Abstract
Iran is situated at the junctions of the Palaearctic and Oriental zoogeographical Regions, and the Caspian, Baluchi and Irano-Turanian floral zones, so it has a very diverse scale insect fauna. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) are economically important in forestry, agriculture and horticulture. This taxonomic work on the mealybugs (Pseudococcidae and Rhizoecidae) and Putoidae of Iran is the second of three parts planned to cover all the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in the country. It provides a resource for accurate laboratory identification of all the species known to occur in Iran or that are likely to be found there. Keys to the genera and species of mealybug found in Iran—29 genera and 62 species of Pseudococcidae, and one genus and one species in each of the families Rhizoecidae and Putoidae—are provided. Detailed line drawings of all the species are given to facilitate identification. These are accompanied by detailed descriptions, distribution data, information on natural enemies, economic importance and host-plants recorded in Iran. The main purpose of the work is to provide agricultural staff concerned with pest control and quarantine inspection in Iran with a reliable means of species identification. The species Dysmicoccus walkeri (Newstead), Peliococcus marrubii (Kiritshenko) and Phenacoccus transcaucasicus Hadzibejli are recorded for the first time from Iran, and Artemicoccus poacearum Moghaddam & Watson sp. n. and Spilococcus williamsi Moghaddam & Watson sp. n. are described.
References
Abbasipour, H. & Taghavi, A. (2007) [Description and seasonal abundance of the tea mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) found on tea in Iran]. Journal of Entomology, 4 (6), 474−478. https://doi.org/10.3923/je.2007.474.478
Afchar, J. (1937) Les Insectes Nuisibles aux Arbres Fruitiers en Iran. Ministry of Agriculture, Jihad, 112 pp.
Ali, S.M. (1967) Description of a new and records of some known coccids (Homoptera) from Bihar, India. Oriental Insects, New Delhi, 1, 29−43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1967.10433849
Ali, S.M. (1975) Birendracoccus, new genus for the sugarcane leaf mealybug (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). In: Tiwari, K.K., Srivastava, C.B. & Chauhan, B.S. (Eds.), Dr. B.S. Chauhan commemorative volume. Zoological Society of India, Bhubaneshwar, pp. 270−283.
Archangelskaya, A.D. (1930) List of the Scale Insects (Coccidae) of Turkmenistan. Report of the Plant Protection Station for 1926 to 1929, Ashkhabad, Turkmenia, 1930, 75–85.
Asadeh, G.A. & Mossadegh, M.S. (1993a) [Investigation on the mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) fauna of the Khuzestan province, Southwest Iran]. The Scientific Journal of Agriculture Shahid Chamran University Press, Iran Islamic Republic, 16 (1, 2), 76‒81.
Asadeh, G.A. & Mossadegh, M.S. (1993b) [Important natural enemies of mealybugs (Pseudococcus spp.) in the Khuzestan province Iran]. The Scientific Journal of Agriculture, 6 (1, 2), 46–52.
Ashmead, W.H. (1879) Injurious and beneficial insects found on the orange trees of Florida. Canadian Entomologist, 11, 159–160. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent11159-8
Avasthi, R.K. & Shafee, S.A. (1986) Another new species of mealybug genus Dysmicoccus Ferris (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) from India. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 59, 435–438.
Balachowsky, A.S. (1932) Contribution à l'étude des coccides de France. Sur un Pseudococcus nouveau des Iles d'Hyères. 8ième note. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 37, 87–89. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1932.14389
Balachowsky, A.S. (1936) Contribution à l'étude des coccides du Nord Africain (15me note). Sur deux remarquables Pseudococcinae découverts dans le Sahara Marocain par Ch. Rungs. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 41, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1936.15007
Balachowsky, A.S. (1938) Contribution à l'étude des coccides du nord de l'Afrique. (18e note). Un genre nouveau et une espèce nouvelle appartenant à la sous-famille des Eriococcinae. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 43, 37–40. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1938.15237
Balachowsky, A.S. (1953a) Remarques complementaires sur le statut des genres Echinococcus Balachw. et Centrococcus Borkhsenius (Coccoidea-Pseudococcini). Bulletin de la Société des Sciences naturelles du Maroc, 33, 145–147.
Balachowsky, A.S. (1953b) Communications. I. Sur un Centrococcus (Coccoidea-Pseudococcini) nouveau du Maroc Oriental. II. Remarques sur les Pseudococcini spinuleux. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences naturelles du Maroc, 31, 277–285.
Balachowsky, A.S. (1959) Nuevas cochinillas de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 10, 337–361.
Bazarov, B.B. (1971) [Two new species of coccids from the genus Peliococcus Borchsenius from the fauna of central Asia]. Otdelenie Biologicheskikh Nauk, 1, 91–95.
Bazarov, B.B. (1977) [A new species of mealybug from the genus Dysmicoccus Ferris (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) from Pamir]. Doklady Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR. Dushanbe, 20, 65–67.
Ben-Dov, Y. (1988) Manna scale, Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Systematic Entomology, 13, 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1988.tb00251.x
Ben-Dov, Y. (1994) A Systematic Catalogue of the Mealybugs of the World (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Intercept Limited, Andover, 686 pp.
Ben-Dov, Y. (2006) On some records of scale insects from the Kingdom of Jordan (Hem., Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 111 (2), 147. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2006.16313
Ben-Dov, Y. (2008) The rice mealybug, Brevennia rehi (Lindinger, 1943): new synonyms, and new distribution records (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 113 (1), 85–88. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2008.16505
Berg, C. (1899) Substitución de nombres genéricos. III. Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, 1, 77–80.
Betrem, J. G. (1937) De morporphologie en systematiek van enkele vande vooraamste witte-luizensoorten van Java. Archief voor de Koffiecultuur in Nederlandisch-Indié, 11, 1–118.
Bodenheimer, F.S. (1926) Second note on the Coccidae of Palestine. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 17, 189–192. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300019222
Bodenheimer, F.S. (1927) Third note on the Coccidae of Palestine. Agricultural Records, Tel Aviv, 2, 177–186.
Bodenheimer, F.S. (1943) A first survey of the Coccoidea of Iraq. Government of Iraq, Ministry of Economics, Directorate General of Agriculture, Bulletin, 28, 1–33
Bodenheimer, F.S. (1944) Note on the Coccoidea of Iran, with description of new species. Bulletin de la Société Fouad 1er d'Entomologie, 28, 85–100.
Bodenheimer, F.S. (1949) The Coccidea of Turkey. Diaspididae. A monographic study. Güney, Ankara, 264 pp.
