Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2023-01-13
Page range: 267-291
Abstract views: 1439
PDF downloaded: 57

Revision of the New Zealand gecko genus Hoplodactylus, with the description of a new species

1The Paleogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, United Kingdom.
2Otago Palaeogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
2Otago Palaeogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
3Department of Conservation, Wellington 6011, New Zealand.
Reptilia Diplodactylidae Systematics Taxonomy Squamata

Abstract

The New Zealand endemic gecko genus Hoplodactylus is revised. Two species are recognized: Hoplodactylus duvaucelii (Duméril & Bibron, 1836) from the North Island and some near-shore islands, and H. tohu n. sp., which was formerly widespread throughout the South Island but is presently restricted to some islands in the Cook Strait region. H. delcourti (Bauer & Russell, 1986) is retained in Hoplodactylus sensu lato in the interest of taxonomic stability, pending further research, but is probably neither congeneric nor from New Zealand.

 

References

  1. Agnew, W. (2009) What made these tracks? A guide to assist in interpreting the tracks of small mammals, lizards and insects. Chappell Printing Ltd, Warkworth, 32 pp.
    Ainsworth, R., Brown, M.A., Cree, A., Chambers, G.K., Hay, J.M., Daugherty, C.H., Hay, J.M., Hitchmough, R.A., Blanchard, B., Newton, J.D., Cockrem, J.F., Cartland, L., Grimmond, N.M., Patterson, G.B., Towns, D.R., Griffin, S.L., Hunter, M.L., Miller, P.J., Newman, D.G., Patterson, G.B., Wells, R.M.G. & Whitaker, A.H. (1991) Proceedings of the society for research on amphibians and reptiles in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 18, 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1991.10418047
    Andruzzi, M.N., Krath, M.L., Lawhon, S.D. & Boudreau, B. (2020) Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae as an opportunistic pathogen in a case of meningoencephalomyelitis and bacteriuria in a dog. BMC Veterinary Research, 16, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02652-5
    Armstrong, D.P. & Davidson, R. (2006) Developing population models for guiding reintroductions of extirpated bird species back to the New Zealand mainland. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 30, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)00038-R
    Armstrong, D.P. & Ewen, J.G. (2013) Consistency, continuity and creativity: long-term studies of population dynamics on Tiritiri Matangi Island. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 37, 288–297.
    Atkinson, I.A.E. (1964) The flora, vegetation, and soils of Middle and Green Islands, Mercury Islands group. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2, 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1964.10428760
    Atkinson, I.A.E. (1965) Report on the plant cover, soils, and animal life of eastern Chicken Island (“Coppermine Island”), Hen and Chickens Group. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research New Zealand, Wellington, 9 pp.
    Atkinson, I.A.E. (1968) An Ecological Reconnaissance of Coppermine Island, Hen and Chickens group. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 6, 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1968.10428814
    Atkinson, I.A.E. & Towns, D.R. (2001) Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990-2000: Pacific rat. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 31, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2001.9517641
    Baker, A.J., Daugherty, C.H., Colbourne, R. & Mclennan, J.L. (1995) Flightless brown kiwis of New Zealand possess extremely subdivided population structure and cryptic species like small mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 8254–8258. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.18.8254
    Baling, M., Ji, W., Gartrell, B. & Brunton, D.H. (2013a) Detection of Salmonella during the translocation of two endemic New Zealand lizard species within the Hauraki Gulf. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 40, 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2012.747970
    Baling, M., van Winkel, D., Rixon, M., Ruffell, J., Ji, W. & Ussher, G. (2013b) A review of reptile research and conservation management on Tiritiri Matangi Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 37, 272–281.
    Bannock, C., Whitaker, A. & Hickling, G. (1999) Extreme longevity of the common gecko (Hoplodactylus maculatus) on Motunau Island, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 23, 101–103.
    Barry, M. (2010) Shelter aggregations, social behaviour, and seasonal plasma corticosterone levels in captive and wild Duvaucel’s geckos, Hoplodactylus duvaucelii. PhD thesis, Massey University, Albany, 160 pp.
    Barry, M., Cockrem, J.F. & Brunton, D.H. (2010) Seasonal variation in plasma corticosterone concentrations in wild and captive adult Duvaucel’s geckos (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) in New Zealand. Australian Journal of Zoology, 58, 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO10023
    Barry, M., Ji, W. & Brunton, D.H. (2007) The mating system of New Zealand’s largest gecko: Hoplodactylus duvaucelii. In: 12th Biennial Conference of the Society for Research on Amphibians and Reptiles in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, Dunedin, pp. 1–260.
    Barry, M., Peirce, M.A., Heath, A.C.G., Brunton, D.H. & Barraclough, R.K. (2011) A new blood parasite within the relict endemic New Zealand gecko Hoplodactylus duvaucelii. Veterinary Parasitology, 179, 199–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.02.004
    Barry, M., Shanas, U. & Brunton, D.H. (2014) Year-round mixed-age shelter aggregations in Duvaucel’s geckos (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii). Herpetologica, 70, 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-13-00056
    Barwick, R.E. (1982) The growth and ecology of the gecko Hoplodactylus duvaucelii at The Brothers islands. In: Newman, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Herpetology. New Zealand Wildlife Service Occasional Publication, Wellington, pp. 377–390.
    Bauer, A. (1990) Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of the Carphodactylini (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Bonn Zoological Bulletin, 30, 1–218.
    Bauer, A.M. (1985) Notes on the taxonomy, morphology and behaviour of Rhacodactylus chahoua (Bavay) (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 36, 81–94.
    Bauer, A.M. (1986) Systematics, biogeography and evolutionary morphology of the Carphodactylini (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) (New Caledonia, Australia). PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 884 pp.
    Bauer, A.M. (1987) The proper latin designation of Duvaucel’s gecko, with comments on specimens of historical note. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 14, 593–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1987.10423032
    Bauer, A.M. (1998) Morphology of the adhesive tail tips of Carphodactyline geckos (Reptilia: Diplodactylidae). Journal of Morphology, 235, 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199801)235:1
    Bauer, A.M. & Russell, A.P. (1986) The giant gecko Hoplodactylus delcourti and its relations to gigantism and insular endemism in the Gekkonidae. Bulletin of Chicago Herpetological Society, 26, 26–30.
    Bauer, A.M. & Henle, K. (1994) Das Tierreich. Teilband 109: Familia Gekkonidae (Reptilia, Sauria). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 319 pp. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110885958
    Bavay, A. (1869) Catalogue des reptiles de la Nouvélle-Caledonie et description d’espéces Nouvelles. Mémoires de la Société Linnéene de Normandie, 15, 1–37.
