Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2023-05-01
Page range: 1-58
Abstract views: 288
PDF downloaded: 158

Latest Triassic and Early Jurassic Spiriferinida (Brachiopoda) of Zealandia(New Zealand and New Caledonia)

Fairfax Terrace; Frankleigh Park; New Plymouth 4310; New Zealand.
Brachiopoda New Zealand New Caledonia Zealandia BrachiopodaSpiriferinida Early Jurassic Murihiku Terrane Terrane

Abstract

The Late Triassic spiriferinides of Zealandia include the endemic or Austral genera Rastelligera, Psioidea and Psioidiella, and the cosmopolitan Zugmayerella. Mentzelia kawhiana is revised and placed in Callospiriferina. It appears in the late Rhaetian and is found in the Téremba Terrane in New Caledonia and throughout the Murihiku Terrane in New Zealand. The spiriferinides were severely affected at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in Zealandia as elsewhere, but a moderately diverse fauna developed in the Early Jurassic. This has strong links to South America, and affinities with southern Europe and North Africa. In this study, a total of six species of Jurassic spiriferinides are recognised. Callospiriferina ongley is present in middle and late Hettangian and Sinemurian faunas. It is succeeded in the Pliensbachian and early Toarcian by Callospiriferina radiata. Two species of Spiriferina are recognised. S. sophiaealbae n. sp. first appears in the Middle Hettangian and is present in the Southland and Kawhia Synclines until the early Toarcian. S. arakiwa n. sp. is found mainly on the southwest limb of the Southland Syncline in the Pliensbachian and early Toarcian. The non-costate European genus Cisnerospira is represented in Zealandia by the small C. antipoda n. sp. This species ranges from Hettangian to early Toarcian. Two specimens of a spiriferinide with a costate sulcus are tentatively identified as Dispiriferina sp. cf. D. chilensis. The highest stratigraphic level at which Zealandian spiriferinides have been found is that of the Dactylioceras band at Kawhia, which is correlated with the Crassum Subzone of the Bifrons Zone (highest Early Toarcian) and includes three species of spiriferinide. This suggests that the Zealandian spiriferinides survived the Toarcian Event, only to meet their demise slightly later.

 

References

  1. Aberhan, M. (1993) Faunal replacement in the Early Jurassic of northern Chile: implications for the evolution in Mesozoic benthic shelf ecosystems. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 103, 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90141-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90141-5
  2. Ager, D.V. (1987) Why the rhynchonellid brachiopods survived and the spiriferids did not: A suggestion. Palaeontology, 30 (4), 853–857.
  3. Ager, D.V. (1994) Brachiopod stratigraphy in the Jurassic. [Distribution stratigraphique des brachiopodes dans le Jurassique]. GEOBIOS, 17, 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(94)80125-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(94)80125-8
  4. Ager, D.V. & Minato, M. (1983) A New Triassic Brachiopod Fauna from Hokkaido, Japan Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series 4, Geology and Mineralogy, 20, 261–273.
  5. Aitchison, J.C., Clarke, G.L., Meffre, S. & Cluzel, D. (1995) Eocene arc–continent collision in New Caledonia and implications for regional southwest Pacific tectonic evolution. Geology, 23 (2), 161–164. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023%3C0161:EACCIN%3E2.3.CO;2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0161:EACCIN>2.3.CO;2
  6. Allan, R.S. (1945) Palaeozoic and Mesozoic brachiopod faunas in New Zealand: with an index to the genera and species. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 75 (1), 1–22.
  7. Alméras, Y. (1964) Brachiopodes du Lias et du Dogger. Essai bibliographique et critique de Paléontologie stratigraphique, Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie de Lyon, 5, 1–161.
  8. Alméras, Y. & Cougnon, M. (2013) Les Brachiopodes jurassiques (Spiriferida et Rhynchonellida) Principaux genres et leur evolution. Les espèces, extension verticals et répartitions géographiques. Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie, Lyon, 170, 1–227, 17 pls.
  9. Alméras, Y. & Fauré, P. (2000) Les Brachiopodes liasiques des Pyrénées. Paléontologie, Biostratigraphie, Paléobiogéographie et Paléoenvironnements. Strata, Série 2, 36, 1–395.
  10. Alméras, Y., Elmi, S. & Fauré, F. (2007) Les Brachiopodes Liasiques d’Algérie Occidentale. Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie, Lyon 163, 241 pp., 62 fig., 28 fig. b.t., 51 tabl., 11 pl.