Boisduval, J.B.A. (1867) Essai sur l'entomologie horticole. Donnaud, Paris, 648 pp.
Borchsenius, N.S. (1937) Tables for the Identification of Coccids (Coccidae) Injurious to Cultivated Plants and Forests in the USSR. Quarantine Regional Inspection, Leningrad, 148 pp.
Borchsenius, N.S. (1941) [Species of the manna-producing scale insects (Trabutina, Coccidae, Hemiptera) from Central Asia]. Izvestiya Kursov Prikladoni Zoologii i Fitopathologii, Leningrad, 12, 123–135.
Borchsenius, N.S. (1947) [Two new genera of mealybugs and a new species of armoured scale (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from Armenia]. Doklady Akademii Nauk Armyanoskoi, SSSR, 7, 141–143.
Borchsenius, N.S. (1948a) [Toward a revision of the genus Phenacoccus Ckll. (Insecta, Homoptera, Coccoidea)]. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, New Series, 61, 953–956.
Borchsenius, N.S. (1948b) [New mealybugs of the family Pseudococcidae from Central Asia]. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, New Series, 63, 581–584.
Borchsenius, N.S. (1949) [Insects Homoptera. suborders mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Family mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). Vol. VII]. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR, New Series, 38, 1–382.
Borchsenius, N.S. (1958) [Notes on the Coccoidea of China. 2. Descriptions of some new species of Pseudococcidae, Aclerdidae and Diaspididae (Homoptera, Coccoidea)]. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye, 37, 156–173.
Borchsenius, N.S. (1962a) [Notes on coccid fauna of China. 10. Descriptions of some new species of Pseudococcidae (Homoptera, Coccoidea). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye, 41, 583–595.
Borchsenius, N.S. (1962b) [Notes on the Coccoidea of China. 11. New genera and species of mealybugs fam. Pseudococcidae (Homoptera, Coccoidea)]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Leningrad, 30, 221–244.
Borchsenius, N.S. & Kozarshevskaya, E.F. (1966) [Three new species of Pseudococcidae (Homoptera, Coccoidea) from the USSR. In: Bykhovskii, B.E. (Ed.), New Species of Insects of the Fauna of the USSR and Adjacent Countries]. Trudy Akademii Nauk SSR Zoologicheskogo Instituta, 37, 36–40.
Borchsenius, N.S. & Tereznikova, E.M. (1959) [Two new species of mealy bugs of the genus Rhizoecus Künck. (Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) of the Ukrainian fauna]. Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, 3, 322–325.
Bouché, P.F. (1837) Beschreibung einer neuen Art Schildlaus Coccus amarylilidis Bouché nebst mitteilungen zur Vertilgung dieser und anderer Schildläuse allg. Gartenzeitung, 5, 99–101.
Bouché, P.F. (1844) Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Scharlachläuse (Coccina). Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, 5, 293–302.
Brain, C. K. (1912) Contribution to the knowledge of mealy bugs, genus Pseudococcus in the vicinity of Cape Town, South Africa. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 5, 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/5.2.177
Brain, C.K. (1915) The Coccidae of South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. Cape Town, 5, 65–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/00359191509519718
Choi, J. & Lee, S. (2022) Higher classification of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) inferred from molecular phylogeny and their endosymbionts. Systematic Entomology, 1–17. [early view] https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12534
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1893a) The West Indian species of Dactylopius. The Entomologist, 26, 177–179.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1893b) A list of West Indian Coccidae. Journal of the Institute of Jamaica, 1, 252–256.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1893c) Note on the genus Pseudococcus Westwood. Entomological News, 4, 317–318.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1895) A new mealy-bug on sugar cane. Journal of the Trinidad Field Naturalists' Club, 2, 195.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1900) Some Coccidae quarantined at San Francisco. Psyche, 9, 70–72. https://doi.org/10.1155/1900/47934
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1902a) A catalogue of the Coccidae of South America. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 6, 250–257. https://doi.org/10.1155/1900/47934
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1902b) Two new mealy-bugs from New Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 34, 315–316. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent34315-12
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1905) A table to facilitate the determination of the Mexican scale-insects of the genus Aspidiotus (sens. latiss.) American Naturalist, 39, 45–46. https://doi.org/10.1086/278483
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1910) A new mealy-bug (Coccidae) from South America. The Entomologist, 43, 113. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.28541
Cockerell, T.D.A. & Bueker, E.D. (1930) New records of Coccidae (Homoptera). American Museum Novitates, New York, 424, 1–8.
Comstock, J.H. (1881) Report of the Entomologist. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture, 1880/1881, 276‒349.
Cook, L.G., Gullan, P.J. & Trueman, H.E. (2002) A preliminary phylogeny of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) based on nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 25 (1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00248-8
Cox, J.M. (1989) The mealybug genus Planococcus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Bulletin British Museum (Natural History). Entomology, 58 (1), 1–78.
Danzig, E.M. (1971) New and little-known species of mealy-bugs (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) from the Far East of USSR. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye, 50, 366‒391.
Danzig, E.M. (1975) Species of mealy-bugs (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) new for Mongolia. Insects of Mongolia, 3, 48‒55.
Danzig, E.M. (1980) Species of scale insects (Homoptera, Coccinea) new for Mongolia. Insects of Mongolia, 7, 31‒38.
Danzig, E.M. (1986) [New data on the systematics of Coccinea (Homoptera) of the USSR fauna]. Vestnik Zoologii, 4, 18–22.
Danzig, E.M. (2001) Mealybugs of the genera Peliococcus and Peliococcopsis from Russia and neighbouring countries (Homoptera: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 9 (1), 123–154.
Danzig, E.M. (2003) [Mealybugs of the genus Phenacoccus Ckll. (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent countries]. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye, 82 (2), 327–361.
Danzig, E.M. (2006) Mealybugs of the genus Phenacoccus Ckll. (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) in the fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. II. Entomological Review, 86 (2), 197–227. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873806020084
Danzig, E.M. (2012) Revision of the mealybug genus Coccura Šulc, 1908 (Homoptera, Coccinea: Pseudococcidae). Entomological Review, 92 (6), 642–649. https://doi.org/10.1134/S001387381206005X
Danzig, E.M. & Gavrilov-Zimin, I.A. (2014) Palaearctic mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae). Part 1: Subfamily Phenacoccinae. Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, 678 pp.