    Bell, B.D. (1976) Status of Great Barrier Island birds. Notornis, 23, 310–319.
    Bell, T. (2014) Standardized common names for New Zealand reptiles. BioGecko, Wellington, 11 pp.
    Bell, T.P. (2009) A novel technique for monitoring highly cryptic lizard species in forests. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 4, 415–425.
    Bell, T.P. & Herbert, S.M. (2012) Following up Duvaucel’s gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) on Mana Island. Post-translocation monitoring 11–14 years on. In: Sanctuaries of New Zealand Workshop. EcoGecko Consultants, Inglewood, pp. 1–35.

  2. Bell, T.P. & Herbert, S.M. (2017) Establishment of a self-sustaining population of a long-lived, slow-breeding gecko species (Diplodactylidae: Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) evident 15 years after translocation. Journal of Herpetology, 51, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1670/15-106
    Bellingham, P.J., Towns, D.R., Cameron, E.K., Davis, J.J., Wardle, D.A., Wilmshurst, J.M. & Mulder, C.P.H. (2010) New Zealand island restoration: seabirds, predators, and the importance of history. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 34, 115–136.
    Berner, N.J., Heil, L.A. & Romero, L.M. (2013) Seasonal variation in Corticosterone in free-living and captive eastern red-spotted Newts Notophthalmus Viridescens Viridescens. Journal of Herpetology, 47, 466–470. https://doi.org/10.1670/12-069
    Blyth, E. (1859) Report of curator, Zoological Department. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 28, 271–279.
    Boulenger, G. (1883) On the geckos of New Caledonia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1883, 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1883.tb06646.x
    Boulenger, G.A. (1885) Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 1. Geckonidae, Eublepharidae, Uroplatidae, Pygopodidae, Agamidae. Taylor and Francis, London, 527 pp.
    Boulenger, G.A. (1890) Reptilia and Batrachia. In: Blanford W.T. (Ed.), The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 1–541. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.100797
    Bowers, L. (2017) Change over time on Mana Island. MA thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, 90 pp.
    Brennan, I.G., Bauer, A.M. & Jackman, T.R. (2016) Mitochondrial introgression via ancient hybridization, and systematics of the Australian endemic pygopodid gecko genus Delma. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 94, 577–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.005
    Brown, K., Rolfe, J., Adams, L., de Lange, P. & Green, C. (2016) Kapiti Island ecological restoration strategy. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 50 pp.
    Buller, W. (1870) A list of the lizards inhabiting New Zealand, with descriptions. Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 3, 4–11.
    Busbridge, S.A. & Stewart, J.R. (2018) A video camera assessment of morepork (Ninox novaeseelandiae) diet and breeding success on Tiritiri Matangi Island. Notornis, 65, 187–195.
    Bustard, H. (1963) Gecko behavioural trait: tongue wiping spectacle. Herpetologica, 19, 217–218. https://doi.org/10.2307/1441366
    Case, T.J., Bolger, D.T. & Richman, A.D. (1992) Reptilian Extinctions: The Last Ten Thousand Years. In: Conservation Biology. Springer, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 91–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6426-9_5
    Chambers, G.K., Wee Ming Boon, Buckley, T.R. & Hitchmough, R.A. (2001) Using molecular methods to understand the Gondwanan affinities of the New Zealand biota: three case studies. Australian Journal of Botany, 49, 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT00021
    Chapple, D.G. (2016a) Synthesising our current knowledge of New Zealand lizards. In: Chapple, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer, Cham, pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_1
    Chapple, D.G. (2016b) The future of New Zealand lizard research. In: Chapple, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer, Cham, pp. 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_14
    Chapple, D.G. & Hitchmough, R.A. (2016) Biogeography of New Zealand lizards. In: Chapple, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer, Cham, pp. 109–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_5
    Chong, N. (1999) Phylogenetic analysis of the endemic New Zealand gecko species complex Hoplodactylus pacificus using DNA sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. MSc thesis, Victoria University, Wellington, 101 pp.
    Chrapliwy, P.S., Smith, H.M. & Grant, C. (1961) The systematic status of the Geckonid lizard genera Gehyra, Peropus, Hoplodactylus and Naultinus. Herpetologica, 17, 5–12.
    Christmas, E. (1995) Interactions between Duvaucel’s gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) and kiore (Rattus exulans). MSc thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, 64 pp.
    Conning, L. & Miller, N. (1999) Natural areas of Kerikeri Ecological District. Reconnaissance survey report for the Protected Natural Areas Programme. Department of Conservation, Whangarei, 254 pp.
    Cree, A. (1994) Low annual reproductive output in female reptiles from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 21, 351–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1994.9518005
    Cree, A. & Hare, K.M. (2016) Reproduction and life history of New Zealand lizards. In: Chapple, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer, Cham, pp. 169–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_7
    Daugherty, C.H., Gibbs, G.W. & Hitchmough, R.A. (1993) Mega-island or micro-continent? New Zealand and its fauna. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(93)90006-B

  3. Daugherty, C.H., Patterson, G.B. & Hitchmough, R.A. (1994a) Taxonomic and conservation review of the New Zealand herpetofauna. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 21, 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1994.9518002
    Daugherty, C.H., Patterson, G.B. & Hitchmough, R.A. (1994b) Taxonomic and conservation review of the New Zealand herpetofauna. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 21, 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1994.9518002
    Daza, J.D., Bauer, A.M. & Snively, E.D. (2014) On the fossil record of the Gekkota. The Anatomical Record, 297, 433–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.22856
    Dhami, M.K., Turner, A.P., Deines, P., Beggs, J.R. & Taylor, M.W. (2012) Ultrastructural and molecular characterization of a bacterial symbiosis in the ecologically important scale insect family Coelostomidiidae. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 81, 537–546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01378.x
    Domrow, R., Heath, A.C.G. & Kennedy, C. (1980) Two new species of Ophionyssus (Acari: Dermanyssidae) from New Zealand lizards. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 7, 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1980.10423790
    Duméril, A.M.C & Duméril, A. (1851) Catalogue méthodique de la collection des reptiles. Gide and Baudry, Paris, 124 pp.
    Duméril, A.M.C. & Bibron, G. (1836) Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Vol. 3. Roret, Paris, 531 pp.
    Duméril, A.M.C., Bibron, G. & Duméril, A. (1854) Erpétologie Générale ou histoire naturelle compléte des reptiles. Vol. 5. Roret, Paris, 854 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.118797
    Dumont, C.T. (2015) An investigation into declining skink populations and their behavioural responses to introduced mammalian predators. MSc thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 154 pp.