  11. Alméras, Y., Mouterde, R., Benest, M., Elmi, S. & Bassoullet, J.P. (1996) Les Brachiopodes Toarciens de la Rampe Carbonatée de Tomar (Portugal). Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie de Lyon, 138, 125–191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80078-2
  12. Alroy, J. (2013) Online paleogeographic map generator. Available from: http://fossilworks.org/?a=mapForm (accessed 21 March 2023)
  13. Al-Suwaidi, A.H., Hesselbo, S.P., Damborenea, S.E., Manceñido, M.O., Jenkyns, H.C., Riccardi, A.C., Angelozzi, G.N. & Baudin, F. (2016) The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic) in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina: A Reassessment of Age and Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy. Journal of Geology, 124, 171–193. https://doi.org/10.1086/684831 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/684831
  14. Baeza-Carratalá, J.F., García Joral, F. & Tent-Manclús, J.E. (2011) Biostratigraphy and paleobiogeographic affinities of the Jurassic brachiopod assemblages from Sierra Espuña (Maláguide Complex, Internal Betic Zones, Spain) Journal of Iberian Geology 37 (2), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_JIGE.2011.v37.n2.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_JIGE.2011.v37.n2.3
  15. Baeza-Carratalá, J.F., Garcia Joral, F., Giannetti, A. & Tent-Manclús, J.E. (2015) Evolution of the last koninckinids (Athyridida, Koninckinidae), a precursor signal of the early Toarcian mass extinction event in the Western Tethys. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 429, 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.004
  16. Baeza-Carratalá, J.F., Manceñido, M.O. & García Joral, F. (2016) Cisnerospira (Brachiopoda, Spiriferinida), an atypical Early Jurassic spire bearer from the Subbetic Zone (SE Spain) and its significance. Journal of Paleontology, 90 (6), 1081–1099. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.109
  17. Baghli, H., Mattioli, E., Spangenberg, J.E., Bensalah, M., Arnaud-Godet, F., Pittet, B. & Suan, G. (2020) Early Jurassic climatic trends in the south-Tethyan margin. Gondwana Research, 77, 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.06.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.06.016
  18. Barnes, B.D., Sclafani, J.A. & Zaffos, A. (2021) Dead clades walking are a pervasive macroevolutionary pattern. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 118 (15) 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019208118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019208118
  19. Bayle, C.E. (1878) Fossiles principaux des terrains de la France. Explication dela Carte Géologique de la France, Mémoire 4 (1), pl. 158
  20. Bishop, D.G. & Turnbull, I.M. (Compilers) (1996) Geology of the Dunedin area. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences 1:250 000 Geological Map 21. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Limited, Lower Hutt, 52 pp., 1 folded map.
  21. Bittner, A. (1890) Brachiopoden der Alpinen Trias. Abhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen geologischen Reichsanstalt, 14, 1–325, pls. 1–41.
  22. Boehm, F., Ebli, O., Krystyn, L., Lobitzer, H., Rakus, M. & Siblík, M. (1999) Fauna, stratigraphy and depositional environment of the Hettangian-Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of Adnet (Salzburg, Austria). Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 56 (2), 143–271.
  23. von Buch, L. (1837) Über Delthyris oder Spirifer und Orthis. Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Gelesene, Abhandlungen für, 1836, 1–80, 2 pl.
  24. Buckman, S.S. (1918) The Brachiopoda of the Namyau Beds, Northern Shan States, Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, New Series, 3 (2), 1–299. [published for 1917]
  25. Buvignier, A. (1843) Mémoire sur quelques fossiles nouveaux des départements de la Meuse et des Ardennes. Mémoires de la Société philomatique de Verdun (Meuse), 2, 225–252, pls. 2–6.
  26. Campbell, H.J. (2019) Biostratigraphic age review of New Zealand’s Permian–Triassic central terranes. In: Robertson, A.H.F., (Ed.), Paleozoic-Mesozoic Geology of South Island, New Zealand: Subduction-related Processes Adjacent to SE Gondwana. Memoirs 49. Geological Society, London, pp. 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1144/M49.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/M49
  27. Campbell, H.J., Beu, A.G., Crampton, J.S., Kennedy, E.M. & Terezow, M. (2013) A photographic guide to fossils of New Zealand. New Holland, Auckland, 143 pp.
  28. Campbell, H.J. & Grant-Mackie, J.A. (1984) Biostratigraphy of the Mesozoic Baie de St. Vincent Group, New Caledonia. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 14 (4), 349–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1984.10421736 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1984.10421736
  29. Campbell, H.J., Grant-Mackie, J.A. & Paris, J.P. (1985) Geology of the Moindou-Téremba area, New Caledonia. Stratigraphy and structure of the Téremba Group (Permian–Lower Triassic) and Baie de St. Vincent Group (Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic): Paris, Bureau des Recherches Géologiques et Minières. Géologie de France, 1, 19–36.
  30. Campbell, H.J., Mortimer, N. & Turnbull, I.M. (2003) Murihiku Supergroup, New Zealand: redefined. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 33 (1), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2003.9517722 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2003.9517722
  31. Campbell, J.D. (1956) The Otapirian stage of the Triassic system in New Zealand. Pt. 2. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 84 (1), 45–50.
  32. Campbell, J.D. (1968) Rastelligera (Brachiopoda) of the upper Triassic of New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Geology, 6 (3), 23–37.
  33. Campbell, J.D. (1974) Biostratigraphy and structure of Richmond Group rocks in the Wairoa River—Mt Heslington area, Nelson. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 17 (1), 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1974.10427988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1974.10427988
  34. Campbell, J.D. (1991a) Latest Triassic (Rhaetian) brachiopods of New Zealand and New Caledonia. In: Mackinnon, D.I., Lee, D.E. & Campbell, J.D. (Eds.), Brachiopods through Time. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 389–392.