Danzig, E.M. & Gavrilov-Zimin, I.A. (2015) Palaearctic mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae). Part 2: Subfamily Pseudococcinae. Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, 619 pp. https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2015.24.2.236
Danzig, E.M. & Miller, D.R. (1996) A systematic revision of the mealybug genus Trabutina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Israel Journal of Entomology, 30, 7–46.
Danzig, E.M. Kaydan, M.B. & Gavrilov-Zimin, I.A. (2012) A review of Palaearctic species of Artemicoccus and Coccidohistrix (Homoptera: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae). Zoosytemica Rossica, 21 (2), 237–243. https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2012.21.2.237
De Lotto, G. (1954) Three apparently new mealy bugs from Kenya. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 23, 110–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1954.tb00111.x
De Lotto, G. (1967) The mealybugs of South Africa (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), I. Entomology Memoirs, Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Republic of South Africa, Pretoria, 12, 1–28.
Diagne, C., Leroy, B., Vaissière, A.C., Gozlan, R.E., Roiz, D., Jarić, I., Salles, J.M., Bradshaw, C.J.A. & Courchamp, F. (2021) High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide. Nature, 502, 571–576.
Douglas, J.W. (1888a) Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (No. 10). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 25, 86–89.
Douglas, J.W. (1888b) Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (No. 11). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 25, 124–125.
Douglas, J.W. (1890) Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (No. 16). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 26, 153–155.
Downie, D.A. & Gullan, P.J. (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) based on DNA sequences from three nuclear genes, and a review of the higher classification. Systematic Entomology, 29 (2), 238–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6970.2004.00241.x
Ebrahimi, E. (2014) Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps of scale insects in Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum, Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 34 (1), 73−83.
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1829) Coccus manniparus H. et E. In: Klug, F. & Ehrenberg, E.G. (Eds.), Symbolae physicae seu icones et descritiones insectorum quae ex itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem. Officina Academica, Berlin, pp. 1‒2.
Emeljanov, A.F. (1974) [Proposals on the classification and nomenclature of areals]. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 53 (3), 11−26.
Essig, E.O. (1909) The genus Pseudococcus in California. Pomona College Journal of Entomology, 1, 35–46.
Ezzat, Y.M. (1958) Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), a new genus, with redescription of the species [Homoptera: Pseudococcidae-Coccoidea]. Bulletin de la Société entomologique d'Egypte, 42, 377–383.
Ezzat, Y.M. (1960) New combinations for two Egyptian mealybugs, with redescriptions [Homoptera: Coccoidea-Pseudococcidae]. Bulletin de la Société entomologique d'Egypte, 44, 43–49.
Ezzat, Y.M. (1963) Aegyptococcus, a new genus for inermis of Hall (Homoptera: Coccoidea-Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Zoology, Washington, 1963 (1), 192.
Ezzat, Y.M. (1966) Erimococcus, a new genus for Limoniastri of Priesner and Hosny (Homoptera: Coccoidea-Pseudococcidae). Bulletin de la Société entomologique d'Egypte, 49, 169–173.
Ezzat, Y.M. & McConnell, H.S. (1956) A classification of the mealybug tribe Planococcini (Pseudococcidae: Homoptera). Bulletin of the Maryland Agriculture Experiment Station A-e, 84, 1–108.
Fallahzadeh, M., Hesami, S. & Moghaddam, M. (2002) The first record of Coccophagus pseudococci (Hym.: Aphelinidae) parasitoid of mealybugs (Hom.: Pseudococcidae) in Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 22 (1), 81–82.
Fallahzadeh, M. & Japoshvili, G.O. (2010) Checklist of Iranian Encyrtids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with descriptions of new species. Journal of Insect Science, 10 (68), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.010.6801
Fallahzadeh, M. & Japoshvili, G.O. (2017) An updated checklist of Iranian Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Zootaxa, 4344 (1), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4344.1.1
Fallahzadeh, M., Abdimaleki, R. & Saghaei, N. (2013) Contribution to the knowledge of the ladybird beetles (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), predators of mealybugs (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) in Hormozgan Province, southern Iran. Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria, 45 (1), 673–679.
Fallahzadeh, M., Abdimaleki, R. & Saghaei, N. (2014) Host plants of the newly invasive mealybug species, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Hormozgan Province, southern Iran. Entomofauna, 35 (9), 169–176.
Fallahzadeh, M., Japoshvili, G.O., Abdimaleki, R. & Saghaei, N. (2014) New records of Tetracneminae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) from Iran. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 515‒518. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1309-28
Fallahzadeh, M., Japoshvili, G., Saghaei, N. & Daane, K.M. (2011) Natural enemies of Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Fars Province vineyards, Iran. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 21 (4), 427–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.554801
Fallahzadeh, M., Kaydan, M.B. & Kozár, F. (2010) Description of a new species of Chorizococcus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) infesting Vitis vinifera in Iran. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 34 (2), 157–163.
Fallahzadeh, M., Saghaei, N. & Ostovan, H. (2009) Seasonal abundance of Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) in Jahrom vineyards, Fars Province-Iran. Plant Protection Journal, Iran, 1 (3), 263–276.
Fallahzadeh, M., Shojaei, M., Ostovan, H. & Kamali, K. (2007) Study of the parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hem., Pseudococcidae) in Fars province (Iran). Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University, 13 (3), 593–609.
Fallahzadeh, M., Shojaei, M., Ostovan, H. & Kamali, K. (2008) The first report of Pseudotorymus stachidis (Hym.: Torymidae) from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, Supplement, 27 (2), 17‒18.
Farahbakhsh, Gh. (1961) A Checklist of Economically Important Insects and other Enemies of Plants and Agricultural Products in Iran. Department of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture Publication, Tehran, 111 pp.
Farhadi, Z., Esfandiari, M., Mossadegh, M.S. & Shishehbor, P. (2019) Life history and life table analysis of the predator Hyperaspis polita (Coccinellidae) on the mealybug Nipaecoccus viridis (Pseudococcidae). Biologia, 74 (9), 1139–1148. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-019-00241-y
Ferris, G.F. (1918) The California Species of Mealy Bugs. University Series, Stanford University Publications. Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 1918, 1–78.
Ferris, G.F. (1922) Two new Coccidae from Cyrenaica. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola superior d'Agricoltura, Portici, 16, 207–210.
Ferris, G.F. (1950) Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. Series 5. Vol. 5. The Pseudococcidae (Part I). Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, 278 pp.
Ferris, G.F. (1953) Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, v. 6, The Pseudococcidae (Part II). Stanford University Press Palo Alto, California, 506 pp.
Fletcher, T.B. (1917) Report of the Proceedings of the Second Entomological Meeting. Superintendent Government Printing, Calcutta, 340 pp.
