spider subfamily Cteninae (Arachnida, Araneae, Ctenidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (2), 333–361.
https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12101
Polotow, D. & Brescovit, A.D. (2018) Kiekie, a new Neotropical spider genus of Ctenidae (Cteninae, Araneae). Zootaxa, 4531 (3), 353–373.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4531.3.2
Polotow, D. & Brescovit, A.D. (2019a) Guasuctenus gen. nov., a new Neotropical spider genus of Ctenidae (Araneae). Zootaxa, 4624 (4), 539–550.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4624.4.6
Polotow, D. & Brescovit, A.D. (2019b) Almost eight decades later: description of the male of Isoctenus guadalupei (Mello-Leitão, 1941) comb. nov. and redescription of the female. Zootaxa, 4683 (2), 291–294.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4683.2.8
Polotow, D., Carmichael, A. & Griswold, C.E. (2015) Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of Lycosoidea spiders (Araneae, Entelegynae). Invertebrate Systematics, 29, 124–163.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS14041
Silva-Dávila, D. (2003) Higher-Level Relationships of the Spider Family Ctenidae (Araneae: Ctenoidea). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 274 (274), 1–86.
https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2003)274<0001:HLROTS>2.0.CO;2
Silva-Dávila, D. (2004) Revision of the spider genus Caloctenus Keyserling, 1877 (Araneae, Ctenidae). Revista Peruana de Biología, 11, 5–26.
https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v11i1.2427
Simó, M. & Brescovit, A.D. (2001) Revision and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical spider genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Ctenidae), with notes on related Cteninae. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12 (2), 67–82.
Simó, M. & Eickstedt, V.R.D. von (1994) Revisión de la sistematica del género Asthenoctenus Simon, 1897 (Araneae, Ctenidae). Aracnologia, 22/23, 1–12.
World Spider Catalog (2020) World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: https://wsc.nmbe.ch/ (accessed 15 June 2020)