Abstract
The fossil record of Triassic Diptera is still poor, with the oldest dipteran assemblage described from the Upper Buntsandstein of the ‘Grès à Voltzia’ Formation (early Anisian, France). From the stratigraphically closest insect fauna of the Röt Formation of Lower Franconia, Germany, the first Diptera, Bashkonia franconica gen. et sp. nov. is described based on an isolated wing. The new genus is assigned to the family Nadipteridae, bridging the gap between two other genera included.
References
Alexander, C.P. (1928) The Tanyderidae of Australia (Diptera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 53, 367–374.
Bashkuev, A., Sell, J., Aristov, D., Ponomarenko, A., Sinitshenkova, N. & Mahler, H. (2012) Insects from the Buntsandstein of Lower Franconia and Thuringia. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 86, 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-011-0119-8
Blagoderov, V., Grimaldi, D.A. & Fraser, N.C. (2007) How time flies for flies: diverse Diptera from the Triassic of Virginia and early radiation of the order. American Museum Novitates, 3572, 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2007)509[1:HTFFFD]2.0.CO;2
Bourquin, S., Peron, S. & Durand, M. (2006) Lower Triassic sequence stratigraphy of the western part of the Germanic Basin (west of Black Forest): fluvial system evolution through time and space. Sedimentary Geology, 186, 187–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.018
Brauckmann, C. & Schlüter, T. (1993) Neue Insekten aus der Trias von Unter-Franken. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 27, 181–199.
Calafat Colom, F. (1988) Estratigrafia y sedimentologia de la litofacies Buntsandstein de Mallorca. Ph. D. Dissertation, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona. [unknown pagination]
Cumming, J.M. & Wood, D.M. (2017) Adult morphology and terminology. In: Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. & Sinclair, B.J. (Eds.), Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Vol. 1. Introductory chapters and keys to Diptera families. Suricata 4. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 89–133.
Durand, M. (2013) Der Buntsandstein in Nordost-Frankreich. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 69, 635–646. https://doi.org/10.1127/sdgg/69/2014/635
Gall, J.C. (1971) Faunes et paysage du Grés á Voltzia du Nord des Vosges. Essai paléoécologique sur le Buntsandstein supérieur. Mémoires du Service de la Carte geologique d’Alsace et de Lorraine, 34, 1–318.
Gall, J.C. & Grauvogel-Stamm, L. (2005) The early Middle Triassic ‘Grès à Voltzia’ Formation of eastern France: a model of environmental refugium. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 4, 637–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2005.04.007
Hennig, W. (1968) Kritische Bemerkungen über den Bau der Flügelwurzel bei den Dipteren und die Frage nach der Monophylie der Nematocera. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, 193, 1–23.
Hennig, W. (1973) Ordnung Diptera (Zweiflügler). Handbuch der Zoologie. 4 (2). 2/31. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 337 pp.
Kozur, H.W., Mahler, H. & Sell, J. (1993) Stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic importance of the latest Olenekian and early Anisian conchostracans of Middle Europe. In: Lucas, S.G. & Morales, M. (Eds.), The nonmarine Triassic. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 3, pp. 255–259.
Krzemiński, W., Krzemińska, E. & Papier, F. (1994) Grauvogelia arzvilleriana sp. n.—the oldest Diptera species (Lower/Middle Triassic of France). Acta Zoologica Cracovensia, 37, 95–99.
Krzemiński, W. & Krzemińska, E. (2003) Triassic Diptera: descriptions, revisions and phylogenetic relations. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 46, 153–184.