Fullaway, D.T. (1923) Notes on the mealy-bugs of economic importance in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 5, 305–321.
García Morales M., Denno, B.D., Miller, D.R., Miller, G.L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N.B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http://scalenet.info (accessed 30 January 2021) https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bav118
Gavrilov-Zimin, I.A. (2016) A new species of the genus Coccidohystrix (Homoptera: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae) from Madagascar. Tropical Zoology, 29 (4), 184–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2016.1235421
Gavrilov-Zimin, I.A. & Matile-Ferrero, D. (2014) The genus Coccidohystrix Lindinger, 1943 in the Palaeartic Region with description of two new species from Maghreb (Homoptera: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 23 (1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2014.23.1.96
Ghorbanian, S., Ranjbar-Aghdam, H., Ghajarieh, H. & Malkeshi, S.H. (2011) Life cycle and population growth parameters of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Col.: Coccinellidae) reared on Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hem.: Pseudococcidae) on coleus. Journal of Entomological Research Society, 13 (2), 53‒59.
Ghosh, L.C. & Ghose, S.K. (1988) A new species of the genus Planococcoides (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) with descriptions of all the instars of female and male. Environment & Ecology, 6, 604–610.
Gorkum, N. van. (1913) Dactylopius sacchari brasiliensis. Boletín de Estación Experimental Canna Assucar, Escada, 1, 29–31.
Goux, L. (1935) Notes sur les coccides [Hem.] de la France. (10e note). Étude d'une espèce nouvelle constituant un genre nouveau. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 39, 291–296. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1934.14802
Goux, L. (1940) Remarques sur le genre Ripersia Sign. et description d'une Ripersia et d'un Eriococcus nouveaux (Hem. Coccidae). (Notes sur les coccides de la France 28ème note). Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord, 31, 55–65.
Goux, L. (1941) Description d'un Rhizoecus nouveau et de sa larve néonate. (Note sur les coccides (Hem. Coccoidea) de la France. 31ème note.) Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Marseille, 1, 197–203.
Goux, L. (1942) Notes sur les coccides (Hem. Coccoidea) de la France. (32ème note). Description d'un Phenacoccus et d'un Rhizoecus nouveaux. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Marseille, 2, 33–45.
Goux, L. (1989a) Contribution à l'étude des Peliococcus de la faune française. II. Description de quatre espèces nouvelles (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie, 6, 301–312.
Goux, L. (1989b) Description d'une cochenille nouvelle de la région lyonnaise, constituant un genre nouveau proche des Planococcini (Homoptera Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) (47ème note sur les Coccides de France). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 58, 291–296. https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1989.10900
Goux, L. (1990) Contribution à l'étude des Peliococcus de la faune française (1). III. Étude de trois espèces nouvelles constituant un genre nouveau [Homoptera, Pseudococcidae]. Revue Française d'Entomologie, 12, 83–90. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1990.17634
Green, E.E. (1896) Catalogue of Coccidae collected in Ceylon. Indian Museum Notes, 4, 2–10.
Green, E.E. (1900) Description of a new species of Ripersia destructive to sugar-cane. Indian Museum Notes, 5, 37–38.
Green, E.E. (1908) Remarks on Indian scale insects (Coccidae). Part III. With a catalogue of all species hitherto recorded from the Indian continent. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India, Entomology Series, 2, 15–46.
Green, E.E. (1917) Observations on British Coccidae: with descriptions of new species. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 53, 201–210 + 260–269. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.12298
Green, E.E. (1919) On a new genus and species of Coccidae from north-western India and eastern Persia. Records of the Indian Museum, 18, 117–119.
Green, E.E. (1922) The Coccidae of Ceylon. Part V. Dulau & Co., London, pp. 345–472.
Green, E.E. (1923) Observations on the Coccidae of the Madeira Islands. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 14, 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300028224
Green, E.E. (1925) Observations on British Coccidae.—IX. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 61, 34–44.
Green, E.E. (1930) A new species of Phenacoccus (Coccidae) from the eastern Alps. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 5 (27), 320–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933008673138
Green, E.E. (1931) Two new mealybugs from India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933108673346
Green, E.E. (1934) Note on a "Mealybug" wrongfully attributed to Pseudococcus bromeliae, Bouché. Stylops, 3, 162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1934.tb01570.x
Gullan, P.J. & Cook, L.G. (2007) Phylogeny and higher classification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Zootaxa, 1668 (1), 413–425. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.22
Hadzibejli, Z.K. (1960a) [Notes of arid forest scale insects (Insecta, Homoptera, Coccoidea)]. Akademii Sel. Choz. Nauk Gruzii, 3 (4), 55–64.
Hadzibejli, Z.K. (1960b) [New species of coccids (Homoptera, Coccoidea) from Georgia]. Trudy Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoy SSR Instituta Zashchitii Rastenii, 13, 299–321.
Hall, W.J. (1923) Further observations on the Coccidae of Egypt. Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical and Scientific Service, 36, 1–61. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.19393
Hall, W.J. (1925) Notes on Egyptian Coccidae with descriptions of new species. Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical and Scientific Service, 64, 1–31.
Hall, W.J. (1926) Contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae of Egypt. Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical and Scientific Service, 72, 1–41.
Hambleton, E.J. (1935) Notes on Brazilian Pseudococcinae of economic importance with a description of four new species. Archivos do Instituto Biologico, São Paulo, 6, 105–120.
Hambleton, E.J. (1946) Studies of hypogeic mealybugs. Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 17, 1–77.
Hardy, N.B., Gullan, P.J. & Hodgson, C.J. (2008) A subfamily-level classification of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) based on integrated molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 33, 51–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00408.x
Heidari, M. (1986) Introduction to the Caspian Sea Mealybug: Pseudococcus affinis (Hom., Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the 8th Plant Protection Congress of Iran, 1986, 44.
Hempel, A. (1900) As coccidas Brasileiras. Revista do Museu Paulista, São Paulo, 4, 365‒537.