  35. Campbell, J.D. (1991b) A Late Triassic spiriferinacean brachiopod (Family Laballidae) from the Taringatura Hills, Southland, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 34 (3), 359–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1991.9514474 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1991.9514474
  36. Campbell, J.D. (1997) Otapirian Stage, its Fauna and Microflora. In: Dickins, J.M., Yang, Z.Y., Yin, H.F., Lucas, S.G. & Acharyya, S.K. (Eds.), Late Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic circum-Pacific events and their global correlation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511564413.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511564413.025
  37. Carlson, S.J. (2016) The Evolution of Brachiopoda. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 44, 409–438. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012348 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012348
  38. Carter, J.L. (2006) Spiriferinoidea, In: Kaesler, R.L. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part H. Brachiopoda 5 Revised. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 1887–1880.
  39. Carter, J.L. & Gourvennec, R. (2006) Spiriferinida: Introduction, In: Kaesler, R.L., (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part H. Brachiopoda 5 Revised. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 1930–1937.
  40. Carter, J.L., Johnson, J.G., Gourvennec, R. & Hou, H. (1994) A revised classification of the brachiopods. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 63, 327–374. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.215817 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.215817
  41. Caruthers, A.H., Smith, P.L. & Gröcke, D.R. (2013) The Pliensbachian–Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction, a global multi-phased event. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 386, 104–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.010
  42. Caruthers, A.H., Smith, P.L. & Gröcke, D.R. (2014) The Pliensbachian-Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction: A North American perspective. In: Keller, G. & Kerr, A.C. Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects. Geological Society of America Special Paper 505. Geological Society America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/2014.2505(11)
  43. Challinor, A.B. & Hudson, N. (2017) Early and Middle Jurassic belemnites of New Zealand. Australasian Palaeontological Memoir, 50, 1–69.
  44. Chen, Z.-Q., Kaiho, K. & George, A. (2005) Early Triassic recovery of the brachiopod faunas from the end–Permian mass extinction: A global review. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 224, 270–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.037
  45. Clowes, C.D., Crampton, J.S., Bland, K.J., Collins, K.S., Prebble, J.G., Raine, J.I., Strogen, D.P., Terezow, M.G. & Womack, T. (2021) The New Zealand Fossil Record File: a unique database of biological history. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 64 (1), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2020.1799827 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2020.1799827
  46. Comas-Rengifo, M.J., Duarte, L.V., Félix, F.F., García Joral, F., Goy, A & Rocha, R.B. (2015) Latest Pliensbachian—Early Toarcian brachiopod assemblages from the Peniche section (Portugal) and their correlation. Episodes, 38 (1), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2015/v38i1/001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2015/v38i1/001
  47. Comas-Rengifo, M.J., Garcia Joral, F. & Goy, A. (2006) Spiriferinida (Brachiopoda) del Jurásico Inferior del NE y N de España: distribución y extinción durante el evento anóxico oceánico del Toarciense inferior. Boletín Real Sociedad Historia Natural (Sección Geología), 101 (1–4), 147–157.
  48. Coombs, D.S., Cook, N.D.J. & Campbell, J.D. (1992) The Park Volcanics Group: Field relations of an igneous suite emplaced in the Triassic‐Jurassic Murihiku Terrane, South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 35 (3), 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1992.9514527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1992.9514527
  49. Cooper, G.A. (1989) Jurassic brachiopods of Saudi Arabia. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 6, 1–213, figs. 1–48, pls. 1–37. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.65.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.65.1
  50. Cooper, R.A. (Ed.), (2004) The New Zealand Geological Timescale. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Monograph, 22, 1–284.
  51. Corroy, G. (1927) Les spiriférides du Lias européen et principalement du Lias de Lorraine et d’Alsace. Annales de Paléontologie, 16, 3–36.
  52. Dagys, A.S. (1972) Iavleniia metakhoreza sredi triasovikh spiriferinid [The phenomenon of metachoresis among Triassic spiriferinides]. In: Problemy Paleozoogeografii Mesozoia Sibiri [Problems of Paleozoogeography in the Mesozoic of Siberia]. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Institut Geologii i Geofiziki, Trudy, 111, pp. 34–44, 4 figs. [in Russian]
  53. Dall, W.H. (1877) Index to the names which have been applied to the subdivisions of the class Brachiopoda. United States National Museum Bulletin, 8, 1–88.
  54. Damborenea, S.E. & Manceñido, M.O. (1992) A comparison of Jurassic marine benthonic faunas from South America and New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 22 (2), 131–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1992.10420811 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1992.10420811
  55. Davidson, T. (1851) British Fossil Brachiopoda, Oolitic and Liasic species. Vol. 1. Part 3. No. 1. Palaeontographical Society, London, 64 pp, 13 pls. https://doi.org/10.1080/02693445.1851.12088365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02693445.1851.12088365
  56. Davidson, T. (1852) Notes and descriptions of a few Brachiopoda; including a monograph of the French Liassic Spirifers. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 9 (52), 249–267, pls. 13–15.
