Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5316 No. 1: 17 Jul. 2023
Type: Monograph
Published: 2023-07-17
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5316.1.1
Page range: 1-194
Abstract views: 411
PDF downloaded: 44

Revision of the African Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) based on morphological and molecular data

Schlitz; Germany
Australian National Insect Collection; National Research Collections Australia; CSIRO; Canberra; ACT 2601; Australia
Plecoptera Taxonomy redescriptions new species new synonymies lectotype designations morphology mitochondrial DNA phylogeny

Abstract

Adults of the African species of the genus Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) are revised, and 82 valid species are recognised. Of the original 29 named species, 14 valid ones are redescribed from types, nine lectotypes are designated, and nine new synonymies are proposed. Sixty-two new species are named, and several additional new species only known from material insufficient for formal description are listed. There are one unavailable nomen nudum and three doubtful names.

Diagnostic morphological traits of the recognised species are described and illustrated in detail where available of males, females, and eggs. Dichotomous keys to all species are provided. Mitochondrial DNA-data of 71 species-group taxa are available, which permits reliable association of sexes and minimises the risk of synonymies between species known from only one sex. Importantly, this includes DNA sequences from 50 holotypes. The DNA-data will also permit future monitoring with eDNA sequencing and identification of nymphs, which are probably important but so far unidentifiable bioindicators in streams.

The genus Neoperla occurs largely in the northern hemisphere and in Africa, where it is restricted to the Ethiopian region south of the Sahara but unknown from Madagascar. A single specimen not clearly distinct from a widespread mainland species was taken on Comoro Island. All African species are endemic, but one African species group has a few outlying members in Asia. The Asian N. montivaga-group is not known from Africa.

The following new species are described and named: N. aethiopica n. sp., N. amoena n. sp., N. angolana n. sp., N. bareensis n. sp., N. bella n. sp., N. benti n. sp., N. beta n. sp., N. bipolaris n. sp., N. biserrata n. sp., N. brachyphallus n. sp., N. caeleps n. sp., N. cataractae n. sp., N. claviger n. sp., N. coffea n. sp., N. costata n. sp., N. crenulata n. sp., N. crustata n. sp., N. decorata n. sp., N. dianae n. sp., N. dolium n. sp., N. dundoana n. sp., N. duodeviginti n. sp., N. erinaceus n. sp., N. excavata n. sp., N. filamentosa n. sp., N. funiculata n. sp., N. gibbosa n. sp., N. gordius n. sp., N. heideae n. sp., N. ivanloebli n. sp., N. juxtadidita n. sp., N. kalengonis n. sp., N. larvata n. sp., N. lineata n. sp., N. luhohonis n. sp., N. massevensis n. sp., N. multiserrata n. sp., N. muyukae n. sp., N. nichollsi n. sp., N. occulta n. sp., N. orthonema n. sp., N. pallidogigas n. sp., N. panafricana n. sp., N. pickeri n. sp., N. pilulifera n. sp., N. pirus n. sp., N. planidorsum n. sp., N. plicata n. sp., N. proxima n. sp., N. pusilla n. sp., N. rostrata n. sp., N. sambarua n. sp., N. sassandrae n. sp., N. schuelei n. sp., N. serrula n. sp., N. simplex n. sp., N. socia n. sp., N. sorella n. sp., N. spaghetti n. sp., N. spectabilis n. sp., N. spironema n. sp., N. tangana n. sp., N. tansanica n. sp., N. usambara n. sp., and N. vicina n. sp..

 

