Abstract
Members of the Lamiaceae, or mint family, are used worldwide for medicinal, culinary and/or magical-religious purposes, as well as in pesticides and as ornamental plants. Very little is known about nepticulids, or pygmy moths, as leaf miners of Lamiaceae, but they may be an important component of South American diversity and potential pests of economically-important species of the mint family. In this paper, four new species of leaf-mining Nepticulidae are described from the equatorial Andes of Ecuador: S. mentholica Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., Stigmella aromatica Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. odora Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., feeding on Minthostachys mollis (Benth.) Griseb., and S. tomentosella Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., feeding on Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts. It is hypothesized that host-plant distribution ranges can provide clues to potential distribution ranges of these newly discovered, trophically specialized leaf miners. The leaf mines, adults, and the genitalia of the new species are illustrated with photographs.
References
Alford, D.V. (2012) Pests of ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers: A Colour Handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 480 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b15136
Alkire, B.H., Tucker, A.O. & Maciarello, M.J. (1994) El Tipo, Minthostachys mollis (Lamiaceae) an Ecuadorian mint. Economic Botany, 48 (1), 60–64.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02901380
Bernal, H.Y., García Martínez, H. & Quevedo Sánchez, G.F. (2011) Pautas para el conocimiento, conservación y uso sostenible de las plantas medicinales nativas en Colombia. Estrategia nacional para la conservación de plantas. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, 232 pp. [http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11761/31427]
Dimitrov, S., Popova, M., Gramatikov, D. & Boyadzhieva, M. (1980) Technology for rose hip production. Ovoshcharstvo, 59 (12), 26–30 [in Bulgarian]
Diškus, A. & Stonis, J.R. (2012) Leaf-mining insects of Lithuania. The Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera): taxonomy, chorological composition and trophic relationships. Monograph. Lututė Publishers, Kaunas, 220 pp. [in Lithuanian]
El-Gazzar, A. & Watson, L. (1970) Some economic implications of the Taxonomy of Labiatae. Essential oils & rust. New Phytologist, 69 (2), 487–492.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1970.tb02444.x
Epling, C. & Játiva, C. (1964) Revisión del género Satureja en América del Sur. Brittonia, 16, 393–416.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2805308
Fernández-Alonso, J.L. & Morales, R. (2013) Las labiadas de la expedición Malaspina (1789–1794) I. Botánica Complutensis, 37, 153–169.
https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_BOCM.2013.v37.42277
Fernández-Alonso, J.L. & Rivera-Díaz, O. (2006) Labiatae. In: García, N. & Galeano, G. (Eds.), Libro Rojo de las plantas de Colombia 3. Instituto Alexander von Humboldt & Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá, pp. 385–582.
Fernández-Alonso, J.L., Vega, N. & Pérez, G. (2009) Lectin prospecting in colombian Labiatae. A systematic-ecological approach—III. Mainly exotic species (cultivated or naturalised). Caldasia, 31 (2), 227–245.
Floríndez, C.R. (2012) Conocimientos tradicionales. Plantas medicinales de Cajamarca. Instituto Cuencas, Cajamarca, 95 pp.
García Barriga, H. (1975) Flora medicinal de Colombia. Botánica médica 3. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, 308 pp.
Harley, R. (1999) Lamiaceae. In: Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (Eds.), Catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Ecuador. Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75. Missouri botanical garden press, St. Louis, pp. 519–526.
Harley, R., Wood, J.R.I. & Mercado, M. (2014) Lamiaceae. In: Jørgensen, P.M., Nee, M.H. & Beck, S.G. (Eds.), Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia 1. Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 127. Missouri botanical garden press, St. Louis, pp. 736–749.
Heyerdahl, R. & Dutcher, J.D. (1985) Management of the pecan serpentine leafminer (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae). Journal Economic Entomology, 78, 1121–1124.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/78.5.1121
Huamantupa, I., Cuba, M., Urrunaga, R., Paz, E., Ananya, N., Callalli, M., Pallqui, N. & Coasaca, H. (2011) Riqueza, uso y origen de plantas medicinales expendidas en los mercados de Cusco. Revista Peruana de Biología, 18 (3), 283–291.
https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v18i3.439
Johansson, R., Nielsen, E.S., Nieukerken, E.J. van & Gustafsson, B. (1990) The Nepticulidae and Opostegidae (Lepidoptera) of north west Europe. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, 23 (1/2), 1–739.