  57. Davidson, T. (1884) s.n. In: A Monograph of the British Fossil Brachiopoda. Vol. 5. Part 3. Appendix to the Supplements. General Summary. Catalogue of British Fossil Brachiopoda. Palaeontographical Society Monograph. Palaeontographical Society, London, pp. 243–476, pls. 18– 21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02693445.1884.12027986 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02693445.1884.12027986
  58. Dera, G., Neige, P., Dommergues, J-L., Fara, E., Laffont, R. & Pellenard, P. (2010) High-resolution dynamics of Early Jurassic marine extinctions: the case of Pliensbachian–Toarcian ammonites (Cephalopoda). Journal of the Geological Society, London, 167 (1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492009-068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492009-068
  59. Deslongchamps, E. (1855) [1854] Notice sur un genre nouveau de brachiopodes. Avec la description de quelques espèces nouvelles de la Grande Oolithe et du Lias de Normandie. Annuaire de l’Institut des Provinces et des Congrès Scientifiques, 1855, 529–553, 1 pl.
  60. Deslongchamps, E. (1858) Mémoire sur la couche à Leptaena intercalée ente le Lias moyen et le Lias supérieur du Calvados. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie, 3, 132–195, pls. 1–7.
  61. Deslongchamps, E. (1864) Fossiles Triasiques recueillis a l’île Hugon. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie, 8, 332–378, pls. 13 + 17.
  62. Deslongchamps, E. (1884) Études critiques sur des brachiopodes nouveaux ou peu connus. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie, Series 3, 8, 161–350, pls. 1–14.
  63. Di Stefano, G. (1887 [1886]) Sul Lias inferiore di Taormina e de’ suoi dintorni. Giornale della Societá di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche di Palermo, 18, 46–184, pls. 1–4.
  64. Drot, J. (1953) Annex Paléontologique; Descriptions des brachiopods du Trias et de l’infralias de Nouvelle-Calédonie. In: Avias, J., Contribution a l’étude stratigraphique et paléontologique des formations antécretacées de la Nouvelle Calédonie Centrale. Science de la Terre, 1 (1–2), 1–276.
  65. Dulai, A. (1992) The early Sinemurian (Jurassic) brachiopod fauna of the Lókút Hill (Bakony Mts, Hungary). Fragmenta Mineralogica et Palaeontologica, 15, 41–94.
  66. Dulai, A. (2003) Hettangian and Early Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) brachiopods of the Transdanubian Central Range (Hungary) II. (A Dunántúli­középhegység hettangi és kora szinemuri (kora­jura) brachiopoda faunája II). A Bakony Termeszettudomanyi Kutatasanak Eredmenyei, 27, 5–124.
  67. Edbrooke, S.W., Heron, D.W., Forsyth, P.J. & Jongens, R. (Compilers) (2014) Geological Map of New Zealand 1:1 000 000. Digital vector data. GNS Science Geological Map 2. GNS Science Geological, Lower Hutt. [1 DVD]
  68. Fauré, P., Paris, J.-P. & Campbell, H. J. (1982) Notice explicative sur la feuille La Tontouta. Carte géologique ä l’échelle 1:50,000. Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orleans. [unknown pagination]
  69. Fleming, C.A. (1987) New Zealand Mesozoic bivalves of the Superfamily Trigoniacea. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 53, 1–104.
  70. Forbes, E. (1846) Descriptions of Secondary fossil shells from South America. In: Darwin, C. R., Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. Smith Elder and Co., London, pp. 266–268.
  71. García Joral, F., Gómez, J.J. & Goy, A. (2011) Mass extinction and recovery of the Early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) brachiopods linked to climate change in Northern and Central Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 302, 367–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.023
  72. Grant-Mackie, J.A. (1959) Hokonui stratigraphy of the Awakino-Mahoenui area, South-West Auckland. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2 (4), 755–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1959.10422769 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1959.10422769
  73. Grant-Mackie, J.A. (2011) A new Early Jurassic Otapiria species (Monotidae; Bivalvia) from Murihiku rocks of the North Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 54 (1), 53– 67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2011.536571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2011.536571
  74. Grant-Mackie, J.A., Aita, Y., Balme, B.E., Campbell, H.J., Challinor, A.B., MacFarlan, D.A.B., Molnar, R.E., Stevens, G.R. & Thulborn, R.A. (2000) Jurassic palaeobiogeography of Australasia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 23, 311–354.
  75. Gröcke, D.R., Hori, R.S., Trabucho-Alexandre, J., Kemp, D.B. & Schwark, L. (2011) An open ocean record of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event. Solid Earth, 2 (2), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-245-2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-245-2011
  76. Guo, Z., Chen, Z-Q. & Harper, D.A.T. (2020) Phylogenetic and ecomorphologic diversifications of spiriferinid brachiopods after the end-Permian extinction. Paleobiology, 46, 495–510. https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.34 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.34
  77. Halamski, A.T., Zapalski, M.K., Brice, D. & Mistiaen, B. (2007) Brachial apparatus of brachiopods—G. Dubar’s (1896–1977) collection. Przegląd Geologiczny, 55, 1117–1118.