References

  1. ACME Laboratories (2016) Acme Mapper 2.1. Available from: http://mapper.acme.com (accessed 25 June 2019)
  2. Andersen, T. & Johanson, K.A. (1993) Caddis flies (Trichoptera) from a mountain rain forest in NE Tanzania. In: Otto, C. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 59–64.
  3. Andrews, S. (2010) FastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data [Online]. Available from: http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/ (accessed 3 April 2019)
  4. Anon Google Earth (2022) Available from: https://earth.google.com/web/ (accessed 21 October 2022)
  5. Anon (2022) Main Page. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page (accessed 1 April 2019)
  6. Anonymus (1961) République du Congo—Carte 1:3.000.000. Institut Géographique Militaire de Belgique, Bruxelles. map.
  7. Aubert, J. (1953) Plécoptères européens nouveaux. Mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft, 26, 72–76.
  8. Aubert, J. (1956a) Plécoptères décrits par le R. P. L. Navás S. J. 4. Liste des types actuellement connus. Mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft, 29, 437–445.
  9. Aubert, J. (1956b) Contribution à l'étude des Plécoptères d'Espagne. Mémoires de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 11, 209–276.
  10. Bankevich, A., Nurk, S., Antipov, D., Gurevich, A.A., Dvorkin, M., Kulikov, A.S., Lesin, V.M., Nikolenko, S.I., Pham, S., Prjibelski, A.D., Pyshkin, A.V., Sirotkin, A.V., Vyahhi, N., Tesler, G., Alekseyev, M.A. & Pevzner, P.A. (2012) SPAdes: A New Genome Assembly Algorithm and Its Applications to Single-Cell Sequencing. Journal of Computational Biology, 19, 455–477. https://doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2012.0021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2012.0021
  11. Banks, N. (1892) A synopsis, catalogue, and bibliography of the neuropteroid insects of temperate North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 19, 327–375.
  12. Banks, N. (1938) XXI. Further Neuropteroid insects from Malaya. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum, 18 (2), 220–225.
  13. Banks, N. (1939) New genera and species of Neuropteroid Insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 85, 439–504.
  14. Barnard, K.H. (1934) 17. South African Stoneflies (Perlaria), with Descriptions of New Species. Annals of the South African Museum, 30 (4), 511–548.
  15. Bolger, A.M., Lohse, M. & Usadel, B. (2014) Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics, 30, 2114–2120. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170
  16. Böttger, K. (1975) Produktionsbiologische Studien an dem zentralafrikanischen Bergbach Kalengo. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 75, 1–31.
  17. Brinck, P. (1956) Reproductive system and mating in Plecoptera. Opuscula entomologica, 21, 57–127.
  18. Brinck, P. & Rudebeck, G. (1955) List of Localities Investigated by the Swedish Expedition to Southern Africa in 1950–1951. South African Animal Life, 1, 62–100.
  19. Burmeister, C.H. (1839) Handbuch der Entomologie. Vol. 2. Enslin, Berlin, 312 pp.
  20. Bushnell, B., Rood, J. & Singer, E. (2017) BBMerge–Accurate paired shotgun read merging via overlap. PLoS ONE, 12, e0185056. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185056
  21. Camacho, C., Coulouris, G., Avagyan, V., Ma, N., Papadopoulos, J., Bealer, K. & Madden, T.L. (2009) BLAST+: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinformatics, 10, 421. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-10-421 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-10-421
  22. Carpaneto, G.M. & Queyras, A. (2000) Ethnozoologie et exploitation de la fauna sauvage chez quatre groupes ethniques forestiers de la République du Congo. In: Remotti, F. (Ed.), Ambienti, lingue, culture/Environments, languages, cultures Contributi della Missione Etnologica in Africa Equatoriale/Contributions from the Italian Ethnological Mission in Equatorial Africa. Edizione dell'Orso, Alessandria, pp. 219–287.
  23. Carpentier, F. (1947) Johannes Antoine Lestage (1879–1945) et son œuvre entomologique. Bulletin du Musée royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 23 (3), 1–9.
  24. Chernomor, O., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2016) Terrace Aware Data Structure for Phylogenomic Inference from Supermatrices. Systematic Biology, 65, 997–1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw037
  25. Claassen, P.W. (1940) A catalogue of the Plecoptera of the world. Memoirs of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, 232, 1–235.
  26. DeWalt, R.E., Maehr, M.D., Hopkins, H., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2020) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0. Available from: http://Plecoptera.SpeciesFile.org (accessed 19 August 2022)
