Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2022-01-12
Page range: 69-106
Abstract views: 813
PDF downloaded: 30

Integrating voice and phenotype in a revision of the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Aves: Cuculidae) complex

National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore.
Australian National Wildlife Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore
Aves Bioacoustics Morphometrics Plumage Brood host selection Aves Cuculidae Australasia Indo-Pacific Species Limits

Abstract

Brush cuckoos of the Cacomantis variolosus complex, which range from Southeast Asia to Australia and the Solomon Islands, have undergone much taxonomic upheaval. Here we examine 389 vocal recordings, 832 skins, and records of brood parasitism and habitat partitioning to shed light on their species and subspecies taxonomy. Bioacoustic analysis revealed seven distinct vocal groups. Among morphological markers, shape and proportions of the tail were found to be supporting indicators, in addition to plumage tone and pattern. Integration of the resulting data set distinguished six species-level taxa within the complex: sepulcralis in the Philippines and Sundaland east to central Nusa Tenggara, virescens in Sulawesi and the Sula Archipelago, aeruginosus in the Moluccas, variolosus in east Nusa Tenggara, the Moluccas, north and east Australia, New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago, blandus in the Admiralty Islands, and addendus in the Solomon Islands. Our review of infra-specific differentiation among species leads us to distinguish 13 subspecies. All taxa identified are listed in a summary classification of the complex. Taxon diversity is greatest in the Moluccas, where two habitat-partitioned species and five allopatric subspecies occur, of which one species and three subspecies are endemic to this region.

 

References

  1. Abernathy, V.E. & Liang, W. (2020) Empirical evidence of different egg morphs that match host eggs in the brush cuckoo (Cacomantis variolosus). Emu—Austral Ornithology, 120, 322‒332. https://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2020.1856686
    Amadon, D. (1942) Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 50. Notes on some non-passerine genera, 2. American Museum Novitates, 1176, 1–21.
    Barrett, G., Silcocks, A., Barry, S., Cunningham, R. & Poulter, R. (2003) The New Atlas of Australian Birds. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, Melbourne, 824 pp.
    Beehler, B.M. & Pratt, T.K. (2016) Birds of New Guinea: Distribution, Taxonomy, and Systematics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 668 pp. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400880713
    Beruldsen, G.R. (1978) The eggs of the Brush Cuckoo—Cacomantis variolosus. Australian Bird Watcher, 7, 281–282.
    Beruldsen, G. (2003) Australian Birds their Nests and Eggs. G. Beruldsen, Kenmore Hills, Queensland, 424 pp.
    Bock, W.J. (1986) Species concepts, speciation and macroevolution. In: Iwatsuki, K., Raven, P.H. & Bock, W.J. (Eds.), Modern Aspects of Species. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp. 31‒57.
    Bowler, J. & Taylor, J. (1989) An annotated checklist of the birds of the Manusela National Park, Seram (birds recorded on the Operation Raleigh Expedition). Kukila, 4, 3–33.
    Brüggemann, F. (1876) Beiträge zur Ornithologie von Celebes und Sangir. Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen, 5, 35–102.
    Cabanis, J.L. & Heine, F. (1863) Museum Heineanum: Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt, Th.4, Hf. 1. In Commission bei R. Frantz, Halbertstadt, 229 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.112135
    Cain, A.J. & Galbraith, I.C.J. (1956) Field notes on birds of the eastern Solomon Islands. Ibis, 98 (2), 262–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1956.tb03043.x
    Cayley-Webster, H. (1898) Through New Guinea and the Cannibal Countries. T.F. Unwin, London, xvii + 414 pp.
    Clements, J.F., Schulenberg, T.S., Iliff, M.J., Billerman, S.M., Fredericks, T.A., Sullivan, B.L. & Wood, C.L. (2019) The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019. Available from: https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ (accessed 19 September 2020)
    Coates, B.J. (1985) The Birds of Papua New Guinea including the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville. Volume 1. Non Passerines. Dove Publications, Alderley, 464 pp.
    Coates, B.J. & Bishop, K.D. (1997) A Guide to the Birds of Wallacea: Sulawesi, the Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Dove Publications, Alderley, Queensland, 535 pp.