  78. He, W.H., Shi, G.R., Zhang, Y., Yang, T., Teng, F. & Wu, S. (2012) Systematics and palaeoecology of Changhsingian (Late Permian) Ambocoeliidae brachiopods from South China and implications for the end-Permian mass extinction, Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 36 (4), 515–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2012.688669 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2012.688669
  79. He, W.H., Zhang, K., Chen, Z-Q., Yan, J., Yan, T., Zhan, Y., Gu, S. & Wu, S. (2015) A new genus Liaous of early Anisian Stage (Middle Triassic) brachiopods from southwestern China: systematics, reassessment of classification of the Spiriferinioidea, community paleoecology, and paleoenvironmental implications. Journal of Paleontology, 89 (6), 966–979. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.6
  80. Hector, J. (1886) Outline of the Geology of New Zealand. In: Appendix to Indian and Colonial Exhibition, New Zealand Court, Detailed catalogue and guide to Geological Exhibits. Government Printer, Wellington, pp. 37–98.
  81. Heron, D.W. (Custodian) (2014) Geological Map of New Zealand 1:250 000. Digital vector data. GNS Science Geological Map 1. GNS Science, Lower Hutt. [1 DVD]
  82. Hollingworth, N.T.J., Ward, D.J., Simms, M.J. & Clothier, P. (1990) A temporary exposure of Lower Lias (Late Sinemurian) at Dimmer Camp, Castle Cary, Somerset, south-west England. Mesozoic Research, 2 (4), 163–180.
  83. Hudson, N. (1999) The middle Jurassic of New Zealand: a study of the lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Ururoan, Temaikan and Lower Heterian Stages (?Pliensbachian to ?Kimmeridgian). PhD (Geology) thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, 329 pp. [unpublished]
  84. Hudson, N. (2003) Stratigraphy and correlation of the Ururoan and Temaikan Stage (Lower–Middle Jurassic, ?Sinemurian-Callovian) sequences, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 33 (1), 109–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2003.9517724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2003.9517724
  85. Ivanova, E. A. (1972) Osnovnyye zakonomernosti evolyutsii spiriferid (Brachiopoda). [Main features of spiriferid evolution (Brachiopoda)]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 3, 28–42, 5 fig.
  86. Jablonski, D. (2001) Lessons from the past: Evolutionary impacts of mass extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98 (10), 5393–5398. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101092598 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101092598
  87. Jablonski, D. (2002) Survival without recovery after mass extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99 (12), 8139–44. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.102163299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.102163299
  88. Jiménez de Cisneros, D. (1921) Las especies del género Spiriferina del Lías medio español. Boletín Real Sociedad Española Historia Natural, 21, 487–495.
  89. Johnston, M.R. (1982) Sheet N28 BD, Red Hills. 1st Edition. Geological map of New Zealand 1:50,000. Map (1 sheet) and notes. D.S.I.R. Wellington, 47 pp.
  90. Johnston, M.R. (1983) Sheet N28 AC, Motupiko. 1st Edition. Geological map of New Zealand 1:50,000. Map (1 sheet) and notes. D.S.I.R, Wellington, 40 pp.
  91. Kaesler, R.L. (Ed.) (1997–2007) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part H, Brachiopoda (Revised). Vols. 1–6. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado and Paleontological Institute, Lawrence, Kansas, 539 + 3226 pp.
  92. Logan, A. (1967) Middle and Upper Triassic spiriferinid brachiopods from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 155, 1–37, 5 pls. https://doi.org/10.4095/101494 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4095/101494
  93. MacFarlan, D.A.B. (1992) Triassic & Jurassic Rhynchonellacea (Brachiopoda) from New Zealand & New Caledonia. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin, 31, i–x + 1–310.
  94. MacFarlan, D.A.B. (1998) Mesozoic stratigraphy of the Marokopa area, southwest Auckland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of. Geology and Geophysics, 41, 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1998.9514812 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1998.9514812
  95. MacFarlan, D.A.B. (2016) Middle and Late Jurassic terebratulides from New Zealand. Palaeoworld, 25 (4), 467–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2016.07.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2016.07.001
  96. MacFarlan, D.A.B. (2019) Early Jurassic Terebratulide Brachiopods from Zealandia. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 125 (3), 551–586.
  97. MacFarlan, D.A.B. (2021) Measurement data for Zealandian Mesozoic brachiopods. GNS Science Report 2021/45. GNS Science, Lower Hutt, 11 pp.
  98. MacFarlan, D.A.B. & Campbell, J.D. (2003) Zeilleria spiculata, a new terebratulide brachiopod from the latest Triassic–earliest Jurassic of New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 33 (1), 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2003.9517728 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2003.9517728
  99. MacFarlan, D.A.B., Bradshaw, M.A., Campbell, H.J., Cooper, R.A., Lee, D.E., MacKinnon, D.I., Waterhouse, J.B., Wright, A.J. & Robinson, J.H. (2009) Phylum Brachiopoda : lamp shells. In: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.), New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume 1, Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, pp. 255–267.
  100. MacFarlan, D.A.B., Hasibuan, F. & Grant-Mackie, J.A. (2011) Mesozoic brachiopods of Misool Archipelago, eastern Indonesia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 41, 149–177.
  101. MacKinnon, D.I. (1974) The shell structure of Spiriferide Brachiopoda. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology, 25 (3), 87–261, 32 pls.