    East, K.T., East, M.R. & Daugherty, C.H. (1995) Ecological restoration and habitat relationships of reptiles on Stephens Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 22, 249–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1995.9518040
    Easton, L.J., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Rawlence, N.J. (2021) A new species of Leiopelma frog (Amphibia: Anura: Leiopelmatidae) from the late Pliocene of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 49 (3), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2021.1979053
    Efford, M., Howitt, R. & Gleeson, D. (2002) Phylogenetic relationships of Wainuia (Mollusca: Pulmonata)—Biogeography and conservation implications. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 32, 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2002.9517703
    Eifler, D.A. (1996) Resource assessment in lizards. PhD thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, 206 pp.
    Elangovan, V., Bovill, L., Cree, A., Monks, J.M. & Godfrey, S.S. (2021) Social networks and social stability in a translocated population of Otago skinks (Oligosoma otagense). New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 45, 3434. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.19
    Evans, A.E., Towns, D.R. & Beggs, J.R. (2015) Relative importance of sugar resources to endemic gecko populations in an isolated island ecosystem. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 39, 262–272.
    Fitzinger, L. (1843) Systema reptilium, fasciculus primus: Amblyglossae. Braumüller et Seidel, Vindobonae, 106 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4694
    Flannagan, H.J. (2000) Conservation biology of the goldstripe gecko (Hoplodactylus chrysosireticus) and interactions with Duvaucel’s gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) on Mana Island, Cook Strait, New Zealand. MSc thesis, Massey University, Auckland, 116 pp.
    Florence-Bennett, B.J. (2020) Assessing bird predation on New Zealand’s lizard fauna using lizard-mimicking replicas. MSc thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 119 pp.
    Frank, H. & Wilson, D. (2011) Distribution, status and conservation measures for lizards in limestone areas of South Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 38, 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2010.520326
    Galbraith, M. & Cooper, H. (2013) Tiritiri Matangi—an overview of 25 years of ecological restoration. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 37, 258–260.
    Garcia-Porta, J. & Ord, T.J. (2013) Key innovations and island colonization as engines of evolutionary diversification: a comparative test with the Australasian diplodactyloid geckos. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 26, 2662–2680. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12261
    Gardner-Gee, R. & Beggs, J.R. (2010) Challenges in food-web restoration: an assessment of the restoration requirements of a honeydew-gecko trophic interaction in the Auckland Region, New Zealand. Restoration Ecology, 18, 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00650.x
    Gardner-Gee, R., Graham, S., Griffiths, R., Habgood, M., Dunlop, S.H. & Lindsay, H. (2007) Motuora Native Species Restoration Plan. Department of Conservation, Auckland, 113 pp.
    Gardner, M.G., Pearson, S.K., Johnston, G.R. & Schwarz, M.P. (2016) Group living in squamate reptiles: a review of evidence for stable aggregations. Biological Reviews, 91, 925–936. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12201
    Gartrell, B. (2016) Diseases of New Zealand reptiles. In: Chapple, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer, Cham, pp. 207–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_8
    Gibson, S., Penniket, S. & Cree, A. (2015) Are viviparous lizards from cool climates ever exclusively nocturnal? Evidence for extensive basking in a New Zealand gecko. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 115, 882–895. https://doi.org/10.1111/BIJ.12533
    Girling, J.E., Cree, A. & Guillette, L.J. (1998) Oviducal structure in four species of gekkonid lizard differing in parity mode and eggshell structure. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 10, 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1071/R97056
    Glenday, V. (2016) An assessment of the suitability of captive-bred founders for lizard restoration projects using Duvaucel’s geckos (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii). MSc thesis, Massey University, Auckland, 160 pp.
    Glynne, E., Daza, J.D. & Bauer, A.M. (2020) Surface sculpturing in the skull of gecko lizards (Squamata: Gekkota). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 131, 801–813. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa144
    Gollin, J.F. (2016) Quantifying the benefits of rat eradication to lizard populations on Kapiti Island. MSc thesis, Massey University, Auckland, 106 pp.
    Gollin, J.F., Gorman, N. & Armstrong, D.P. (2021) Twenty years on: changes in lizard encounter rates following eradication of rats from Kâpiti Island. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 45, 3423. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.13
    Gray, J.E. (1843) Descriptions of the reptiles and amphibians hitherto observed in New Zealand. In: Dieffenbach, E. (Ed.), Travels in New Zealand with contributions to the geography, geology, botany, and natural history of that country. Vol. 2. Murray, London, pp. 202–206.
    Gray, J.E. (1845) Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 289 pp.
    Greaves, S.N.J., Chapple, D.G., Gleeson, D.M., Daugherty, C.H. & Ritchie, P.A. (2007) Phylogeography of the spotted skink (Oligosoma lineoocellatum) and green skink (O. chloronoton) species complex (Lacertilia: Scincidae) in New Zealand reveals pre-Pleistocene divergence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45, 729–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.008
    Guibé, J. (1954) Catalogue des types de lézards du Muséum National D’Historie Naturelle. Colas, Paris, 119 pp.
    Gundy, G.C. & Wurst, G. (1976) The occurrence of parietal eyes in recent Lacertilia (Reptilia). Journal of Herpetology, 10, 112–121. https://doi.org/10.2307/1562791
    Günther, A.C.L.G. (1864) The reptiles of British India. Ray Society, London, 118 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5012
    Halliday, T.R. & Verrell, P.A. (1988) Body size and age in amphibians and reptiles. Journal of Herpetology, 22, 253–265. https://doi.org/10.2307/1564148
    Hard, G.C. (1954) Notes on reptilia of islands visited by Field Club—1953–1954. Tane, 6, 143–146.
    Hardy, G.S. (1972) A review of the parasites of New Zealand reptiles. Tuatara, 19, 165–167.
    Hare, K. (2011) Abstracts of papers presented at the 14th Biennial Conference of the Society for Research on Amphibians and Reptiles in New Zealand, Tautuku, Otago, New Zealand, 11–13 February 2011. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 38, 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2011.577789
    Hare, K. & Cree, A. (2005) Natural history of Hoplodactylus stephensi (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) on Stephens Island, Cook Strait, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 29, 137–142.