    Coates, B.J. & Peckover, W.S. (2001) Birds of New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago: a Photographic Guide. Dove Publications, Alderley, Queensland, 272 pp.
    Condon, H.T. (1975) Checklist of the Birds of Australia: Non-passerines. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, Melbourne, xx + 311 pp.
    Cros, E. & Rheindt, F.E. (2017) Massive bioacoustic analysis suggests introgression across Pleistocene land bridges in Mixornis tit-babblers. Journal of Ornithology, 158, 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-016-1411-x
    Dahl, F. (1899) Das Leben der Vögel auf den Bismarckinseln. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 1, 108‒222. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.4830010304
    Delhey, K. (2019) A review of Gloger's rule, an ecogeographical rule of colour: Definitions, interpretations and evidence. Biological Reviews, 94 (4), 1294–1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12503
    del Hoyo, J. & Collar, N.J. (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, volume 1. Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 903 pp.
    Diamond, J.M. (1972) Avifauna of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club No. 12. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, Massachusetts, vii + 438 pp.
    Diamond, J.M. (1975) Distributional ecology and habits of some Bougainville birds (Solomon Islands). Condor, 77 (1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/1366755
    Diamond, J.M. & LeCroy, M. (1979) Birds of Karkar and Bagabag islands, New Guinea. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 164 (4), 471–531.
    Dickinson, E.C. (2003) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 3rd Edition. Christopher Helm, London, 1039 pp.
    Dickinson, E.C. & Remsen, J.V. (Eds.) (2013) The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 4th Edition. Vol. 1. Aves Press, Eastbourne, xlx + 461 pp.
    Dickinson, E.C., Kennedy, R.S. & Parkes, K.C. (1991) The Birds of the Philippines. An Annotated Check-list. BOU Check-list Series No. 12. British Ornithologists' Union, Tring, Hertfordshire, 507 pp.
    Draffan, R.D.W., Garnett, S.T. & Malone, G.J. (1983) Birds of the Torres Strait: an annotated list and biogeographical analysis. Emu, 83 (4), 207–234. https://doi.org/10.1071/MU9830207
    Dutson, G. (2011) Birds of Melanesia: Bismarcks, Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 334 pp.
    Eaton, J.A., van Balen, S., Brickle, N.W. & Rheindt, F.E. (2016) Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 68 pp.
    Erritzøe, J., Mann, C.F., Brammer, F.P. & Fuller, R.A. (2012) s.n. In: Cuckoos of the World. Bloomsbury Publishing, London, pp. 404–412.
    Galbraith, I.C. & Galbraith, E.H. (1962) Land Birds of Guadalcanal and the San Cristoval Group, E Solomon Islands. British Museum (Natural History), London, 86 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.127557
    Gill, F.B. (2014) Species taxonomy of birds: which null hypothesis? Auk, 131, 150–161. https://doi.org/10.1642/AUK-13-206.1
    Gill, F., Donsker, D. & Rasmussen, P. (2021) IOC World Bird List. Version 11.2. Available from: http://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ioc-lists/master-list-2/ (accessed 19 September 2020) https://doi.org/10.14344/IOC.ML.11.1
    Gray, G.R. (1858) A list of the birds, with descriptions of new species obtained by Mr. Alfred R. Wallace in the Aru and Ké Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1858, 169‒198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1858.tb06363.x
    Gould, J. (1845) A new species of Trogon, from South America, and seven new birds from Australia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1845, 18‒20.
    Gwee, C.Y., Christidis, L., Eaton, J.A., Norman, J.A., Trainor, C.R., Verbelen, P. & Rheindt, F.E. (2017) Bioacoustic and multi-locus DNA data of Ninox owls support high incidence of extinction and recolonisation on small, low-lying islands across Wallacea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 109, 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.024
    Gwee, C.Y., Eaton, J.A., Garg, K.M., Alström, P., van Balen, S., Hutchinson, R.O. & Rheindt, F.E. (2019) Cryptic diversity in Cyornis (Aves: Muscicapidae) jungle-flycatchers flagged by simple bioacoustic approaches. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 186 (3), 725–741. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz003
    Hadden, D. (1981) Birds of the North Solomons. Wau Ecology Institute Handbook No. 8. Wau, Papua New Guinea, ix + 107 pp.
