Abstract
A new soft scale species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), Pulvinaria kalyaniensis Talukder & Das, sp. n., is described from specimens collected on twigs of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) from Kalyani, West Bengal, India. This new species is similar to P. aligarhensis Avasthi & Shafee and P. ixorae Green, but can be distinguished by different character states of dorsal areolations, submarginal tubercles, dorsal tubular ducts, the number of prevulvar setae and the number of loculi in each multilocular pore. An updated identification key to the species of Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti found in India is provided.
References
Avasthi, R.K. & Shafee, S.A. (1985) Two new species of Pulvinaria Targ.-Tozz. (Homoptera: Coccidae) from India. Current Science, 54, 1289–1291.
Ben-Dov, Y. (1993) A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Flora and Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida, 536 pp.
Bhattacharyya, N., Chutia, M. & Sarma, S. (2007) Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), a potent bio-pesticide and medicinal plant: A review. Journal of Plant Science, 2, 251–259.
https://doi.org/10.3923/jps.2007.251.259
Biswas, K., Chattopadhyay, I., Banerjee, R.K. & Bandyopadhyay, U. (2002) Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Current Science, 82 (11), 1336–1345.
Boa, E.R. (1995) A Guide to Identification of Diseases and Insects of Neem (Azadirechta indica). United Nations Food & Agriculture Organisation, Bangkok, 71 pp.
Cao, T. & Feng, J.N. (2020) The genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in China, with description of a new species and a new record. Zootaxa, 4750 (2), 225–236.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4750.2.6
Chatterji, A. & Datta, A.R. (1974) Bionomics and control of mango mealy-scale, Chloropulvinaria (Pulvinaria) polygonata (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 44, 791–795.
Choi, J. & Lee, S. (2017) Taxonomic review of the tribe Pulvinariini (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 20, 89–100.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2016.11.013
Choi, J. & Lee, S. (2020) Molecular phylogeny of the family Coccidae (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha), with a discussion of their waxy ovisacs. Systematic Entomology, 45 (2), 396–414.
https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12404
García Morales, M., Denno, B.D., Miller, D.R., Miller, G.L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N.B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http://scalenet.info (accessed 10 December 2020)
Gopalakrishnan, C. & Narayanan, K. (1989) Occurrence of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht and its pathogenicity on guava scale Chloropulvinaria psidii Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Current Science, 58, 92–93.
Gupta, B.P. & Singh, Y.P. (1988) Mango scale insects—occurrence in western Uttar Pradesh and their control. Progressive Horticulture, 20, 357–361.
Hodgson, C.J. (1994) The Scale Insect Family Coccidae: An Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International Wallingford, 639 pp.
Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. (2000) Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae). Fauna of New Zealand. No. 41. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, Canterbury, 264 pp.
Joshi, S. (2017) First record of Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccidae) from India, with a key to the Indian species of Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti. Zootaxa, 4236 (3), 533–542.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4236.3.7
Joshi, S. (2018) Common Soft Scales of India. World Wide Web electronic publication. ICAR-NBAIR, India. http://www.nbair.res.in/Coccidae/index.html (accessed 10 November 2020)
Joshi, S., Ramya, R.S., Navik, O., Pawar, S.A., Hole, U.B. & Tambe, A.B. (2019) Redescription of Pulvinaria indica Avasthi & Shafee, 1985 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with new host and distribution records. Zootaxa, 4545 (1), 133–138.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4545.1.8
Kondo, T. & Hodgson, C. (2013) A third species of Hemilecanium Newstead (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) from the New World, with keys to species in the genus. Neotropical Entomology, 42 (5), 508–520.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0151-3
Lin, Y.P., Kondo, T., Gullan, P.J. & Cook, L.G. (2013) Delimiting genera of scale insects: molecular and morphological evidence for synonymising Taiwansaissetia Tao, Wong and Chang with Coccus Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Systematic Entomology, 38, 249–264.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00664.x
Miller, D.R., Rung, A., Parikh, G., Venable, G., Redford, A.J., Evans, G. & Gill, R.J. (2014) Scale Insects. 2nd Edition. USDA APHIS PPQ Identification Technology Program (ITP). Fort Collins, Colorado. Available from: http://idtools.org/id/scales/ (accessed 10 November 2020)
Newstead, R. (1894) Scale insects in Madras. Indian Museum Notes, 3, 21–32.
Ramakrishna Ayyar, T.V. (1925) The neem mealy scale (Pulvinaria maxima Green). Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India, Entomological Series, 8 (12), 127–155.
Schmutterer, H. (1990) Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Annual Review of Entomology, 35, 271–297.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.001415
Tanaka, H. (2008) A new genus of Pulvinariini (Hemiptera, Coccidae) from Japan. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 14 (2), 165–170.
Tanaka, H. (2012) Redescription of TakahashiacitricolaKuwana, 1909, and its transfer to the genus Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti (Coccoidea, Coccidae). Zookeys, 217, 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.217.3405
Targioni Tozzetti, A. (1866) Come certe cocciniglie sieno cagione di alcune melate delle piante, e di alcune ruggini; e come la cocciniglia del fico dia in abbondanza una specie di cera. Atti della Reale Accademia economica-agraria dei Georgofili di Firenze, Nuova Serie, 13, 115–146.
Tree, D. (2015) National Diagnostic Protocol for Pulvinaria iceryi (Signoret), Pulvinaria scale. NDP34 V1. Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics, Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Australia. ISBN 978-0-9945112-3-2. Available from: https://www.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au/app/uploads/2018/11/NDP-34-Pulvinaria-scale-Pulvinaria-iceryi-Signoret-V1.pdf (accessed 1 January 2021)
United Nations Environment Programme (2012) Neem: The UN’s tree of the 21st Century. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. [program]
United States National Research Council (1992) Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems. The National Academies Press. Washington, D.C., 140 pp.
Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. (1990) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part. 3. The Soft Scales (Coccidae) and Other Families. CAB International, Wallingford, 267 pp.