Hempel, A. (1901) On some new Brazilian Hemiptera. Coccidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 8 (47), 388–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/03745480109443335
Herrbach, E. (2019) Scale insects: poorly-know vectors of plant virus. Passion Entomologie, magazine en ligne. Available from: https://passion-entomologie.fr/bugs-vectors-of-virus/ (accessed 9 April 2021)
Hodgson, C.J. (2012) Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams. Zootaxa, 3291 (1), 1–79. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1
Hodgson, C.J. (2020) A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males. Zootaxa, 4765 (1), 1–264. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4765.1.1
Hodgson, C.J., Abbas, G., Arif, M.J., Saeed, S. & Karar, H. (2008) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), an invasive mealybug damaging cotton in Pakistan and India, with a discussion on seasonal morphological variation. Zootaxa, 1913 (1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1913.1.1
Hodgson, C.J. & Foldi, I. (2006) A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa, 1263 (1), 1–250. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1
Hodgson, C.J. & Hardy, N.B. (2013) The phylogeny of the superfamily Coccoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) based on the morphology of extant and extinct macropterous males. Systematic Entomology, 38, 794–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12030
Hoke Lobdell, G. (1930) Twelve new mealybugs from Mississippi. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 23, 209–236. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/23.2.209
Jalilvand, K., Shirazi, M., Fallahzadeh, M., Vahedi, H.A., Samih, M.A. & Naghadeh, N.M. (2014) Survey of natural enemies of mealybug species (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) in Kermanshah Province, Western Iran to inform biological control research. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 16 (3), 1–10.
James, H.C. (1933) Taxonomic notes on the coffee mealybugs in Kenya Colony. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 24, 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300031758
James, H.C. (1936) New mealybugs from East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 85, 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1936.tb00132.x
Johnson, T. & Giliomee, J.H. (2010) Is there a link between developmental rate and occasional dominance of the oleander mealybug, Paracoccus burnerae (Brain) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on citrus in South Africa? African Entomology, 18 (2), 354–359. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.018.0207
Joubert, C.J. (1928) Pseudococcus gahani, Green, in South Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 19, 209. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300020502
Kanda, S. (1933) Two new species of the genus Pseudococcus from Yokohama and the island of Palau. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, Tokyo, 14, 133–138.
Kanda, S. (1934) [Two new genera of Japanese Coccidae]. Insect World, 38, 308–312.
Kanda, S. (1943) Two new Pseudococcus (Coccidae) Homoptera from Nippon. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, Tokyo, 22, 49–53.
Kanda, S. (1959) Two new genera and two new species of pseudococcids (Homoptera). Kontyû, 27, 239–243.
Kaydan, M.B. (2011) Revision of Heterococcopsis Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), with description of a new genus with two new species from Turkey. Zootaxa, 2970 (1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2970.1.4
Kaydan, M.B. (2015) A systematic study of Peliococcus Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), with descriptions of a new Palaearctic genus and four new species from Turkey. Zootaxa, 3920 (2), 201–248. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2970.1.4
Kaydan, M.B., Kozár, F. & Hodgson, C. (2015) A review of the phylogeny of Palaearctic mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny, 73 (1), 175–195.
Kaydan, M.B., Pellizzari, G. & Szita, É. (2015) Two new species of Coccidohystrix Lindinger (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) with notes on the related genus Artemicoccus Balachowsky. Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 39 (4), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.94248
Keuchenius, P.E. (1915) Onderzoekingen en beschouwingen over eenige schadlijke schildluizen van de Koffiekultuur op Java. Mededeelingen van het Besoekisch Proefstation. Djember, 16, 1–65.
Khalaf J. & Aberoumand, G. (1986) [Preliminary research on the biology and biological control of mealybug in Fars Province of Iran]. Applied Entomology & Phytopathology, 56 (1–2), 93–99.
Khalid, M. & Shafee, S.A. (1988a) A new genus of Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from Manipur, India. Indian Journal of Systematic Entomology, 5, 31–33.
Khalid, M. & Shafee, S.A. (1988b) Five new species of Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from Manipur, India. Indian Journal of Systematic Entomology, 5, 65–73.
King, G.B. (1902) Descripção de Dactylopius magnolicida. Von Ihering. Revista do Museu Paulista, São Paulo, 5, 616–617.
Kiritshenko, A.N. (1932) Description of some new Coccidae (Hemiptera) from Turkestan and Ukraine. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1932, 135–142.
Kiritshenko, A.N. (1936) Some new Pseudococcinae of the fauna of USSR (Hemiptera, Coccoidea). Revue d'Entomologie de l'USSR, 26, 130–159.
Kiritshenko, A.N. (1940) Description of new species of Phenacoccus (Coccoidea, Homoptera, Insecta). Biological Series Odessa University, 4, 187–192.
Kiriukhin, G. (1947) Les cochenilles farineuses et leurs parasites en Iran (sous-famille: Pseudococcinae). Entomologie et Phythopathologie Appliquees, 4, 1–17.
Kondo, T. (2022) 3. Archaeococcoids. In: Kondo, T. & Watson, G.W. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Scale Insect Pests. CAB International, Wallingford, p. 38. [in press]
Kosztarab, M.P. & Kozár, F. (1988) Scale Insects of Central Europe. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 456 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4045-1
Koteja, J. (1974a) On the phylogeny and classification of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccinea) (discussion based on the morphology of the mouthparts). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 19, 267–325.
Koteja, J. (1974b) Comparative studies of the labium in the Coccinea (Homoptera). Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Rolniczej w Warsawie, Rosprawy Naukowe, 89, 1–162.
Koteja, J. (1988) Review of Kiritshenkella Borchsenius and Balanococcus Williams, with a description of a new species (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae). Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Zoologii, Annales Zoologici, 42 (3), 119–140.
Kozár, F. & Konczné Benedicty, Z. (2007) Rhizoecinae of the World. Plant Protection Institrute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 617 pp.
Kozár, F., Fowjhan, M.A. & Zarrabi, M. (1996) Check-list of Coccoidea and Aleyrodoidea (Homoptera) of Afghanistan and Iran, with additional data to the scale insects of fruit trees in Iran. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 31, 61–74.
Künckel d'Herculais, J. (1878) Histoire de la cochenille vivant sur les racines des palmiers de la section des seafortha. Exposé des caractères du genre Rhizoecus. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 8, 161–164.
Kuwana, S.I. (1902) Coccidae (scale insects) of Japan. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 3, 43–98.
Kuwana, S.I. (1909) Coccidae of Japan (IV). A list of Coccidae from the Bonin Islands (Ogasawarajima). Japan. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 17, 158–164.
Laing, F. (1936) Description of a new species of Phenacoccus (Coccidae) found in Egypt. Bulletin de la Société entomologique d'Egypte, 9, 80–82.
Leonardi, G. (1907) Contribuzione alla conoscenza delle cocciniglie Italiane. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superior Agricoltura. Portici, 1, 135–169.
Leonardi, G. (1913) Cocciniglia dannosa al tabacco. Bollettino Técnico, R. Istituto Sperimentale Tabacchi, 12, 76–80.