    Hare, K., Hoare, J. & Hitchmough, R. (2007) Investigating natural population dynamics of Naultinus manukanus to inform conservation management of New Zealand’s cryptic diurnal geckos. Journal of Herpetology, 41, 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[81:INPDON]2.0.CO;2
    Hare, K.M., Chapple, D.G., Towns, D.R. & van Winkel, D. (2016) The ecology of New Zealand’s lizards. In: Chapple, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer, Cham, pp. 133–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_6
    Hare, K.M. & Cree, A. (2016) Thermal and metabolic physiology of New Zealand lizards. In: Chapple, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer, Cham, pp. 239–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_6
    Harker, T.D., Harker, N.F., Harker, F.R., Peace, J., Barry, M., Ludbrook, M.R. & Ji, W. (2017) Analysis of footprints provides additional insights during monitoring of Duvaucel’s geckos (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 44, 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2017.1348365
    Harper, P.C. (1983) Biology of the Buller’s shearwater (Puffinus bulleri) at the Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand. Notornis, 30, 299–318.
    Hay, J.M., Daugherty, C.H., Cree, A. & Maxson, L.R. (2003) Low genetic divergence obscures phylogeny among populations of Sphenodon, remnant of an ancient reptile lineage. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 29, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00091-5
    Hay, J.M., Sarre, S.D., Lambert, D.M., Allendorf, F.W. & Daugherty, C.H. (2010) Genetic diversity and taxonomy: A reassessment of species designation in tuatara (Sphenodon: Reptilia). Conservation Genetics, 11, 1063–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-009-9952-7
    Heath, A.C.H. & Whitaker, A.H. (2015) Mites (Acari: Pterygosomatidae, Macronyssidae) taken from lizards intercepted at the New Zealand border. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 20, 739–756. https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.20.7.3
    Herbert, S.M. (2020) Is habitat enhancement a viable strategy for conserving New Zealand’s endemic lizards? PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 274 pp.
    Hicks, G.R., McColl, H.P., Meads, M.J., Hardy, G.S. & Roser, R. (1975) An ecological reconnaisance of Korapuki Island, Mercury Islands. Notornis, 22, 195–220.
    Hitchmough, R., Anderson, P., Barr, B., Monks, J., Lettink, M., Reardon, J., Tocher, M. & Whitaker, T. (2013) Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles. 2012. In: New Zealand Threat Classification. Series 2. Department of Conservation, Wellington, pp. 1–16.
    Hitchmough, R.A. (1997) A systematic revision of the New Zealand Gekkonidae. PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 374 pp.
    Hitchmough, R.A., Barr, B., Knox, C., Lettink, M., Monks, J.M., Patterson, G.B., Reardon, J.T., van Winkel, D., Rolfe, J. & Michel, P. (2021a) Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles. 2021. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 27 pp.
    Hitchmough, R.A., Barr, B., Lettnik, M., Monks, J.M., Reardon, J.T., Tocher, M., van Winkel, D. & Rolfe, J. (2016a) Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles. 2015. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 18 pp.
    Hitchmough, R.A., Nielsen, S.V. & Bauer, A.M. (2020) Earning your stripes: a second species of striped gecko in the New Zealand gecko genus Toropuku (Gekkota: Diplodactylidae). Zootaxa, 4890 (4), 578–588. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4890.4.9
    Hitchmough, R.A., Nielsen, S.V., Lysaght, J.A. & Bauer, A.M. (2021b) A new species of Naultinus from the Te Paki area, northern New Zealand. Zootaxa, 4915 (3), 389–400. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4915.3.7
    Hitchmough, R.A., Patterson, G.B. & Chapple, D.G. (2016b) Putting a name to diversity: Taxonomy of the New Zealand lizard fauna. In: Chapple, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer, Cham, pp. 87–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_4
    Hoare, J. & Hare, K. (2006) The impact of brodifacoum on non-target wildlife: gaps in knowledge. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 30, 157–167.
    Hoare, J.M. (2006) Novel predators and naïve prey: how introduced mammals shape behaviours and populations of New Zealand lizards. PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 217 pp.
    Hoare, J.M., Pledger, S., Nelson, N.J. & Daugherty, C.H. (2007) Avoiding aliens: behavioural plasticity in habitat use enables large, nocturnal geckos to survive Pacific rat invasions. Biological Conservation, 136, 510–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.12.022
    Holdaway, R.N. (1989) New Zealand’s pre-human avifauna and its vulnerability. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 12, 11–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/2844849
    Holder, L.A. (1960) The comparative morphology of the axial skeleton in the Australian Gekkonidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 44, 300–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1960.tb01617.x
    Holdom, A. (2015) Anchoring techniques for translocated Duvaucel’s geckos (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii), and the use of cell-foam retreats by lizards and invertebrates. MSc thesis, Massey University, Auckland, 166 pp.
    Holmes, K. (2004) The female reproductive cycle of a viviparous skink, Oligosoma maccanni, in a subalpine environment. MSc thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, 119 pp.
    Jarvie, S. & Monks, J.M. (2014) Step on it: Can footprints from tracking tunnels be used to identify lizard species? New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 41, 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2014.911753
    Jewell, T. (2008) A photographic guide to reptiles and amphibians of New Zealand. New Holland Publishers Ltd, Auckland, 143 pp.
    Ji, W., Baling, M., Barry, M., van Winkel, D., Wedding, C., Barr, B. & Brunton, D. (2007) Translocation of Duvaucel’s gecko and shore skinks to Tiritiri Matangi Island, Motuora Island and Massey University Captive Breeding Facility. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 34, 264–265.
    Jones, C., Norbury, G. & Bell, T. (2013) Impacts of introduced European hedgehogs on endemic skinks and weta in tussock grassland. Wildlife Research, 40, 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR12164
    Jones, N. (2000) Establishment, dispersal and population viability of translocated Duvaucel’s gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) on Mana Island. MSc thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 79 pp.
    Jullien, R. & Renous-Lécuru, S. (1973) Étude de la repartition des pores fémoraux, anaux, préanaux et ventraux ches les Lacertiliens (Reptilia). Bulletin Du Muséum National D’Histoire Naturelle, 104, 1–32.
    Kelly, D. & Sullivan, J.J. (2010) Life histories, dispersal, invasions, and global change: progress and prospects in New Zealand ecology, 1989–2029. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 34, 207–217.
    Kennedy, C.M. (1979) Observations on a haemogregarine and mites from the gecko Hoplodactylus duvaucelii (Reptilia: Lacertilia), from the Trios Islands. MSc thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch. [unknown pagination]
    Kinsky, F.C. & Sibson, R.B. (1959) Notes on the birds of the Poor Knights Islands. Notornis, 8, 132–141.