    Handbook of the Birds of the World & BirdLife International (2019) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International Digital Checklist of the Birds of the World. Version 4. Available from: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v4_Dec19.zip (accessed 19 September 2020)
    HANZAB (1999) s.n. In: Higgins, P.J. (Ed.), Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Vol. 4. Parrots to Dollarbird. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, pp. 1–1248, pls. 1–54.
    Hartert, E. (1925) Review of the genus Cacomantis Müll. Novitates Zoologicae, 32, 164–174. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4504
    Heinrich, G. (1932) Der Vögel Schnarch. Zwei Jahre Rallenfang und Urwaldforschung in Celebes. D. Reimer, Berlin, 196 pp.
    Heinrich, G. (1956) Biologische Aufzeichnungen über Vögel von Halmahera und Batjan. Journal für Ornithologie, 97 (1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01670833
    Helbig, A.J., Knox, A.G., Parkin, D.T., Sangster, G. & Collinson, M. (2002) Guidelines for assigning species rank. Ibis, 144, 518‒525. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00091.x
    Hosner, P.A., Campillo, L.C., Andersen, M.J., Sánchez-González, L.A., Oliveros, C.H., Urriza, R.C. & Moyle, R.G. (2018) An integrative species delimitation approach reveals fine-scale endemism and substantial unrecognized avian diversity in the Philippine Archipelago. Conservation Genetics, 19 (5), 1153–1168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-018-1085-4
    del Hoyo, J. & Collar, N.J. (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1. Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 903 pp.
    del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (1997) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 4. Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 679 pp.
    ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) (1999) The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp.
    Inskipp, T., Lindsey, N. & Duckworth, W. (1996) An Annotated Checklist of the Birds of the Oriental Region. Oriental Bird Club, Sandy, Bedfordshire, 10 + 294 pp.
    Isler, M.L., Isler, P.R. & Whitney, B.M. (1998) Use of vocalizations to establish species limits in antbirds (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae). Auk, 115 (3), 577–590. https://doi.org/10.2307/4089407
    Jany, E. (1955). Neue Vogel-Formen von den Nord-Molukken. Journal für Ornithologie, 96, 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01961176
    Jensen, R.A.C. & Jensen, M.K. (1969) On the breeding biology of southern African cuckoos. Ostrich, 40, 163‒181. https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1969.9634345
    Joseph, L., Wilke, T. & Alpers, D. (2002) Reconciling genetic expectations from host specificity with historical population dynamics in an avian brood parasite, Horsfield’s Bronze-Cuckoo Chalcites basalis of Australia. Molecular Ecology, 11, 829‒837. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01481.x
    Junge, G.C.A. (1937) The birds of south New Guinea. Part 1. Non-Passeres. Nova Guinea, New Series, 1, 125–188.
    Keast, A. (1961) Bird speciation on the Australian continent. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 123, 303–495.
    Marchant, S. (1972) Evolution of the genus Chrysococcyx. Ibis, 114, 219‒233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1972.tb02604.x
    Mathews, G.M. (1918–1919) The Birds of Australia. Vol. 7. Witherby & Co., London, xix + 499 pp.
    Mathews, G.M. (1927) Systema Avium Australasianarum. A Systematic List of the Birds of the Australasian Region. Part 1. British Ornithologists’ Union, London, iv + 426 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.152920
    Mason, I.J. (1997) Cuculidae. In: Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. (Eds.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 37.2. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 219–254.
    Mayr, E. (1941) List of New Guinea Birds. American Museum of Natural History, New York, xi + 260 pp.
    Mayr, E. (1942) Systematics and the Origin of Species, from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, xiv + 334 pp.
    Mayr, E. (1944) The birds of Timor and Sumba. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 83, 123–194.
    Mayr, E. (1996) What is a species and what is not? Philosophy of Science, 63, 262–277. https://doi.org/10.1086/289912
    Mayr, E. & Ashlock, P. (1991) Principles of Systematic Zoology, Second edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 416 pp.
