Abstract
Eutarsopolipus (Acari: Podapolipidae) is a large genus of mites parasitic in the subelytral space of carabid beetles. Herein, I explore the species radiations of Eutarsopolipus on the pterostichine genera Castelnaudia and Notonomus found in the rainforests of eastern Australia. Castelnaudia has an extraordinary radiation of podapolipid mite species, with most beetle species carrying multiple species of mites unique to each host. In contrast, each Notonomus species had just one species of Eutarsopolipus (with the exception of a single male mite of another species), and in four of the five host species examined, the single mite species could not be distinguished from each other. The host beetles and their new mite species are: Castelnaudia cordata with E. hebronae sp. nov., E. osculum sp. nov. and E. umbonatus sp. nov.; Castelnaudia eungella with E. savatus sp. nov.; Castelnaudia marginifera with E. labiatus sp. nov.; Castelnaudia mixta with E. mixtus sp. nov.; Castelnaudia porphyriaca with E. basiatus sp. nov., E. despoticus sp. nov. and E. teuceri sp. nov.; Castelnaudia septemcostata with E. nahmani sp. nov. and E. raveni sp. nov.; Castelnaudia setosiceps with E. hadros sp. nov.; Notonomus aurifer, N. dimorphicus, N. flos and N. spurgeoni with E. janus sp. nov.; and Notonomus transitus with E. biuncatus sp. nov. All the described species from Castelnaudia were from the ochoai species group, and the species on Notonomus were from the leytei species group. Ten additional undescribed species were also found on these hosts, all in numbers insufficient for description: nine from Castelnaudia (ochoai and pterostichi species groups) and one from Notonomus (undetermined species group). Synhospitality was common on Castelnaudia, with four species of Eutarsopolipus on C. cordata, C. eungella, C. porphyriaca and three on C. septemcostata. Co-infestation was also common, with one-third of infested beetles hosting two or more species of Eutarsopolipus. I speculate that the greater longevity and slower speciation rates of Castelnaudia have permitted more successful host-switching and speciation of its parasites.
References
Abbot, P. & Dill, L.M. (2001) Sexually transmitted parasites and sexual selection in the milkweed leaf beetle, Labidomera clivicollis. Oikos, 92, 91–100.
Berlese, A. (1911) Acarorum species novae quindecem. Redia, 7, 429–435.
Berlese, A. (1913) Acari Nuovi. Redia, 9, 27–87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3506(13)80183-7
Bochkov, A.V. & Mironov, S.V. (2008) The phenomenon of phylogenetic synhospitality in acariform mites (Acari: Acariformes)—the permanent parasites of vertebrates. Parazitologiia, 42, 81–100.
Burke, J.M., Ladiges, P.Y., Batty, E.L., Adams, P.B. & Bayly, M.J. (2013) Divergent lineages in two species of Dendrobium orchids (D. speciosum and D. tetragonum) correspond to major geographical breaks in eastern Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 40, 2071–2081.
Constantine, R.A. & Seeman, O.D. (2014) Three new species of Eutarsopolipus (Acari: Podapolipidae) from Australian carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 19, 87–109.
https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.19.1.8
Edwards, D.L. & Melville, J. (2010) Phylogeographic analysis detects congruent biogeographic patterns between a woodland agamid and Australian wet tropics taxa despite disparate evolutionary trajectories. Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1543–1556.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02293.x
Eickwort, G.C. (1990) Associations of mites with social insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 35, 469–488.
Eidelberg, M.M. (1994) Mites of the family Podapolipidae (Heterostigmata, Tarsonemina) of Ukraine and adjacent areas with description of a new species. Vestnik Zoologii, 1994, 37–43.
Hajiqanbar, H. & Mortazavi, A. (2012) First record of the myzus species group (Acari: Podapolipidae: Eutarsopolipus Berlese, 1911) from Asia, with the description of two new species parasitising carabid beetles. Systematic Parasitology, 83, 189–202.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-012-9384-5
Hajiqanbar, H., Mortazavi, A. & Khasutov, A. (2019) Two new species of Eutarsopolipus (Acari: Prostigmata: Podapolipidae) parasitizing Syntomus lateralis (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Iran. Zootaxa, 4647 (1), 154–167.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4647.1.13
Horne, P.A. (1992) Comparative life histories of 2 species of Notonomus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in Victoria. Australian Journal of Zoology, 40, 163–171.
Hunter, P.E. & Rosario, R.M.T. (1988) Associations of Mesostigmata with other arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology, 33, 393–417.