Leonardi, G. (1920) Monografia delle cocciniglie Italiane. Della Torre, Portici, Italy, 555 pp.
Lichtenstein, J. (1877) Quelques feuillets de mon journal. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 5, 297–303.
Lichtenstein, J. (1882) Bemerkungen zu Coccus rubi Schrank. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 1, 124. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.11153
Lindeman, K. (1886) Barley louse (Westwoodia hordei Lindeman), an injurious insect of South Russia. No. 8 "Notes". Imp. Obshch. Sel. Khoz., South Russia, 6 pp.
Lindinger, L. (1942) Coccoidea (Homopt.). Beiträge zur Fauna Perus, Bd. 3, 112–122.
Lindinger, L. (1943a) Die Schildläusnamen in Fulmeks Wirtindex 1943. Arbeiten über Morphologische und Taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem, 10, 145–152.
Lindinger, L. (1943b) Verzeichnis der Schildläus-Gattungen, 1. Nachtrag. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 28, 205–208 + 217–224, 264–265.
Lit, I.L. (1992) A new genus and ten new species of Philippine mealybugs (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Philippine Entomologist, 8, 1158–1181.
Lloyd, D.C. & Martini, E. (1957) A note on the circulus as an adhesive organ in some Pseudococidae. The Canadian Entomologist, 89, 46–48. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent8946-1
Lotfalizadeh, H. & Ahmadi, A.A. (2000) Natural enemies of cypress tree mealybug, Planococcus vovae (Nasonov), and their parasitoids in Shiraz, Iran. Iran Agricultural Research, 19 (2), 145–154.
Malkeshi, S.H., Dadpour Moghanloo, H., Askary, H., Rezapanah, M., Alinia, F., Gholami, M., Fatemi, A., Hadayegh, M., Hasanzadeh, M. & Shokri, R. (2010) Mass rearing and releasing of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri with the farmers participation for biological control of Pseudococcus viburni in tea orchards. 19th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Tehran, Iran, 2010, 70.
Malumphy, C.P. (2011) Barley mealybug Phenacoccus hordei (Lindeman) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), new to Britain, with an updated key to native Phenacoccus species. Entomologist’s Gazette, 62, 165–171.
Mamet, J.R. (1941) A new mealy bug attacking pineapple plants in Mauritius. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 32, 57–59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300005228
Marchal, P. (1904) Sur quelques cochenilles nouvelles. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 10, 448–457.
Marchal, P. (1908) Notes sur les cochenilles de l'Europe et du nord de l'Afrique (1ère partie). Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 77, 223–309.
Maskell, W.M. (1894) Further coccid notes with descriptions of several new species and discussion of various points of interest. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 26, 65–105. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.24563
Maskell, W.M. (1895) Further coccid notes: with descriptions of new species from New Zealand, Australia, Sandwich Islands and elsewhere, and remarks upon many species already reported. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 27, 36–75. [1894]
Maskell, W.M. (1897) On a collection of Coccidae, principally from China and Japan. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 33, 239–244. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.18316
Maskell, W.M. (1898) Further coccid notes: with descriptions of new species, and discussion of points of interest. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 30, 219–252.
Matesova, G.I. (1957) New species of coccids (Homoptera, Coccoidea) from southeastern Kazakhstan. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye, 36, 163–174.
Matesova, G.I. (1960) [New species of soft scales family Pseudococcidae (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of the Kazakhstan fauna]. Trudy Instituta Zoologii, Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR, Alma-Ata, 11, 205–217.
Matile-Ferrero, D. (1984) Insects of Saudi Arabia. Homoptera: Subordo Coccoidea. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 6, 219–228.
Matile-Ferrero, D. (1988) Sternorrhyncha: Suborder Coccoidea of Saudi Arabia (Part 2). Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 9, 23–38.
Matov, A., Zahiri, R. & Holloway, J.D. (2008) The Heliotihinae of Iran (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Zootaxa, 1763 (1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1763.1.1
McDaniel, B. (1962) A new species of scale insect from the Rio Grande Valley, Texas (Pseudococcidae, Coccoidea). Texas Journal of Science, 14, 323–327.
McKenzie, H.L. (1960) Taxonomic study of California mealybugs with descriptions of new species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Hilgardia, 29, 681‒770. https://doi.org/10.3733/hilg.v29n15p681
McKenzie, H.L. (1967) Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 526 pp. https://doi.org/10.3733/hilg.v29n15p681
Mendel, Z., Blumberg, D., Eliyahu, M., Levanoni, L., Protasov, A., Xiong, J.J. & Japoshvili, G.O. (2010) Biological control of the solanum mealybug Phenacoccus solani in Israel: current situation. Sade Vamesheq, 16 (May–June), 64–68.
Miller, D.R. & McKenzie, H.L. (1970) Review of the mealybug genus Heterococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) with a description of a new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63, 438–453. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/63.2.438
Moghaddam, M. (1999) The record of Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran, 18 (1/2), 44.
Moghaddam, M. (2001) The first report on five species of scale insects from Iran. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 69 (1), 42–43.
Moghaddam, M. (2003) New record of three scale insects (Hem.: Coccoidea) from Iran. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 71 (1), 37–38.
Moghaddam, M. (2004) New record on three mealy bugs (three species and two genera) (Hem.; Cocciodea: Pseudococcidae) in Iran. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 72, 142.
Moghaddam, M. (2006) The mealybugs of southern Iran (Hem.: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran, 26 (1), 1–11.
Moghaddam, M. (2009a) Insects of Iran: The list of Coccoidea in the Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (2). (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Publications, Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute, Insect Taxonomy Research Department, No. 16, 1‒45.
Moghaddam, M. (2009b) A new species, Coccidohystrix burumandi sp. n. (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) from Iran. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, Series II, 41 (3), 175–179.
Moghaddam, M. (2010a) Two new species and a new record of mealybugs (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) from Iran. Zootaxa, 2619 (1), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2619.1.7
Moghaddam, M. (2010b) [Scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) fauna of the southern coast of Caspian Sea (Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan Provinces, Iran)]. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 29 (2), 65–98.