  102. Manceñido, M.O. (1981) A revision of Early Jurassic Spiriferinidae (Brachiopoda. Spiriferida) from Argentina. In: Volkheimer, W. & Musacchio, E. (Eds.), Cuencas Sedimentarias del Jurásico y Cretácico de América del Sur. Vol. 2. Comité Sudamericano del Jurásico y Cretácico, Buenos Aires, pp. 625–660.
  103. Manceñido, M.O. (2004) Las “espiriferinas” del Jurásico Inferior: Una Mirada retrospectiva a los estudios de Daniel Jiménez de Cisneros. Geo-Temas, 7, 269–272.
  104. Martin, K.R. (1975) Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic stratigraphy of south-west Kawhia, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 18 (6), 909–938. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1975.10423534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1975.10423534
  105. Marwick, J. (1951) Series and Stage Divisions of New Zealand Triassic and Jurassic rocks. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, B32, 8–10.
  106. Marwick, J. (1953) Divisions and faunas of the Hokonui System (Triassic and Jurassic). New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 21. New Zealand Geological Survey, Wellington, 141 pp.
  107. Maurizot, P. & Campbell, H.J. (2020) Chapter 8 Palaeobiogeography of New Caledonia. In: Maurizot, P. & Mortimer, N. (Eds.), New Caledonia: Geology, Geodynamic Evolution and Mineral Resources. Memoir 51 (1). Geological Society, London, pp. 189–214. https://doi.org/10.1144/M51-2019-31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/M51-2019-31
  108. Maurizot, P., Cluzel, D., Meffre, S., Campbell, H.J., Collot, J. & Sevin, B. (2020) Chapter 3 Pre-Late Cretaceous basement terranes of the Gondwana active margin of New Caledonia . In: Maurizot, P. & Mortimer, N. (Eds.), New Caledonia: Geology, Geodynamic Evolution and Mineral Resources. Memoir 51 (1). Geological Society, London, pp. 27–52. https://doi.org/10.1144/M51-2016-11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/M51-2016-11
  109. McKellar, I.C. (1968) Geological map of New Zealand 1:63,360. Sheet S169 Winton. 1st Edition. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, folded map.
  110. McKellar, I.C. (1977) Stratigraphy and fossil succession in the Mesozoic rocks of the Hokonui Hills, Southland, New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Report, 83, 86 pp.
  111. Meister, C., Maurizot, P. & Grant-Mackie, J.A. (2010) Early Jurassic (Hettangian–Sinemurian) ammonites from New Caledonia (French Overseas Territory, Western Pacific). Paleontological Research, 14 (2), 85–115. https://doi.org/10.2517/1342-8144-14.2.085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2517/1342-8144-14.2.085
  112. Mortimer, N. & Campbell, H.J. (2014) Zealandia: Our continent revealed. Penguin, Auckland, 272 pp.
  113. Mortimer, N., Campbell, H.J., Tulloch, A.J., King, P.R., Stagpoole, V.M., Wood, R.A., Rattenbury, M.S., Sutherland, R., Adams, C.J., Collot, J. & Seton, M. (2017) Zealandia: Earth’s hidden continent. GSA Today, 27 (3), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG321A.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG321A.1
  114. Mortimer, N., Rattenbury, M.S., King, P.R., Bland, K.J., Barrell, D.J.A., Bache, F., Begg, J.G., Campbell, H.J., Cox, S.C., Crampton, J.S., Edbrooke, S.W., Forsyth, P.J., Johnston, M.R., Jongens, R., Lee, J.M., Leonard, G.S., Raine, J.I., Skinner, D.N.B., Timm, C., Townsend, D.B., Tulloch, A.J., Turnbull, I.M. & Turnbull, R.E. (2014) High-level stratigraphic scheme for New Zealand rocks. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 57 (4), 402–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2014.946062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2014.946062
  115. Mortimer, N., Smith-Lyttle, B. & Black, J. (2020) Tectonic map of Te Riu-a-Maui / Zealandia. Scale 1:8,500,000. GNS Science Poster 8. GNS Science, Lower Hutt. [map]
  116. O’Dogherty, L., Sandoval, J. & Vera, J.A. (2000) Ammonite faunal turnover tracing sea-level changes during the Jurassic (Betic Cordillera, southern Spain). Journal of the Geological Society, London, 157 (4), 723–736. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.4.723 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.4.723
  117. Oppel, A. (1861) Ueber die Brachiopoden des untern Lias. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Berlin, 13, 529–550.
  118. d’Orbigny, A. (1847) Considérations zoologiques et géologiques sur les brachiopodes ou palliobranches, parts 1–2. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, Series 2, 25 (5 & 7), 193–195 & 266–269. [also published in Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Series 3, 8, 241–270]
  119. Paris, J.-P. (1978) Notice explicative sur la feuille Moindou. Carte géologique a l’échelle 1:50,000. Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orleans. [unknow pagination]
  120. Paris, J.-P. (1981) Géologie de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, un essaie de synthèse. Memoires, B.R.G.M., 113, 1–278.
  121. Pitrat, C. W. (1965) Spiriferidina. In: Moore, R.C., (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part H. Brachiopoda. Geological Society of America, New York, New York and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 667–728.