Hurst, G.D.D., Sharpe, R.G., Broomfield, A.H., Walker, L.E., Majerus, T.M.O., Zakharov, I.A. & Majerus, M.E.N. (1995) Sexually transmitted disease in a promiscuous insect, Adalia bipunctata. Ecological Entomology, 20, 230–236.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1995.tb00452.x
Husband, R.W. (2000) Eutarsopolipus davidsoni n. sp. (Acari: Podapolipidae) from Chlaenius sericeus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Ingham County, Michigan, and redescription of male Eutarsopolipus regenfussi. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 33, 107–116.
Husband, R.W. & Husband, D.O. (2012) Eutarsopolipus jacobi sp. nov. (Acari: Podapolipidae), subelytral parasite of Diplocheila impressicollis (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Michigan, U.S.A. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 17, 74–82.
https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.17.1.13
Katlav, A. & Hajiqanbar, H. (2018) First description of male and larval female of parasitic mite Eutarsopolipus abdominis (Acari: Podapolipidae) with redescription of the adult female. Journal of Parasitology, 104, 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1645/17-152
Katlav, A., Hajiqanbar, H. & Talebi, A.A. (2014) Dorsipes caspius n. sp. (Acari: Podapolipidae), a subelytral parasite of Pterostichus caspius (Menetries) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) with notes on host range of the genus and the distribution of the platysmae group. Systematic Parasitology, 89, 117–132.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-014-9512-5
Katlav, A., Riegler M. & Seeman, O.D. (2020) Tiny hitchhikers and parasites: a review of Australian heterostigmatic mites (Acari: Prostigmata) associated with insects, with description of three new species. Austral Entomology, 59, 401–421.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12484
Khaustov, A.A. & Husband, R.W. (2004) Two new species of Eutarsopolipus Berlese (Acari: Podapolipidae) from Harpalus smaragdinus and Acinopus picipes (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Ukraine. International Journal of Acarology, 30, 25–32.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01647950408684364
Krosch, M.N., Baker, A.M., McKie, B.G., Mather, P.B. & Cranston, P.S. (2009) Deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages reveal patterns of local endemism in chironomids of the Australian Wet Tropics. Austral Ecology, 34, 317–328.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01932.x
Lindquist, E.E. (1986) The world genera of Tarsonemidae (Acari: Heterostigmata): A morphological, phylogenetic, and systematic revision, with a reclassification of family group taxa in Heterostigmata. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 136, 1–517.
https://doi.org/10.4039/entm118136fv
Lindquist, E.E. & Sidorchuk, E.A. (2019) A new species of Podapolipus (Acari: Heterostigmata: Podapolipidae) from an Australian gryllacridid cricket (Orthoptera), with keys to orthopteran-associated species of the genus. Zootaxa, 4647 (1), 115–133.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4647.1.11
Lindquist, E.E., OConnor, B., Shaw, M.D. & Sidorchuk E.A. (2020) Review of the genera Berlesia Canestrini, 1884, and Katydiseius Fain & Lukoschus, 1983, the subfamily Katydiseiinae Fain & Lukoschus, 1983, and their family group relationships (Acari: Mesostigmata: Gamasina), with description of three new species parasitic on gryllacridid crickets (Orthoptera). Zootaxa, 4857 (1), 5–70.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4857.1.4
Mortazavi, A., Hajiqanbar, H. & Kamali, K. (2014) First record of the biunguis species group (Acari: Podapolipidae: Eutarsopolipus) from Asia, with the description of a new species parasitizing Drypta lineola (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 107, 449–556.
https://doi.org/10.1603/AN13196
Mortazavi, A., Hajiqanbar, H. & Lindquist, E.E. (2018) A new family of mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Raphignathina), highly specialized subelytral parasites of dytiscid water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Dytiscinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 184 (3), 695–749.
http://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx113
Nahrung, H.F. & Clarke, A.R. (2007) Sexually-transmitted disease in a subtropical eucalypt beetle: Infection of the fittest? Evolutionary Ecology, 21, 143–156.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-006-0018-8
OConnor, B.M. (2009) Cohort Astigmatina. In: Krantz, G.W. & Walter, D.E. (Eds.), A Manual of Acarology – Third Edition. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, pp. 233–420.
Regenfuss, H. (1968) Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Systematic und Ökologie der Podapolipidae (Acarina: Tarsonemini). Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 177, 183–282.