    Kluge, A. (1967a) Higher taxonomic categories of gekkonid lizards and their evolution. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 135, 1–60.
    Kluge, A. (1967b) Systematics, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the lizard genus Diplodactylus Gray (Gekkonidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 15, 1007–1108. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9671007
    Knox, C., Hitchmough, R.A., Nielsen, S.V., Jewell, T. & Bell, T.P. (2021) A new, enigmatic species of black-eyed gecko (Reptilia: Diplodactylidae: Mokopirirakau) from North Otago, New Zealand. Zootaxa, 4964 (1), 140–156. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.7
    Knox, C.D., Jarvie, S., Easton, L.J. & Monks, J.M. (2017) Soft-release, but not cool winter temperatures, reduces post-translocation dispersal of jewelled geckos. Journal of Herpetology, 51, 490–496. https://doi.org/10.1670/16-078
    Leaché, A.D. & Cole, C.J. (2006) Hybridization between multiple fence lizard lineages in an ecotone: locally discordant variation in mitochondrial DNA, chromosomes, and morphology. Molecular Ecology, 16, 1035–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03194.x
    Lee, M.S.Y., Hutchinson, M.N., Worthy, T.H., Archer, M., Tennyson, A.J.D., Worthy, J.P. & Scofield, R.P. (2009) Miocene skinks and geckos reveal long-term conservatism of New Zealand’s lizard fauna. Biology Letters, 5, 833–837. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0440
    Lettink, M. & Monks, J.M. (2016) Survey and monitoring methods for New Zealand lizards. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 46, 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2015.1108343
    Lichtenstein, H. & von Martens, E. (1856) Nomenclator reptilium et amphibiorum Musei Zoologici Berolinensis. Namenverzeichniss der in der zoologischen Sammlung der königlichen Universität zu Berlin aufgestellten Arten von Reptilian und Amphibien nach ihren Ordnungen, Familien and Gattungen. Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 48 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.45245
    Liggins, L., Chapple, D.G., Daugherty, C.H. & Ritchie, P.A. (2008) A SINE of restricted gene flow across the Alpine Fault: phylogeography of the New Zealand common skink (Oligosoma nigriplantare polychroma). Molecular Ecology, 17, 3668–3683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03864.x
    Lloyd, B.D. (2003) Intraspecific phylogeny of the New Zealand short-tailed bat Mystacina tuberculata inferred from multiple mitochondrial gene sequences. Systematic Biology, 52, 460–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390218187
    Lozito, T.P. & Tuan, R.S. (2017) Lizard tail regeneration as an instructive model of enhanced healing capabilities in an adult amniote. Connective Tissue Research, 58, 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2016.1215444
    Lucas, A. & Frost, C. (1897) The lizards (Lacertilia) indigenous to New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 29, 264–280.
    Lukis, K. (1999) Survey of the lizard fauna of Quail Island, Lyttelton Harbour, Canterbury. Lincoln University Wildlife Management Report. No. 23. Lincoln University, Christchurch, 16 pp.
    Macinnis-Ng, C., Mcintosh, A.R., Monks, J.M., Waipara, N., White, R.S.A., Boudjelas, S., Clark, C.D., Clearwater, M.J., Curran, T.J., Dickinson, K.J.M., Nelson, N., Perry, G.L.W., Richardson, S.J., Stanley, M.C. & Peltzer, D.A. (2021) Climate-change impacts exacerbate conservation threats in island systems: New Zealand as a case study. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 19, 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/FEE.2285
    Mayr, E. (1942) Systematics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University, New York, New York, 367 pp.
    McCallum, J. (1981a) Reptiles of Tawhiti Rahi Island, Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand. Tane, 27, 55–58.
    McCallum, J. (1981b) Reptiles of the North Cape region, New Zealand. Tane, 27, 153–157.
    McCallum, J. & Harker, F.R. (1982) Reptiles of Little Barrier Island. Tane, 28, 21–27.
    McCann, C. (1955) The lizards of New Zealand. Dominion Museum Bulletin, 17, 1–127.
    McCann, C. (1956a) Keys to the lizards of New Zealand. Tuatara, 6, 45–51.
    McCann, C. (1956b) The distribution of New Zealand reptiles. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society, 4, 15–16.
    Mcfadden, I. & Towns, D. (1991) Eradication campaigns against kiore (Rattus exulans) on Rurima Rocks and Korapuki, northern New Zealand. Science and Research Internal Report. PUB, Wellington, 18 pp.
    McWethy, D.B., Wilmshurst, J.M., Whitlock, C., Wood, J.R. & McGlone, M.S. (2014). A high-resolution chronology of rapid forest transitions following Polynesian arrival in New Zealand. PLoS ONE, 9 (11), e111328. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111328
    Merton, D.V. & Atkinson, I.A.E. (1968) Notes on the birds of Coppermine Island, Hen and Chickens group. Notornis, 15, 100–108.

  4. Middleton, D.M.R.L., Minot, E.O. & Gartrell, B.D. (2010) Salmonella enterica serovars in lizards of New Zealand’s offshore islands. Zealand Journal of Ecology, 34, 247–252.
    Miller, K.A., Bell, T.P. & Germano, J.M. (2014) Understanding publication bias in reintroduction biology by assessing translocations of New Zealand’s herpetofauna. Conservation Biology, 28, 1045–1056. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12254
    Miskelly, C. (2010) Mana Island ecological restoration plan review. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 54 pp.
    Mockett, S. (2015) The evolution and diversity of parasites of New Zealand lizards. MSc thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, 141 pp.
    Mockett, S. (2017) A review of the parasitic mites of New Zealand skinks and geckos with new host records. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 44, 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2016.1250786
    Moir, M.L., Vesk, P.A., Brennan, K.E.C., Poulin, R., Hughes, L., Keith, D.A., McCarthy, M.A. & Coates, D.J. (2012) Considering extinction of dependent species during translocation, ex-situ conservation, and assisted migration of threatened hosts. Conservation Biology, 26, 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01826.x
    Monks, J.M., Monks, A. & Towns, D.R. (2014) Correlated recovery of five lizard populations following eradication of invasive mammals. Biological Invasions, 16, 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0511-2
    Moore, J.A., Bell, B.D. & Linklater, W.L. (2008) The debate on behavior in conservation: New Zealand integrates theory with practice. BioScience, 58, 454–459. https://doi.org/10.1641/B580513
    Morgan-Richards, M., Hinlo, A.R., Smuts-Kennedy, C., Innes, J., Ji, W., Barry, M., Brunton, D. & Hitchmough, R.A. (2016) Identification of a rare gecko from North Island New Zealand, and genetic assessment of its probable origin: A novel mainland conservation priority? Journal of Herpetology, 50, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1670/13-128
    Morrison, W.R., Lohr, J.L., Duchen, P., Wilches, R., Trujillo, D., Mair, M. & Renner, S.S. (2009) The impact of taxonomic change on conservation: does it kill, can it save, or is it just irrelevant? Biological Conservation, 142, 3201–3206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.019
    Murphy, B.F. & Thompson, M.B. (2011) A review of the evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles: the past, present and future role of molecular biology and genomics. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 181, 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-011-0584-0
    Myers, G. (1961) The New Zealand lizard names Naultinus and Hoplodactylus. Herpetologica, 17, 169–172.