Moghaddam, M. (2013a) A review of the mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae, Putoidae and Rhizoecidae) of Iran, with descriptions of four new species and three new records for the Iranian fauna. Zootaxa, 3632 (1), 1–107. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3632.1.1
Moghaddam, M. (2013b) An annotated checklist of the scale insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with new records and distribution data. ZooKeys, 334, 1–92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.334.5818
Moghaddam, M. (2015) New records of mealybug species in Iran with discussions on morphological variations (Hemiptera, Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Entomologica Fennica, 26, 122–131. https://doi.org/10.33338/ef.84641
Moghaddam, M. (2018) Three new mealybug species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) from Iran. Zootaxa, 4420 (2), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4420.2.2
Moghaddam, M. (2019) Two new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Acanthococcidae and Pseudococcidae) and a new country record from protected areas in Iran. Zootaxa, 4706 (3), 451–460. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4706.3.5
Moghaddam, M. & Alikhani, M. (2009) A new species, Coccidohystrix burumandi sp. n. (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) from Iran. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, Milano, 41 (3), 175–179.
Moghaddam, M. & Alikhani, M. (2010) Two new species of mealybugs (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) from Iran. Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research, Series II, 42 (1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.4081/jear.2010.11
Moghaddam, M. & Alikhani, M. (2014) A new species of the genus Chorizococcus (Hem.: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 33 (4), 55–58.
Moghaddam, M. & Bagheri, A. N. (2011) A new record of mealybug pest in the south of Iran, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 30 (1), 67–69.
Moghaddam, M. & Esfandiari, M. (2014) A new species of the genus Paracoccus (Hem.: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 34 (3), 57–61.
Moghaddam, M. & Mohammadi-Khoramabadi, A. (2015) The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) on Artemisia spp. (Asteraceae) in Iran. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 1 (1), 37–45.
Moghaddam, M. & Nematian, M.R. (2020) First record of two invasive scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Diaspididae and Pseudococcidae) attacking ornamental plants in Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 39 (4), 383–391.
Moghaddam, M. & Watson, G.W. (2021) The scale insects of Iran. Part 1. The armoured scales (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae). Zootaxa, 4907 (1), 1–276. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4907.1.1
Moghaddam, M., Hatami, B., Zibaii, K. & Sabzalian, M.R. (2004) [Report of Phenacoccus solani (Hom.: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) from Iran]. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 24 (1), 135–136.
Morrison, H. (1945) The mealybug genus Heterococcus Ferris and some of its relatives. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 35, 38–55.
Mossadegh, M.S., Vafaei, Sh., Farsi, A., Zarghami, S, Esfandiari, M., Dehkordi, F.S., Fazelinejad, A. & Seyflolahi, F. (2015) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae), its natural enemies and host plants. In: Manzari, Sh. (Ed.), 1st Iranian International Congress of Entomology, Karaj, Iran, 29‒31 August, pp. 251‒259.
Mukhopadhyay, A.K. & Ghose, S.K. (1994) A new guava mealybug, Ferrisicoccus psidii n. sp. (Pseudococcidae, Homoptera) from south India. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Calcutta, 47 (1), 71–73.
Nasonov, N.V. (1909) Sur quelques nouvelles coccides. Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk, St. Petersburg, 13, 471–499.
Neves, M. (1943) Sobre um género novo de "Kermidae". Arquivos do Museu Bocage, Lisbon, 14, 1–10.
Newstead, R. (1891) On some new or little known Coccidae found in England [No. 1?]. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 26, 164–166.
Newstead, R. (1892) On new or little known Coccidae, chiefly English (No. 2). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 28, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.7647
Newstead, R. (1894) Scale insects in Madras. Indian Museum Notes, 3, 21–32.
Newstead, R. (1908) On the gum-lac insect of Madagascar, and other coccids affecting the citrus and tobacco in that island. Quarterly Journal, Institute of Commercial Research in the Tropics, University of Liverpool, 3, 3–13.
Newstead, R. (1920) Observations on scale-insects (Coccidae) -VI. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10, 175–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300043984
Newstead, R.W. & Willcocks, F.C. (1910) Characters and general morphology of the lebbeck scale. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1, 138–140. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300042929
Novin, M. (2000) The biology and population fluctuations of Nipaecoccus viridis (News.) and its natural enemies in citrus orchards of Dezful. M.Sc. Thesis of Entomology, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, 152 pp.
Nurmamatov, A.M. (1978) [Dysmicoccus badachshanicus Nurmamatov, sp.n.—new species of mealybug (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) from Tajikistan]. Doklady Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi, SSR, Dushanbe, 21 (4), 61–62.
Panis, A. (1968) Les Rhizoecus (Hom. Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) Européens et Mediterranéens d'intérêt economique. Description d'une nouvelle espèce. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 4, 549–554.
Pesson, P. (1939) Une glande exsertile ventrale chez les coccides. Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France, 64, 144‒151.
Reh, L. (1903) Zur Naturgeschichte Mittel- und Nordeuropäischer Schildläuse. Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Entomologie, 8, 301–469.
Reuter, E. (1904) Tva för Finland nya coccider. Meddelanden af Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 29, 66–-67.
Risso, A. (1813) Mémoire sur l'histoire naturelle des oranges, bigaradiers, limettiers, cédratiers limoniers ou citroniers, cultivés dans le départment des alpes maritimes. Annales du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 20, 169–212 + 401–431.
Russo, A. & Mazzeo, G. (1997) A new species of Dysmicoccus Ferris (Homoptera Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) from Sicily. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, Milano, 29, 151–156.
Rutherford, A. (1915) Some new Ceylon Coccidae. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 24, 111–118.
Salazar, T.J. (1972) Contribution to knowledge of the Pseudococcidae of Peru. Revista Peruana de Entomología, 15, 277–303.
Săvescu, A.D. (1984) Espèces de coccoidées nouvelles pour la science, signalées en Roumanie. II. Espèces appartenant aux genres Pseudococcus Westw., Phenacoccus Ckll. et Peliococcus Borchs. (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin de l'Académie des Sciences agricoles et forestières, Bucarest, 13, 143–156.
Săvescu, A.D. (1985) Espèces de coccoidées nouvelles pour la science signalées en Roumanie. III. Espèces appartenant aux genres Pseudococcus Westw., Phenacoccus Ckll., Paroudablis Ckll., Eupeliococcus Săvescu et Lepidosaphes Shimer (Homoptera—Coccoidea). Bulletin de l'Académie des Sciences agricoles et forestières, Bucarest, 14, 103–130.
Seyfollahi, F., Esfandiari, M., Mossadegh, M.S. & Rasekh, A. (2016) Life table parameters of the coccinellid Hyperaspis polita, a native predator in Iran, feeding on the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 19 (3), 835–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2016.07.008
Signoret, V. (1875a) Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères—Coccides), 15ème partie. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, Série 5, 5, 305–352.
Signoret, V. (1875b) Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères—Coccides), 14ème partie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Série 5, 5, 15–40.