Regenfuss, H. (1972) Über die Einnischung synhospitaler Parasitenarten auf dem Wirtskörper: Untersuchungen an ektoparasitischen Milben (Podapolipidae) auf Laufkäfern (Carabidae). Sonderdruck aus Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 10, 44–65.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1972.tb00784.x
Regenfuss, H. (1974) Neue ektoparasitiche Arten der familie Podapolipidae (Acari: Tarsonemina) von Carabiden. Mitteilungen aus den Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 71, 147–163.
Ribera, I., Foster, G.N., Downie, I.S., McCracken, D.I. & Abernethy, V.J. (1999). A comparative study of the morphology and life traits of Scottish ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici 36, 21–37.
Rix, M.G., Wilson, J.D. & Harvey, M.S. (2020) The open-holed trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae: Anamidae: Namea) of Australia’s D’Aguilar Range: revealing an unexpected subtropical hotspot of rainforest diversity. Zootaxa, 4861 (1), 71–91.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4861.1.5
Seeman O.D. (2008) Systematics and phylogeny of Chrysomelobia species (Acari: Podapolipidae), sexually transmitted parasites of chrysomelid beetles. Invertebrate Systematics, 22, 55–84.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS06035
Seeman, O.D. (2019a) Two new species of Australian Eutarsopolipus (Acariformes: Podapolipidae) from Nurus medius (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zootaxa, 4647 (1), 134–153.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4647.1.12
Seeman, O.D. (2019b) New species of Eutarsopolipus (Trombidiformes: Podapolipidae) from the pterostichine genera Castelnaudia and Trichosternus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Australia. Zootaxa, 4717 (1), 206–230.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4717.1.12
Seeman, O.D. (2020) Unusual new species of Australian Eutarsopolipus (Acariformes: Podapolipidae) from Clivina (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annales Zoologici, 70, 425–438.
https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2020.70.3.013
Seeman, O.D. & Nahrung, H.F. (2003) Parobia husbandi gen. & sp. nov. (Acari: Podapolipidae): subelytral parasites of paropsine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 42, 334–342.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6055.2003.00380.x
Seeman, O.D. & Nahrung, H.F. (2004) Female biased parasitism and the importance of host generation overlap in a sexually transmitted parasite of beetles. Journal of Parasitology, 90, 114–118.
https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-101R1
Seeman, O.D. & Nahrung, H.F. (2005) New Parobia (Acari: Podapolipidae) parasitic on pestiferous paropsine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in eucalypt plantations. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 10, 111–135.
https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.10.1.12
Seeman, O.D. & Nahrung, H.F. (2013) Two new species of Chrysomelobia Regenfuss, 1968 (Acariformes: Podapolipidae) from Paropsis charybdis Stål (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Systematic Parasitology, 86, 257–270.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-013-9447-2
Seeman, O.D., Lindquist, E.E. & Husband, R.W. (2018) A new tribe of tarsonemid mites (Trombidiformes: Heterostigmatina) parasitic on tetrigid grasshoppers (Orthoptera). Zootaxa, 4418 (1), 1–54.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4418.1.1
Stammer, H.G. (1951) Eine neue Tracheenmilbe, Bombacarus buchneri n. g., n. sp. (Acari: Podapolipidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 146, 137–150.
Stannard, L.J. Jr. & Vaishampayan, S.M. (1971) Ovacarus clivinae, a new genus and species (Acari: Podapolipidae), an endoparasites of the slender seedcorn beetle. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 64, 887–890.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/64.4.887
Volkonsky, M. (1940) Podapolipus diander n. sp. Acarien hétérostygmate parasite du criquet migrateur (Locusta migratoria L.). Archives de Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, 18, 321–340.
Walter, D.E. & Proctor, H.C. (2013) Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. 2nd Edition. Life at a Microscale. Springer, Amsterdam, 494 pp.
Walter, D.E., Lindquist, E.E., Smith, I.M., Cook, D.R. & Krantz, G.W. (2009) Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G.W. & Walter, D.E. (Eds.), A Manual of Acarology – Third Edition. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, pp. 233–420.
Webberley, K.M., Buszko, J., Isham, V. & Hurst, G.D.D. (2006) Sexually transmitted disease epidemics in a natural insect population. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75, 33–43.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.01020.x
Will, K. (2015) A multigene phylogenetic analysis results in a redefinition of the genus Notonomus Chaudoir (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and descriptions of new species of the subgenus Leiradira Castelnau. Invertebrate Systematics, 29, 313–344.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS14021
Yoneda, M., Furuta H., Kanbe, Y., Tsuchida, K., Okabe, K. & Goka, K. (2008) Reproduction and transmission within a colony of bumblebee tracheal mite Locustacarus buchneri (Acari: Podapolipidae) in Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 43, 391–395.
https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2008.391