    Naish, D. (2004) New Zealand’s giant gecko: a review of current knowledge of Hoplodactylus delcourti and the kawekaweau of legend. The Cryptozoology Review, 4, 17–21.
    Neilson, K., Curran, J.M., Towns, D.R. & Jamieson, H. (2006) Habitat use by chevron skinks (Oligosoma homalonotum) (Sauria: Scincidae) on Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 30, 345–356.
    Nelson, N.J., Romijn, R.L., Dumont, T., Reardon, J.T., Monks, J.M., Hitchmough, R.A., Empson, R. & Briskie, J.V. (2016) Lizard conservation in mainland sanctuaries. In: Chapple, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer, Cham, pp. 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_12
    Newman, D.G. & Towns, D.R. (1985) A survey of the herpetofauna of the northern and southern blocks, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 15, 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1985.10416831
    Nichols, K.R.N. (2014) Habitat features of urban forest fragments supporting native lizards in the presence of introduced mammals. MSc thesis, Massey University, Auckland, 115 pp.
    Nielsen, S.V. (2008) Molecular systematics of the geckos of New Zealand. MSc thesis, Villanova University, Villanova, 83 pp.
    Nielsen, S.V, Bauer, A.M., Jackman, T.R., Hitchmough, R.A. & Daugherty, C.H. (2011) New Zealand geckos (Diplodactylidae): Cryptic diversity in a post-Gondwanan lineage with trans-Tasman affinities. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 59, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.12.007
    Ogle, C.C. (1981) Great Barrier Island wildlife survey. Tane, 27, 177–200.
    Olave, M., Martinez, L.E., Avila, L.J., Sites, J.W. & Morando, M. (2011) Evidence of hybridization in the Argentinean lizards Liolaemus gracilis and Liolaemus bibronii (Iguania: Liolaemini): an integrative approach based on genes and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.006
    Paluh, D.J. (2016) Comparative morphology of the quadrate bone within the Gekkota: phylogenetic and functional implications. MSc thesis, Villanova University, Villanova, 136 pp.
    Paluh, D.J. & Bauer, A.M. (2018) Phylogenetic history, allometry and disparate functional pressures influence the morphological diversification of the gekkotan quadrate, a keystone cranial element. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 125, 693–708. https://doi.org/10.1093/BIOLINNEAN/BLY147
    Parker, K.A. (2013) Avian translocations to and from Tiritiri Matangi 1974-2013. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 37, 282–287.

  5. Parrish, G.R. & Gill, B.J. (2003) Natural history of the lizards of the Three Kings Islands, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 30, 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2003.9518339
    Parrish, G.R. & Pierce, R.J. (1993) Reptiles of Motuopao Island, Northland, New Zealand. Tane, 34, 53–58.
    Plein, M., Bode, M., Moir, M.L. & Vesk, P.A. (2016) Translocation strategies for multiple species depend on interspecific interaction type. Ecological Applications, 26, 1186–1197. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0409
    Porter, R. (1981) Notes on a brief visit to Pupuha Island, Hen and Chickens Group. Moko, 1981, 10.
    Price, S.J., Grayson, K.L., Gartrell, B.D. & Nelson, N.J. (2020) Survival and growth of tuatara Sphenodon punctatus following translocation from the Cook Strait to warmer locations in their historic range. Oryx, 54, 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531800008X
    R Core Team (2022) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. Available from: http://www.R-project.org/ (accessed 29 November 2022)
    Remeš, V., Matysioková, B. & Cockburn, A. (2012) Nest predation in New Zealand songbirds: exotic predators, introduced prey and long-term changes in predation risk. Biological Conservation, 148, 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.01.063
    Richards, A.M. (1973) A comparative study of the biology of the Giant wetas Deinacrida heteracantha and D. fallai (Orthoptera : Henicidae) from New Zealand. Journal of Zoology, 169, 195–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1469-7998.1973.TB04554.X
    Romijn, R.L. & Hartley, S. (2016) Trends in lizard translocations in New Zealand between 1988 and 2013. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 43, 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2016.1146311
    Romijn, R.L., Nelson, N.J. & Monks, J.M. (2014) Forest geckos (Mokopirirakau ‘Southern North Island’) display diurno-nocturnal activity and are not reliant on retreats. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 41, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2013.860041
    Russell, J.C., Klette, R. & Chen, C.Y. (2010) Tracking small artists. In: Huang, F. & Wang, R.C. (Eds.), International Conference on Arts and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11577-6_21
    Scarsbrook, L. (2021) Does size matter? Using osteology and ancient DNA to reconstruct extinct diversity in Duvaucel’s gecko. MSc thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, 173 pp.
    Scarsbrook, L., Sherratt, E., Hitchmough, R.A. & Rawlence, N.J. (2021) Skeletal variation in extant species enables systematic identification of New Zealand’s large, subfossil diplodactylids. BMC ecology and evolution, 21, 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-021-01808-7
    Scarsbrook, L., Verry, A.J.F., Walton, K., Hitchmough, R.A. & Rawlence, N.J. (2022) Ancient mitochondrial genomes recovered from small vertebrate bones through minimally destructive DNA extraction: phylogeography of the New Zealand gecko genus Hoplodactylus. Molecular Ecology, 1–21. [early view] https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16434
    Schaefer, F. (1902) Ueber die Schenkeldrüsen der Eidechsen. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 68, 27–64.
    Scott, S.N. (2016) Translocation and post-release monitoring techniques of Auckland green gecko (Naultinus elegans elegans) using a penned release. MSc thesis, Massey University, Auckland, XX pp.