  122. Radulovic, V. (1995) A review of the Lower and Middle Jurassic Brachiopod Distribution In: The Southern Carpatho-Balkan Arc and the Yugoslav External Dinarides. Geologica Carpathica, 46 (6), 371–377.
  123. Raine, J.I., Beu, A.G., Boyes, A.F., Campbell, H.J., Cooper, R.A., Crampton, J.S., Crundwell, M.P., Hollis, C.J. & Morgans, H.E.G. (2015) Revised calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012/39. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, 53 pp. https://doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2211449 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2211449
  124. Rattenbury, M.S., Cooper, R.A. & Johnston, M.R. (compilers) (1998) Geology of the Nelson area. In: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250,000 geological map, 9, pp. 1–67, 1 folded map.
  125. Revert, J. (1971) Suessia dissymetrica nov. sp. Brachiopode du Lias Moyen des Causses Lozeriens (France). Geobios, 4 (4), 265–271, 2 figs. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(71)80011-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(71)80011-6
  126. Riccardi, A.C. (2008) The marine Jurassic of Argentina: a biostratigraphic framework. Episodes, 31 (3), 326–335. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i3/007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i3/007
  127. da Rocha, R.B., Mattioli, E., Duarte, L., Pittet, B., Elmi, S., Mouterde, R., Cabral, M.C., Comas-Rengifo, M.J., Gómez, J.J., Goy, A., Hesselbo, S.P., Jenkyns, H.C., Littler, K., Mailliot, S., Veiga de Oliveira, L.C., Osete M.L., Perilli, N., Pinto, S., Ruget, C. & Suan, G. (2016) Base of the Toarcian Stage of the Lower Jurassic defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the Peniche section (Portugal). Episodes, 39 (3) 460–538. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i3/99741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i3/99741
  128. Rollier, L. (1916) Synopsis des spirobranches (brachiopodes) jurassiques Celto-Souabes. Premiere Partie (Lingulidés—Spiriféridés). Mémoires De La Société Paléontologique Suisse, XLI, 1–69.
  129. Rosenkrantz, A. (1934) The Lower Jurassic Rocks of East Greenland Part 1. Meddelelser Om Gronland, 110 (1), 4–122.
  130. Rousselle, L. (1977) Spiriférines du Lias moyen et supérieur au Maroc (Rides Prérifaines; Moyen Atlas) et en Espagne (Chaine Celtibérique orientale): Notes du Service Géologique du Maroc, 38, 153–175.
  131. Sandy, M.R. & Blodgett, R.B. (2000) Early Jurassic spiriferid brachiopods from Alaska and their paleogeographic significance. GeoBios, 33 (3), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(00)80161-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(00)80161-8
  132. von Schlotheim, E.F. (1822) Nachträgen zur Petrefactenkunde. Erklärung der Kupfertafeln. s.n., Gotha, 114 pp., 5 figs., 37 pls.
  133. Siblík, M. (1965) Some new Liassic brachiopods: Geologický Sborník, 16 (1), 73–82.
  134. Siblík, M. (1967) New species of Domerian rhynchonelloids from Slovakia. Geologicky Sborník, Geologica Carpathica, 18 (1), 151–168, 12 fig., pls. 9–12.
  135. Siblík, M. (1993) Lower Liassic Brachiopods from the Steinplatte–Kammerköhralm Area near Waidring (Northern Calcareous Alps, Salzburg). Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesantalt, Wien, 136 (4), 965–982.
  136. Siblík M. (1999) New data on the Hettangian brachiopod fauna of the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria, Bavaria). Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 56 (2), 419–438.
  137. Siblík, M. (2009) Early Jurassic brachiopods from Kratzalpe and Tannhausberg localities near Golling (Hagengebirge Mts., Salzburg, Austria). In: Geoscience Research Reports for 2008. Czech Geological Survey, Prague, pp. 238–240.
  138. Skwarko, S.K., Nicol, R.S. & Campbell, K.S.W. (1976) The Late Triassic molluscs, conodonts, and brachiopods of the Kuta Formation, Papua New Guinea. BMR Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 1, 219–230.
  139. Sowerby, J. de C. (1823) s.n. In: The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain. Vol. 4. Published by the author, London, pp. 115–160, pls. 384–406.
  140. Spath, L.F. (1923) On ammonites from New Zealand. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 79, 286–312. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1923.079.01-04.17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1923.079.01-04.17
  141. Speden, I.G. (1970) Three new inoceramid species from the Jurassic of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 13 (3), 825–851. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1970.10431355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1970.10431355
  142. Speden, I.G. & Keyes, I.W. (Compilers) (1981) Illustrations of New Zealand fossils. A New Zealand Geological Survey Handbook. D.S.I.R. Information Series, 150, 1–109.
  143. Stevens, G.R. (1965) The Jurassic and Cretaceous belemnites of New Zealand and a review of the Jurassic and Cretaceous belemnites of the Indo-Pacific region. New Zealand Geological Survey paleontological bulletin, 36, 1–283.
  144. Stevens, G.R. (2004) Hettangian—Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) ammonites of New Zealand. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences monograph 23, New Zealand Geological Survey paleontological bulletin, 76, 1–107.