    Mayr, E. & Diamond, J. (2001) The Birds of Northern Melanesia: Speciation, Ecology, and Biogeography. Oxford University Press, Oxford, xxiv + 492 pp.
    Mayr, E. & Meyer de Schauensee, R. (1939) Zoological results of the Denison-Crockett Expedition to the South Pacific for the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1937–1938. Part 1: The birds of the island of Biak. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 91, 1–37.
    Mayr, E. & Rand, A.L. (1937) Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 14; The Birds of the 1933–1934 Papuan Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural Museum, 73, 61–62.
    Mees, G.F. (1965) The avifauna of Misool. Nova Guinea, Zoology, 31, 139–203.
    Meyer, O. (1933) Vogeleier und Nester aus Neubrittanien, Südsee. Beiträge zur Fortpflanzung der Vögel, 9, 122‒136 + 182‒185.
    Minelli, A. (2015) Taxonomy faces speciation: the origin of species or the fading out of species? Biodiversity Journal, 6, 123‒138.
    Müller, S. (1843) Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen. Vol. 1. In Commissie bij S. en J. Luchtmans en C.C. van der Hoek, Leiden, 472 pp., 86 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.114730
    Ng, N.S. & Rheindt, F.E. (2016) Species delimitation in the White-faced Cuckoo-dove (Turacoena manadensis) based on bioacoustic data. Avian Research, 7, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-015-0036-8
    Ng, E.Y.X., Eaton, J.A., Verbelen, P., Hutchinson, R.O. & Rheindt, F.E. (2016) Using bioacoustic data to test species limits in an Indo-Pacific island radiation of Macropygia cuckoo doves. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 118, 786–812. https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12768
    Ng, E.Y.X., Yue, A.Y., Eaton, J.A., Gwee, C.Y., van Balen, B. & Rheindt, F.E. (2020) Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic robin lineage in the Greater Sunda islands. Treubia, 47, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.14203/treubia.v47i1.3872
    Ottow, J. & Verheijen, J.A.J. (1969) Zur Lebensweise der Kuckucke von Flores. Journal für Ornithologie, 110, 27‒29. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01671134
    Padial, J.M., Miralles, A., De la Riva, I. & Vences, M. (2010) The integrative future of taxonomy. Frontiers in Zoology, 7, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-7-16
    Parkes, K.C. (1960) Notes on some non-passerine birds from the Philippines. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 35, 331–340.
    Payne, R.B. (1997) Family Cuculidae (cuckoos). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (Eds.), Handbook of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp. 508–607.
    Payne, R.B. (2005) The Cuckoos. Oxford University Press, London, xxii + 618 pp.
    Peters, J.L. (1940) Check-List of the Birds of the World. Vol. 4. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, xii + 291 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14581
    Pratt, T.K & Beehler, B.M. (2015) Birds of New Guinea. 2nd Edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 528 pp. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400865116
    Prawiradilaga, D.M., Baveja, P., Suparno, S., Ashari, H., Ng, N.S.R., Gwee, C.Y., Verbelen, P. & Rheindt, F.E. (2017) A colourful new species of Myzomela honeyeater from Rote Island in eastern Indonesia. Treubia, 44, 77–100. https://doi.org/10.14203/treubia.v44i0.3414
    R Core Team (2020) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. http://www.r-project.org/index.html
    Rand, A.L. & Gilliard, E.T. (1967) Handbook of Birds of New Guinea. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, x + 612 pp.
    Rheindt, F.E. (2010) New biogeographic records for the avifauna of Taliabu (Sula Islands, Indonesia), with preliminary documentation of two previously undiscovered taxa. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, 130 (1), 33–51.
    Rheindt, F.E. & Hutchinson, R.O. (2007) A photoshot odyssey through the confused avian taxonomy of Seram and Buru (southern Moluccas). BirdingASIA, 7, 18–38.