    Seligmann, H. (2002) Behavioural and morphological asymmetries in hindlimbs of Hoplodactylus duvaucelii (Lacertilia: Gekkonomorpha: Gekkota: Diplodactylinae). Laterality, 7 (3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500244000067
    Seligmann, H., Beiles, A. & Werner, Y.L. (2003) More injuries in left-footed individual lizards and Sphenodon. Journal of Zoology, 260, 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836903003558
    Sharell, R. (1966) The tuatara, lizards and frogs of New Zealand. Collins, London, 94 pp.
    Shea, G., Couper, P., Wilmer, J.W. & Amey, A. (2011) Revision of the genus Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) in Australia. Zootaxa, 3146 (1), 1–63. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3146.1.1
    Shea, G.M. (2016) History of discovery of the New Zealand lizard fauna. In: Chapple, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer, Cham, pp. 13–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_2
    Sion, G. (2017) Foot-preference underlies bite-scar asymmetry in the gecko Ptyodactylus guttatus. Laterality, Series 1, 23, 129–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357650X.2017.1322097
    Skipwith, P.L., Bi, K. & Oliver, P.M. (2019) Relicts and radiations: phylogenomics of an Australasian lizard clade with east Gondwanan origins (Gekkota: Diplodactyloidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 140, 106589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106589
    Smith, M. (1933a) Remarks on some Old World geckoes. Records of the Indian Museum, 35, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v35/i1/1933/162598
    Smith, M. (1933b) The type locality of the gecko, Hoplodactylus duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron. Records of the Indian Museum, 35, 377. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v35/i3/1933/162596
    Le Souëf, A., Barry, M., Brunton, D., Jakob-Hoff, R. & Jackson, B. (2015) Ovariectomy as treatment for ovarian bacterial granulomas in a Duvaucel’s gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii). New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 63 (6), 340–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2015.1063468
    Stancher, G., Sovrano, V.A. & Vallortigara, G. (2018) Motor asymmetries in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. Progress in Brain Research, 238, 33–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/BS.PBR.2018.06.002
    Stephenson, N. (1948) A note on the occurrence of the genus Hoplodactylus Fitzinger in New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 3, 339–341.
    Stephenson, N. & Stephenson, E. (1955) The osteology of the New Zealand geckos and its bearing on their morphological status. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 84, 341–358.
    Stephenson, N.G. (1960) The comparative osteology of the Australian geckos and its bearing on their morphological status. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 44, 278–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1960.tb01616.x
    Ströckens, F., Güntürkün, O. & Ocklenburg, S. (2012) Limb preferences in non-human vertebrates. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 18, 536–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357650X.2012.723008
    Sullivan, E.G. (2018) Variation of cranial bone sculpturing in Gekkota. MSc thesis, Sam Houston State University, Houston, 104 pp.
    Thomlinson, K. (2012) Using closed-cell foam artificial cover objects to determine the abundance of goldstripe geckos at Bushy Park, New Zealand. MSc thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, 19 pp.
    Thompson, M.B., Daugherty, C.H., Cree, A., French, D.C., Gillingham, J.C. & Barwick, R.E. (1992) Status and longevity of the tuatara, Sphenodon guntheri, and Duvaucel’s gecko, Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, on North Brother Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 22, 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1992.10420810
    Thoresen, A.C. (1967) Ecological observations on Stanley and Green Islands, Mercury Group. Notornis, 14, 182–200.
    Tingley, R., Hitchmough, R.A. & Chapple, D.G. (2013) Life-history traits and extrinsic threats determine extinction risk in New Zealand lizards. Biological Conservation, 165, 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.028
    Tobias, J.A., Seddon, N., Spottiswoode, C.N., Pilgrim, J.D., Fishpool, L.D.C. & Collar, N.J. (2010) Quantitative criteria for species delimitation. Ibis, 152, 724–746. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01051.x
    Todd, A.C. (2003) Mating strategies and sperm competition in New Zealand geckos (Family Gekkonidae). PhD, University of Otago, Dunedin, 192 pp.
    Todd, A.C. (2008) Using testis size to predict the mating systems of New Zealand geckos. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 35, 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014220809510107
    Towns, D. (1995) Changes in habitat use by lizards on a New Zealand island following removal of the introduced Pacific Rat Rattus exulans. Pacific Conservation Biology, 2, 286. https://doi.org/10.1071/pc960286
    Towns, D. (2002) Interactions between geckos, honeydew scale insects and host plants revealed on islands in northern New Zealand, following eradication of introduced rats and rabbits. In: Veitch, C. & Clout, M. (Eds.), Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. Proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives. IUCN, Auckland, pp. 329–335.
    Towns, D., Mcfadden, I. & Thomson, P. (1995) Offshore islands co-operative conservation project with ICI crop care division: phase three (Cuvier Island). Science and Research Internal Report No 150. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 17 pp.
    Towns, D.R. (1971) The lizards of the islands visited by Field Club 1953–1954. A revision with some additions 1969-1970. Tane, 17, 91–96.
    Towns, D.R. (1974) A note on the Lizards of the Slipper Island Group. Tane, 20, 35–36.
    Towns, D.R. (1991) Response of lizard assemblages in the Mercury Islands, New Zealand, to removal of an introduced rodent: the kiore (Rattus exulans). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 21, 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1991.10431400
    Towns, D.R. (1994) The role of ecological restoration in the conservation of Whitaker’s skink (Cyclodina whitakeri), a rare New Zealand lizard (Lacertilia: Scincidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 21, 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1994.9518016
    Towns, D.R. & Atkinson, I.A.E. (2004) Restoration plan for Korapuki Island (Mercury Islands), New Zealand 2004–2024. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 52 pp.

  6. Towns, D.R., Borrelle, S.B., Thoresen, J., Buxton, R.T. & Evans, A. (2016a) Mercury Islands and their role in understanding seabird island restoration. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 40 (2), 235–249. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.40.27
    Towns, D.R. & Daugherty, C.H. (1994) Patterns of range contractions and extinctions in the New Zealand herpetofauna following human colonisation. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 21, 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1994.9518003
    Towns, D.R., Daugherty, C.H. & Cree, A. (2001) Raising the prospects for a forgotten fauna: a review of 10 years of conservation effort for New Zealand reptiles. Biological Conservation, 99, 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00184-1
    Towns, D.R. & Ferreira, S.M. (2001) Conservation of New Zealand lizards (Lacertilia: Scincidae) by translocation of small populations. Biological Conservation, 98, 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00156-7
    Towns, D.R. & Hayward, B.W. (1973) Reptiles of the Alderman Islands. Tane, 19, 93–100.
