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Issue: Vol. 4896 No. 3: 22 Dec. 2020
Type: Article
Published: 2020-12-22
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.3.4
Page range: 409–442
Abstract views: 163
PDF downloaded: 5

New Latrunculiidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from the Agulhas ecoregion of temperate southern Africa

Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries: Oceans and Coasts Research, Private Bag X4390, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa. Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
Coasts and Oceans National Centre, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Ltd, Private Bag 99940, Newmarket, Auckland 1149, New Zealand.
Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries: Oceans and Coasts Research, Private Bag X4390, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa.
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries: Fisheries Research and Development, Private Bag X2, Vlaeberg 8018, South Africa. Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries: Fisheries Research and Development, Private Bag X2, Vlaeberg 8018, South Africa.
Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
Demospongiae Amathole Eastern Cape Agulhas ecoregion Tsitsikamma new subgenera Cyclacanthia new species DNA barcoding morphology morphometrics South Africa temperate southern Africa

Abstract

Sixteen species of Latrunculiidae Topsent, 1922, belonging to the genera Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869, Strongylodesma Lévi, 1969, Cyclacanthia Samaai & Kelly, 2004, Samaai & Kelly, 2002, are currently known from the temperate waters of South Africa. Extensive new sponge collections from the Amathole region of South Africa revealed the existence of three new species of Tsitsikamma, T. amatholensis sp. nov., T. madiba sp. nov., and T. beukesi sp. nov., and a new species of the endemic South African genus Cyclacanthia, C. rethahofmeyri sp. nov. With the recent addition of two new species of Tsitsikamma from Algoa Bay and Tsitsikamma National Park (T. michaeli Parker-Nance, 2019; T. nguni Parker-Nance, 2019) the total number of known South African Latrunculiidae is now 20 species in four genera. Here we propose two new subgenera of Tsitsikamma, Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly, 2002 and Clavicaulis subgen. nov., based on the morphological groups “favus” and “pedunculata” hypothesized by Parker-Nance et al. (2019). Species in the nominotypical subgenus Tsitsikamma, containing the type species, are thick encrusting to hemispherical with a rigid honeycombed choanosome, while species in the new subgenus Clavicaulis subgen. nov. have a purse or sac-like morphology with little choanosomal structure. Despite the obvious species-level differences in morphology, multivariate analysis based on spicule measurements (anisostyle length, discorhabd length, shaft and whorl length) was not able to distinguish between the proposed Tsitsikamma species, but separated known species T. favus Samaai & Kelly, 2002, T. pedunculata Samaai & Kelly, 2003, and T. scurra Samaai & Kelly, 2003, from each other. Similarly, DNA barcoding of the mitochondrial COI  and the nuclear ITS of Tsitsikamma specimens failed to clearly differentiate between species, but was able to differentiate sister taxon relationships within the Latrunculiidae.

 

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