    Rheindt, F.E. & Ng, E.Y.X. (2021) Avian taxonomy in turmoil: is the 7-point rule reproducible? Ornithology, 138, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukab010
    Rheindt, F.E., Eaton, J.A. & Verbelen, F. (2011) Vocal trait evolution in a geographic leapfrog pattern: speciation in the Maroon-chinned Fruit Dove (Ptilinopus subgularis) complex from Wallacea. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 123 (3), 429–440. https://doi.org/10.1676/10-148.1
    Rothschild, W. & Hartert, E. (1901) List of a collection of birds from Kulambangra and Florida Islands in the Solomon Group. Novitates Zoologicae, 8, 179–189. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22170
    Rothschild, W. & Hartert, E. (1914a) On a collection of birds from Goodenough Island. Novitates Zoologicae, 21, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16328
    Rothschild, W. & Hartert, E. (1914b) The birds of the Admiralty Islands, north of German New Guinea. Novitates Zoologicae, 21, 281–298.
    Salvadori, T. (1878) Prodromus Ornithologiae Papuasiae et Moluccarum. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 13, 456–463.
    Salvadori, T. (1880) Ornitologia della Papuasia e delle Molucche. Parte Prima. G.B. Paravia, Torino, xii + 573 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8409
    Sangster, G. (2014) The application of species criteria in avian taxonomy and its implications for the debate over species concepts. Biological Reviews, 89, 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12051
    Sangster, G. (2018) Integrative taxonomy of birds: The nature and delimitation of species. In: Tietze, D.T. (Ed.), Bird Species: How They Arise, Modify and Vanish. Fascinating Life Sciences Series, Springer, Cham, pp. 9–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91689-7_2
    Sangster, G. & Rozendaal, F.G. (2004) Systematic notes on Asian birds. 41. Territorial songs and species-level taxonomy of nightjars of the Caprimulgus macrurus complex, with the description of a new species. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 350, 7–45.
    Schodde, R. (1977) Contributions to Papuasian ornithology VI. Survey of the birds of southern Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper, 34, 1–103.
    Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. (1999) The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, x + 851 pp. https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643100862
    Siebers, H.C. (1930) Fauna Buruana. Aves. Treubia, 7 (Supplement), 165‒303.
    Sorenson, M.D. & Payne, R.B. (2005) A molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny. In: Payne, R.B., The Cuckoos (Bird Families of the World). Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 68–94.
    Stones, A.J., Lucking, R.S., Davidson, P.J. & Raharjaningtrah, W. (1997) Checklist of the birds of the Sula Islands (1991), with particular reference to Taliabu Island. Kukila, 9, 37‒55.
    Stresemann, E. (1912). Ornithologische Miszellen aus dem Indo-Australischen Gebiet. Novitates Zoologicae, 19, 311–351. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.1551
    Stresemann, E. (1931) Vorläufiges über die ornithologischen Ergebnisse der Expedition Heinrich 1930–1931. V. Zur Ornithologie von Halmahera und Batjan. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 39, 167–171.
    Stresemann, E. & Paludan, K. (1932) Ornithologische Ergebnisse der Expedition Stein 1931‒32. Novitates Zoologicae, 38, 127–247. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.14743
    Tebb, G., Morris, P. & Los, P. (2008) New and interesting bird records from Sulawesi and Halmahera, Indonesia. BirdingASIA, 10, 67–76.
    Thibault, M., du Rau, P.D., Pineau, O. & Pangimangen, W. (2013) New and interesting records for the Obi Archipelago (north Maluku, Indonesia), including field observations and first description of the vocalisation of Moluccan Woodcock Scolopax rochussenii. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, 133 (2), 83–115.
    Vigors, N.A. & Horsfield, T. (1827) A description of the Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 15, 170–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x
    White, C.M.N. & Bruce, M.D. (1986) The Birds of Wallacea (Sulawesi, the Moluccas & Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia), An Annotated Check-list. British Ornithologists’ Union, London, 524 pp.
    Yue, A.Y., Ng, E.Y.X., Eaton, J.A. & Rheindt, F.E. (2020) Species limits in the Elegant Pitta (Pitta elegans) complex from Wallacea based on bioacoustic and morphometric analysis. Avian Research, 11, 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-020-00227-4

  2.