  145. Stevens, G.R. (2007) The ammonite genus Harpoceras (Early Jurassic) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 50 (4), 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288300709509845 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288300709509845
  146. Stevens, G.R. (2008) Dactylioceratidae (Cephalopoda, Ammonoidea) from the Early Jurassic of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 51 (4), 317–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288300809509868 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288300809509868
  147. Stevens, G.R. (2012a) Otapirian and Aratauran sequences (latest Triassic and earliest Jurassic) along the northern Marokopa coast (SW Auckland, New Zealand) and observations on the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 55 (1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2011.615939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2011.615939
  148. Stevens, G.R. (2012b) The Early Jurassic of New Zealand: refinements of the ammonite biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography. Revue de Paleobiologie, 31, 187–204.
  149. Stevens, G.R. (2014) Record of Juraphyllites ex gr. libertus (Gemmellaro 1884) from the Ururoan Stage (Early Jurassic, New Zealand) and observations on the paleoenvironmental dynamics of the Ururoan ammonite fauna. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 57 (4), 432–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2014.958503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2014.958503
  150. Suggate, R.P., Stevens, G.R. & Te Punga, M.T. (Eds.), (1978) The Geology of New Zealand. D.S.I.R., Wellington, 820 pp.
  151. Taddei Ruggiero, E. & Vörös, A. (1987) Paleobiogeographical evaluation of Calabrian Liassic brachiopods. Rendiconti della Società Geologica Italiana, 9, 235–242.
  152. Tchoumatchenco P. (1996) Zonation and paleoecological distribution of Bulgarian Jurassic brachiopods. In: Copper, P. & Jin, J. (Eds.), Brachiopods. CRC Press, London, pp. 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315138602-47 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315138602-47
  153. Trechmann, C.T. (1918) The Trias of New Zealand. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 73, 165–246, 9 pls, map, sect. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1917.073.01-04.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1917.073.01-04.10
  154. Trechmann, C.T. (1923) The Jurassic rocks of New Zealand. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 79, 246–286. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1923.079.01-04.16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1923.079.01-04.16
  155. Turnbull, I.M. & Allibone, A. (Compilers) (2003) The geology of the Murihiku area. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences 1:250 000 Geological Map, 20, 1–74., 1 folded map.
  156. Ullmann, C.V., Boyle, R., Duarte, L.V., Hesselbo, S.P., Kasemann, S.P., Klein, T., Lenton, T.M., Piazza, V. & Aberhan, M. (2020) Warm afterglow from the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event drives the success of deep-adapted brachiopods. Scientific Reports, 10, 6549. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63487-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63487-6
  157. Vörös, A. (2009) The Pliensbachian brachiopods of the Bakony Mountains (Hungary) Geologica Hungarica, Series Palaeontologica Fasciculus, 58, 1–300.
  158. Vörös, A. & Kandemir, R. (2011) A New Early Jurassic Brachiopod Fauna from the Eastern Pontides (Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 260 (3), 343–363. https://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0146
  159. Vörös, A., Kocsis, Á.T. & Pálfy, J. (2016) Demise of the last two spire-bearing brachiopod orders (Spiriferinida and Athyridida) at the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction event. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 457, 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.06.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.06.022
  160. Vörös, A., Kocsis, Á.T. & Pálfy, J. (2019) Mass extinctions and clade extinctions in the history of brachiopods: brief review and a post-Paleozoic case study. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 125 (3), 711–724.
  161. Vörös, A., Szabó, J., Dulai, A., Szenté, I., Ebli, O. & Lobitzer, H. (2003) Early Jurassic fauna and facies of the Schafberg area (Salzkammergut, Austria). Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica, 21, 51–82.
  162. Wanner, J. & Knipscheer, H.C.G. (1951) Der Lias der Niefschlucht in Ost-Seran (Mollukken). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 44 (1), 1–28.
  163. Waterhouse, B.C. & White, P.J. (1994) Geology of the Raglan-Kawhia area. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:50,000 Geological Map 13. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, 48 pp., 1 folded map.
  164. Waterhouse, J.B. (2016) On the Evolution and Classification of Spiriferida (Brachiopoda). Earthwise, 14, 1–439.
  165. Williams, A. & others, (2007) Brachiopoda, Revised. In: Selden, P.A., (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part H. Vol. 6. Supplement. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado and University of Kansas Press, and Lawrence, Kansas, pp. i–1 + 2321–3226.
  166. Wright, E. (1990) Some aspects of the geology of the eastern Hokonui Hills. Unpublished MSc thesis, lodged in the Library, University of Otago, Dunedin, 78 pp. 10 pls., maps.
  167. Wright, E. & Campbell, J.D. (1990) Mentzelioid Brachiopods and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in the Hokonui Hills, New Zealand. 2nd International Brachiopod Congress, Dunedin, Abstracts, 1990, pp. 102.
  168. Zhang, W. & Grant-Mackie, J.A. (2001) Late Triassic-Early Jurassic palynofloral assemblages from Murihiku strata of New Zealand, and comparisons with China. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 31 (3), 575–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2001.9517668 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2001.9517668