Kuznetzov, V.I. & Puplesis, R. (1994) Fam. Nepticulidae (Stigmellidae)—pygmy moths. In: Kuznetzov, V.I. (Ed.), Insects and mites—pests of agricultural plants. Lepidoptera. 3 (1). Nauka Publishers, St. Petersburg, pp. 12–23. [in Russian]
López, J.B., Collin, G., Jean, F.I. & Gagnon, H. (2019) Essential oils from Bolivia. XIV. Lamiaceae. Clinopodium axillare. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 7 (2), 1–5.
Moncayo Miño, A.E. (2020) Caracterización de metabolitos secundarios de naturaleza esteroidea presentes en el aceite esencial y extractos etanólico y clorofórmico de la especie Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae). Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Sede Quito, Quito, 80 pp. [http://dspace.ups.edu.ec/handle/123456789/18437]
Morales, R. (2010) Labiadas de España en América. Intercambio de Usos. In: Pochettino, M.L., Ladio, A.H. & Arenas, P.M. (Eds.), Tradiciones y transformaciones en etnobotánica. CYTED RISAPRET, San Salvador de Jujuy, pp. 391–399.
Ojeda, M., Arroyo, A., Borgogno, P., Biderbost, E. & Balzini, A. (2004) Yield of peperina, Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb., populations in the year following planting: response to cropping regimen. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2 (3), 393–399.
https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2004023-94
Oliveira, A.B. de, Mendonza, M.S. & Meira, R.M.S. (2013) Anatomy of vegetative organs od Scutellaria agrestis, a medicinal plant cultivated by rivervine populations of the Brazilian Amazon. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 23 (3), 386–397. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2013005000034
Payne, J.A., Tedders, W.L. & Gentry, C.R. (1973) Biology and control a pecan serpentine leafminer, Nepticula juglandifoliella. Journal Economic Entomology, 64, 92–93.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/64.1.92
Pérez, G., Vega, N. & Fernández-Alonso, J.L. (1998) Studies on Colombian Labiatae lectins. Lamiales Newsletter, 6, 6–7.
Puentes, J.P., Arenas, P.M. & Hurrell, J.A. (2020) Lamiaceae medicinales y aromáticas comercializadas en el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Bonplandia, 29 (1), 5–20.
https://doi.org/10.30972/bon.2914106
Puplesis, R.K. (1985) New species of the nepticulid moths (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae) from southern Far East and Tadzhikistan. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute USSR Academy of Sciences, 134, 59–72. [in Russian]
Puplesis, R. (1994) The Nepticulidae of Eastern Europe and Asia: western, central and eastern parts. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 291 pp., 840 figs.
Puplesis, R. & Diškus, A. (2003) The Nepticuloidea & Tischerioidea (Lepidoptera)—a global review, with strategic regional revisions. Lututė Publishers, Kaunas, 512 pp.
Puplesis, R. & Robinson, G.S. (2000) A review of the Central and South American Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) with special reference to Belize. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London, Entomology, 69 (1), 3–114.
Rehm, S. & Espig, G. (1991) The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics. Verlag J. Margraf, Berlin, 552 pp.
Remeikis, A. (2017) Fauna and trophic relationships of the Middle and South American Nepticuloidea (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae, Opostegidae). Summary of doctoral dissertation. Vilnius University, Vilnius, 71 pp.
Remeikis, A., Diškus, A. & Stonis, J.R. (2016) Preliminary trophic analysis of leaf-mining Nepticulidae: pronounced feeding strategies in Middle and South America? Biologija, 62 (4), 207–214.
https://doi.org/10.6001/biologija.v62i4.3411
Schmidt-Lebuhn, A.N. (2008) A revision of the genus Minthostachys (Labiatae). Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 98, 1–75.
Senatore, F., Soria, E.U., Soria, R.U., della Porta, G. & de Feo, V. (1998) Essential oils from two Peruvian Satureja species. Flavour and Fragance Journal, 13 (1), 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199801/02)13:1%3C1::AID-FFJ672%3E3.0.CO;2-4
Solís Quispe, L., Pino, J.A., Tomaylla-Cruz, C., Solís Quispe, J.A., Aragón-Alencastre, L.J. & Solís Quispe, A. (2018) Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of the essential oils from Minthostachys spicata (Benth.) Epling and Clinopodium bolivianum (Bnth) Kuntze against Premnotrypes latithorax Pierce. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 6 (2), 22–28.