Lara, M.B. & Lukashevich, E.D. (2013) The first Triassic dipteran (Insecta) from South America, with review of Hennigmatidae. Zootaxa, 3710 (1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3710.1.6
Lukashevich, E.D. (2012) Phylogeny of Ptychopteroidea (Insecta: Diptera). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 5, 32–40. [translated into English in Paleontological Journal, 46 (5), 476–484] https://doi.org/10.1134/S003103011205005X
Lukashevich, E.D. (2018) Male terminalia and their rotation in Tanyderidae (Diptera, Nematocera) since the Mesozoic. Historical Biology, 32 (4), 462–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2018.1500568
Lukashevich, E.D., Przhiboro, A.A., Marchal-Papier, F. & Grauvogel-Stamm, L. (2010) The oldest occurrence of immature Diptera (Insecta), Middle Triassic, France. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, New Series, 46, 4–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2010.10697636
Lukashevich, E.D. & Ribeiro, G.C. (2019) Mesozoic fossils and the phylogeny of Tipulomorpha (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of Systematic Paleontology, 17, 635–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1448899
Lukashevich, E.D. & Shcherbakov, D.E. (1999) A new Triassic family of Diptera from Australia. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Palaeoentomological Conference, Moscow 1998. AMBA project, Bratislava, pp. 81–89.
Mahler, H. & Sell, J. (2015) Profile im Oberen Buntsandstein (Röt 4-Subformation) von Unterfranken und Südthüringen. Naturwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch Schweinfurt, 27, 27–93.
Marchal-Papier, F. (1998) Les insectes du Buntsandstein des Vosges (NE de la France). Biodiversite et contributions aux modalités de la crise biologique du Permo-Trias. Ph. D. Dissertation. Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, 177 pp.
Matamales-Andreu, R., Peñalver, E., Mujal, E., Oms, O., Scholze, F., Juárez, J., Galobart, A. & Fortuny, J. (2021) Early-Middle Triassic fluvial ecosystems of Mallorca (Balearic Islands): biotic communities and environmental evolution in the equatorial western peri-Tethys. Earth-Science Reviews, 222, 103783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103783
Röhling, H.-G., Lepper, J., Diehl, M., Dittrich, D., Freudenberger, W., Friedlein, V., Hug-Diegel, N. & Nitsch, E. (2018) The Buntsandstein Group in the Stratigraphic Table of Germany 2016. German Journal of Geology, 169 (2), 151–180. https://doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/2018/0132
Selden, P.A. & Nudds, J.R. (2012) Grès à Voltzia. In: Selden, P.A. & Nudds, J.R. (Eds.), Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems. 2nd Edition. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15128-11
Shcherbakov, D.E., Lukashevich, E.D. & Blagoderov, V.A. (1995) Triassic Diptera and initial radiation of the order. International Journal of Dipterolological Research, 6 (2), 75–115.
Sinitshenkova, N.D., Marchal-Papier, F., Grauvogel-Stamm, L. & Gall, J.-C. (2005) The Ephemeridea (Insecta) from the Grès à Voltzia (early Middle Triassic) of the Vosges (NE France). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 79 (3), 377–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02991930
Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Jahresbericht. Projekte und Aktionen 2016/2017. (2018) Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie C Band 83, 2018, 12–13. Available from: https://www.naturkundemuseum-bw.de/fileadmin/downloads/jahresberichte/JB-pop_SMNS_2016-2017_SerC_83.pdf (accessed 23 October 2021)
STG (2016) German Stratigraphic Commission, ed.; editing, coordination and layout: Menning, M. & Hendrich, A. Stratigraphic Table of Germany 2016. Potsdam. Available from: http://www.stratigraphie.de/std/Bilder/5_2.pdf (accessed 23 October 2021)
Szwedo, J., Lapeyrie, J. & Nel, A. (2015) Rooting down the aphid’s tree – the oldest record of the Aphidomorpha lineage from Palaeozoic (Insecta: Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology, 40, 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12099
Wootton, R.J. & Ennos, A.R. (1989) The implications of function on the origin and homologies of the dipterous wing. Systematic Entomology, 14, 507–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1989.tb00300.x
Zessin, W. (2008) Neue Insekten aus der unteren Trias (Buntsandstein) von Mallorca, Spanien (Blattaria, Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Orthopteroidea und Homoptera). Virgo Mitteilungsblatt des Entomologischen Vereins Mecklenburg, 1, 99–102.