    Towns, D.R., Hitchmough, R.A. & Perrott, J. (2016b) Conservation of New Zealand lizards: A fauna not forgotten but undervalued? In: Chapple, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer, Cham, pp. 293–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_11
    Towns, D.R., Miller, K.A., Nelson, N.J. & Chapple, D.G. (2016c) Can translocations to islands reduce extinction risk for reptiles? Case studies from New Zealand. Biological Conservation, 204, 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.04.024
    Towns, D.R., Simberloff, D. & Atkinson, I.A.E. (1997) Restoration of New Zealand islands: redressing the effects of introduced species. Pacific Conservation Biology, 3, 99–124. https://doi.org/10.1071/PC970099
    Towns, D.R., Wright, E. & Stephens, T. (2009) Systematic measurement of effectiveness for conservation of biodiversity on New Zealand islands. In: Clarkson, B., Kurian, P., Nachowitz, T. & Rennie, H. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conserv-Vision Conference, University of Waikato, 2–4 July 2007. University of Waikato, Hamilton, pp. 1–22.
    Vasconcelos, R., Rocha, S. & Santos, X. (2017) Sharing refuges on arid islands: ecological and social influence on aggregation behaviour of wall geckos. PeerJ, 5, e2802. https://doi.org/10.7717/PEERJ.2802
    Werner, Y.L. & Seifan, T. (2006) Eye size in geckos: Asymmetry, allometry, sexual dimorphism, and behavioral correlates. Journal of Morphology, 267, 1486–1500. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10499
    Werner, Y.L., Whitaker, A.H. & Whitaker, A.H. (1978) Observations and comments on the body temperatures of some New Zealand reptiles. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 5, 375–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1978.10428324
    While, G.M., Gardner, M.G., Chapple, D.G. & Whiting, M.J. (2019) Stable Social Grouping in Lizards. In: Bels, V.L. & Russell, A.P. (Eds.), Behavior of Lizards. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781498782739-11
    Whitaker, A. (1978) The effects of rodents on reptiles and amphibians. In: The Ecology and Control of Rodents in New Zealand Nature Reserves. No. 4. Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington, pp. 75–86.
    Whitaker, A.H. (1968) The lizards of the Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science, 11, 623–651.
    Whitaker, A.H. (1973) Lizard populations on islands with and without Polynesian rats Rattus exulans. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society, 20, 121–130.
    Whitaker, A.H. (1987) The roles of lizards in New Zealand plant reproductive strategies. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 25, 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1987.10410078
    Whitaker, T., Tocher, M. & Blair, T. (2002) Conservation of lizards in Otago Conservancy 2002–2007. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 96 pp.
    Wilson, J. (2010) Population viability and resource competition on North Brother Island: conservation implications for tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) and Duvaucel’s gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii). MSc Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 106 pp.
    Wilson, K.J. & Freeman, A. (1993) A preliminary investigation of the impact of burrow-breeding seabirds on vegetation, insects and reptiles. Lincoln University, Christchurch, 30 pp.
    van Winkel, D. (2008) Efficiency of techniques for post-translocation monitoring of the Duvaucel’s gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) and evidence of native avian predation on lizards. MSc thesis, Massey University, Auckland, 231 pp.
    van Winkel, D., Baling, M., Barry, M., Ji, W. & Brunton, D.H. (2010) Translocation of Duvaucel’s geckos to Tiritiri Matangi and Motuora Islands, Hauraki Gulf, as part of island ecological restoration initiatives. In: Soore, P.S. (Ed.), Global Re-introduction Perspectives: Additional case studies from around the globe. IUCN/SSC Reintroduction Specialist Group, Abu Dhabi, pp. 113–117.
    van Winkel, D., Baling, M. & Hitchmough, R. (2018) Reptiles and amphibians of New Zealand. Auckland University Press, Auckland, 712 pp.
    van Winkel, D., Brunton, D.H. & Ji, W. (2007) Efficiency of techniques for post-release monitoring of translocated Duvaucel’s geckos (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) and impact of native predators on island lizard populations. In: 12th Biennial Conference of the Society for Research on Amphibians and Reptiles in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, Dunedin, pp. 271–272.
    van Winkel, D. & Ji, W. (2012) Evidence of lizard predation by New Zealand kingfishers (Todiramphus sanctus vagans) and potential implications for threatened species translocations. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 39, 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2011.638309
    van Winkel, D. & Weihong, J. (2014) Attaching radio-transmitters to geckos: trials and tribulations. Herpetological Review, 45, 13–17.
    Womersley, H.W. (1941) New species of Geckobia (Acarina, Pterygosomidae) from Australia and New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 65, 323–328.
    Wong, C., Gleeson, D., Howitt, R., Barry, M., Brunton, D. & Ji, W. (2011) Polymorphic microsatellite loci and interspecific cross-amplification in the New Zealand endemic gecko species Hoplodactylus duvaucelii and Hoplodactylus maculatus. Conservation Genetics Resources, 3, 331–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-010-9356-5
    Woolley, C.K. (2020) Conservation of endemic lizards in New Zealand cities. MSc thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, XX pp.
    Woolley, C.K., Hartley, S., Hitchmough, R.A., Innes, J.G., van Heezik, Y., Wilson, D.J. & Nelson, N.J. (2019) Reviewing the past, present and potential lizard faunas of New Zealand cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 192, 103647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103647
    Worthy, T.H. (1987a) Osteological observations on the larger species of the skink Cyclodina and the subfossil occurrence of these and the gecko Hoplodactylus duvaucelii in the North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 14, 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1987.10422992
    Worthy, T.H. (1987b) Palaeoecological information concerning members of the frog genus leiopelma: leiopelmatidae in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 17, 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1987.10426482
    Worthy, T.H. (1991) Fossil skink bones from Northland, New Zealand, and description of a new species of Cyclodina, Scincidae. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 21, 329–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1991.10420831
    Worthy, T.H. (1997) Quaternary fossil fauna of South Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 27, 67–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1997.9517528
    Worthy, T.H. (1998) Quaternary fossil faunas of Otago, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 28, 421–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1998.9517573
    Worthy, T.H. (2016) A review of the fossil record of New Zealand lizards. In: Chapple, D.G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer, Cham, pp. 65–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_3
    Worthy, T.H. & Holdaway, R.N. (1994) Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in Takaka Valley and on Takaka Hill, northwest Nelson, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 24, 297–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1994.9517474
    Worthy, T.H. & Holdaway, R.N. (1995) Quaternary fossil faunas from caves on Mt Cookson, North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 25, 333–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1995.9517494
    Worthy, T.H. & Holdaway, R.N. (1996) Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and palaeofaunal reconstruction in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 26, 275–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1996.9517514