Stashenko, E.E. (2009) Aceites esenciales. División de Publicaciones UIS, Bucaramanga, 180 pp.
Stonis, J.R., Diškus, A., Carvalho Filho, F. & Lewis, O.T. (2018) American Asteraceae-feeding Astrotischeria species with a highly modified, three-lobed valva in the male genitalia (Lepidoptera, Tischeriidae). Zootaxa, 4469 (1), 1–69.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4469.1.1
Stonis, J.R., Diškus, A., Remeikis, A., Gerulaitis, V. & Karsholt, O. (2016) Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna. Monograph. Zootaxa, 4181 (1), 1–94. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4181.1.1
Stonis, J.R., Diškus, A., Remeikis, A., Karsholt, O. & Cumbicus Torres, N. (2017a) Illustrated review of the leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) of the central Andes (Peru and Bolivia). Zootaxa, 4257 (1), 1–70.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4257.1.1
Stonis, J.R., Diškus, A., Remeikis, A., Katinas, L., Cumbicus Torres, N., Schuster, J. & Puplesyte-Chambers, J. (2019a) Diagnostics of new species of Neotropical Tischeriidae (Lepidoptera), with the first record of Coptotriche Walshingham from South America. Zootaxa, 4691 (1), 1–32.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4691.1.1
Stonis, J.R., Diškus, A., Remeikis, A. & Navickaitė, A. (2014) Study methods of Nepticulidae: micro-mounts of genitalia structures. In: Stonis, J.R., Hill, S.R., Diškus, A. & Auškalnis, T. (Eds.), Selected abstracts and papers of the First Baltic International Conference on Field Entomology and Faunistics. Edukologija Publishers, Vilnius, pp. 32–35.
Stonis, J.R., Diškus, A., Remeikis, A., Solis, M.A. & Katinas, L. (2020) Exotic-looking Neotropical Tischeriidae (Lepidoptera) and their host plants. ZooKeys, 970, 117–158.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.970.54801
Stonis, J.R., Remeikis, A., Diškus, A., Baryshnikova, S. & Solis, M.A. (2021) What are the smallest moths (Lepidoptera) in the world? Zootaxa. [in press]
Stonis, J.R., Remeikis, A., Diškus, A., Forero, D. & Cumbicus Torres, N. (2017b) A report on Lamiaceae-feeding Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from South America. Zootaxa, 4338 (1), 128–140.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4338.1.6
Stonis, J.R., Remeikis, A., Diškus, A., Orlovskytė, S., Vargas, S.A. & Solis, M.A. (2019b) A new leafmining pest of guava: Hesperolyra guajavifoliae sp. nov., with comments on the diagnostics of the endemic Neotropical genus Hesperolyra van Nieukerken (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys, 900, 87–110.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.900.46332
Vera Saltos, M.B. (2015) Chemical Study of plants belonging to Ecuadorian flora. PhD Thesis. Pisa University Press, Pisa, 80 pp. [https://docplayer.net/175085195-Chemical-study-of-plants-belonging-to-ecuadorian-flora.html]
Vera Saltos, M.B., Naranjo, B.F., Malafronte, N. & Braca, A. (2014) Phenolic Compounds from Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae). Journal of the 62 Brazilian Chemical Society, 25 (11), 2121–2124.
https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140181
Vila, R., Milo, B., Cañigueral, S., Adzet, T., Labbé, C. & Muñoz, O. (1996) Chemical composition of the essential oil from fresh leaves of Satureja gilliesii (Grah.) Briq. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 8 (2), 183–184.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1996.9700588
Wood, J.R.I. (2011) Clinopodium L. (Lamiaceae) en Bolivia. Kew Bulletin, 66, 199–226.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-011-9282-z
Zapata, B., Duran, C., Stashenko, E.E., Betancur, L. & Mesa, A.C. (2009) Actividad antimicótica, citotoxicidad y composición de aceites esenciales de plantas de la familia Labiatae. Salud UIS, 41, 223–230.