Šulc, K. (1898) Studie o coccidech.—II. Sitzungsberichte der K. Bohmisch Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 66, 1–19. [1897]
Šulc, K. (1908) New information on scale insects (Coccidae). Vestnikí Klubu Prirodovedeckého v Prostejove, 1907, 63–67.
Šulc, K. (1944) Zevni morfologie metamorfosa a beh zivota cervce Peukinoccocus n. gn. Piceae Loew (Coccoidae). Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moravicae, 16, 1–50.
Šulc, K. (1945) Zevni morfologie, metamorfosa a beh zivota cervce Nipaecoccus n. gn. nipae Maskell. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moravicae, 17, 1–48.
Takahashi, R. (1928) Coccidae of Formosa (2). Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, Taihoku, 18, 253–261.
Takahashi, R. (1932) Records and descriptions of the Coccidae from Formosa. Part 2. Journal of the Society of Tropical Agriculture Formosa, 4, 41–48.
Takahashi, R. (1951) Some mealy bugs (Pseudococcidae, Homoptera) from the Malay Peninsula. Indian Journal of Entomology, 12 (1), 1–22.
Talebi, A.A., Ameri, A., Fathipour, Y. & Rakhshani, E. (2008) Natural enemies of Cypress Tree Mealybug, Planococcus vovae (Nasonov) (Hem., Pseudococcidae), and their parasitoids in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 10, 123–133.
Tang, F.T. (1992) The Pseudococcidae of China. Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 768 pp.
Tang, F.T. (2001) [Review and supplement of Professor Wu's "Catalogue Insectorum Sinensium" (Family Coccidae)]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University, 21 (2), 1–5.
Tang, F.T. & Li, J. (1988) Observations on the Coccoidea of Inner Mongolia in China. Inner Mongolia University Press, Hohhot, 227 pp.
Targioni Tozzetti, A. (1867) Studii sulle Cocciniglie. Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali, Milano, 3 (3), 1–87. https://doi.org/10.4081/memorieSEI.2008.3
Targioni Tozzetti, A. (1881) Relazione intorno ai lavori della R. Stazione di Entomologia Agraria di Firenze per gli anni 1877–78. Parte scientifica. Fam. coccidi. Annali di Agricoltura. (Ministero di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio), Firenze, Roma, 1881, 134–161.
Tereznikova, E.M. (1968) [A new species of the genus Spinococcus Kir. (Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae)]. Akademii Nauk Ukrains'koi RSR Sup Seriya B, 3, 281–283.
Ter-Grigorian, M.A. (1973) Fauna of the Armenian SSR: Scale insects (Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Akademii Nauk Armiansky SSR, Erevan, 246 pp.
Tinsley, J.D. (1898) An ants'-nest coccid from New Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 30, 47–48. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent3047-2
Tsai, M.-Y. & Wu, W.-J. (2011) A new Chorizococcus species (Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) from Taiwan with transferring of Chorizococcus mirzayansi Moghaddam to genus Spilococcus Ferris. ZooKeys, 103, 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.103.1215
Vea, I.M. & Grimaldi, D.A. (2015) Diverse new scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a phylogenetic framework for fossil Coccoidea. American Museum Novitates, 3823, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1206/3823.1
Vayssière, P. (1912) Deux coccides nouveaux de l'Afrique occidentale. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 17, 366–368. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1912.25183
Vayssière, P. (1927) Sur quelques Coccidae (Hem.) de l'Afrique du Nord. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 6, 107–111. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1927.27800
Westwood, J.O. (1840) An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organization of different families. Vol. II. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, London, 587 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12455
Williams, D.J. (1962) The British Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 12 (1), 1‒79. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.5872
Williams, D.J. (1969) A new species of Eriococcus infesting American beach-grass in North Carolina (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 71, 90–93.
Williams, D.J. (1970) The mealybugs (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) of sugar-cane, rice and sorghum. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 60, 109–188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300034209
Williams, D.J. (1978) The anomalous ant-attended mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) of South-East Asia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 37, 1‒72.
Williams, D.J. (1984) Two new species of Eurycoccus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on tamarix from Pakistan. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 74, 535–540. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300015807
Williams, D.J. (1985) Australian Mealybugs. British Museum (Natural History), London, 431 pp.
Williams, D.J. (1998) Mealybugs of the genera Eumyrmococcus Silvestri and Xenococcus Silvestri associated with the ant genus Acropyga Roger and a review of the subfamily Rhizoecinae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Entomology, 67, 1–64.
Williams, D.J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, Southdene SDN. BHD., Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp.
Williams, D.J. & Gullan, P.J. (2010) Family-group names proposed in the family Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Zootaxa, 2400 (1), 66–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2400.1.7
Williams, D.J. & Miller, D.R. (2002) Systematic studies on the Antonina crawi Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) complex of pest mealybugs. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104 (4), 896–911.
Williams, D.J. & Moghaddam, M. (2000) Mealybug species of the genus Planococcus Ferris in Iran (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) with a discussion of Planococcus vovae (Nasonov). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 18 (1999–1/2), 32–43.
Williams, D.J. & Moghaddam, M. (2007) A new species of Rhodania Goux (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) and new records of two other mealybug species from Iran. Zootaxa, 1398 (1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1398.1.4
Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. (1988) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 2: The Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). CAB International, Wallingford, 260 pp.
Williams, D.J., Gullan, P.J., Miller, D.R., Matile-Ferrero, D. & Han, S.I. (2011) A study of the scale insect genera Puto Signoret (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Putoidae) and Ceroputo Sulc (Pseudococcidae) with a comparison to Phenacoccus Cockerell (Pseudococcidae). Zootaxa, 2802 (1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2802.1.1
Williams, D.J., Martinez Rivero, M.A. & Suris Campo, M. (2001) Mealybugs on sugarcane in Cuba with a discussion of a new record for the New World (Hem., Pseudococcidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 137, 73–76.
Zakerin, A., Zibaiee, K. & Fallahzadeh, M. (2009) To study the biological control of Nipaecoccus viridis (Hem., Pseudococcidae) by Chrysoperla carnea (Neu., Chrysopidae) in citrus orchards of Jahrom, Fars province-Iran. Plant Protection Journal, Iran, 1 (2), 126–139.
Zhao, J., Watson, G.W., Sun, Y., Tan, Y.G., Xiao, L.B. & Bai, L.X. (2014) Phenotypic variation and identification of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in China. Zootaxa, 3802 (1), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.1.9
Zimmerman, E.C. (1948) Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. Insects of Hawaii, 5, 1–464.