  27. Donath, A., Jühling, F., Al-Arab, M., Bernhart, S.H., Reinhardt, F., Stadler, P.F., Middendorf, M. & Bernt, M. (2019) Improved annotation of protein-coding genes boundaries in metazoan mitochondrial genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 47, 10543–10552. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz833 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz833
  28. Du, Y., Sivec, I. & He, J. (1999) A checklist of the Chinese species of the family Perlidae (Plecoptera: Perloidea). Acta entomologica Slovenica, 7 (1), 59–67.
  29. Enderlein, G. (1909a) Plecopterologische Studien. I. Neue und ungenügend bekannte Neoperla-Arten. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin, 3, 161–178.
  30. Enderlein, G. (1909b) Plecopterologische Studien. II. Stettiner entomologische Zeitung, 70, 324–352. [imprint: Ausgegeben Anfang April 1909]
  31. Enderlein, G. (1909c) Klassifikation der Plecopteren sowie Diagnosen neuer Gattungen und Arten. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 34 (13/14), 385–419. [Imprint: 15 Juni 1909]
  32. Enderlein, G. (1910) Tropidogynoplax, eine neue Plecopterengattung. Stettiner entomologische Zeitung, 71, 140–143.
  33. Endrödy-Younga, S. (1970) Entomological Explorations in Ghana by Dr. S. Endrödy-Younga. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, Series Nova, 23 (1), 5–91.
  34. Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294–299.
  35. Fourie, G., Van der Merwe, N.A., Wingfield, B.D., Bogale, M., Wingfield, M.J. & Steenkamp, E.T. (2018) Mitochondrial introgression and interspecies recombination in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. IMA Fungus, 9, 37–48. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.04
  36. Fülleborn, F. (1908) Das Deutsche Njassa- und Ruwuma-Gebiet, Land und Leute, nebst Bemerkungen ueber die Schire-Laender. Deutsch-Ost Afrika Wissenschaftliche Forschungsresultate ueber Land und Leute unseres ostafrikanischen Schutzgebietes und der angrenzenden Laender. Vol. 9. Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), Berlin, XII + 636 pp.
  37. Hinton, H.E. (1981) s.n. In: Biology of insect eggs in three volumes. Vols. 1–3. Pergamon Press, London, pp. I–XXIV + 1–474, 2, pp. I–XVII + 475–778, pp. I–XVII + 779–1126. [ISBN 978-1-4832-8401-9]
  38. Hoang, D.T., Chernomor, O., von Haeseler, A., Minh, B.Q. & Vinh, L.S. (2018) UFBoot2: Improving the Ultrafast Bootstrap Approximation. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281
  39. Horn, W. & Kahle, I. (1935) Über entomologische Sammlungen (Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Entomo-Museologie). Entomologische Beihefte aus Berlin-Dahlem, 2 (Teil 1), 1–160, pls. I–XVI.
  40. Hynes, H.B.N. (1952a) The Neoperlinae of the Ethiopian region (Plecoptera, Perlidae). Transactions of the Royal entomological Society London, 103, 85–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1952.tb01062.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1952.tb01062.x
  41. Hynes, H.B.N. (1952b) Perlidae (Plecoptera). Parc National de l'Upemba, 1, Mission G. F. de Witte (1946–1949), 8 (l), 3–12.
  42. Hynes, H.B.N. (1953) The nymph of Neoperla spio (Newman) (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Proceedings of the Royal entomological Society London (A), 28, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1953.tb00650.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1953.tb00650.x
  43. Hynes, H.B.N. (1961a) Perlidae (Plecoptera). In: Parc National de la Garamba, Miss. H. De Saeger, Bruxelles, 19, pp. 3–5.
  44. Hynes, H.B.N. (1961b) Perlidae (Plecoptera). In: Parc National Albert, Mission G.F. De Witte (1933–1935). 97 (1). Institut des Parcs Nationaux et du Ruanda-Urundi, Bruxelles, pp. 3–4.
  45. Hynes, H.B.N. (1968) The scientific results of the Hungarian Soil Zoological Expedition to the Brazzaville Congo. 36. The Plecoptera species Neoperla spio (Newman). Opuscula zoologica Budapest, 8 (2), 353–356.
  46. ICZN, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Online). Available from: https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature/ (accessed 29 August 2022)
  47. Illies, J. (1966) Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich. Lieferung 82. de Gruyter, Berlin, IXXX + 632 pp., 20 figs.
  48. Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo Belge (1946) Parc National Albert Liste de Localités. M. Hayez, Bruxelles, 19 pp., 1 map.
  49. Jadwiszczak, A. (1996) The Type Material of Plecoptera (Insecta) in the Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS, Warsaw. Bulletin of the Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS, Supplement to Annales Zoologici, 1, 85–89.
  50. Jin, M., Zwick, A., Ślipiński, A., Marris, J.W.M., Thomas, M.C. & Pang, H. (2020) A comprehensive phylogeny of flat bark beetles (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) with a revised classification and a new South American genus. Systematic Entomology, 45, 248–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12392 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12392
  51. Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B.Q., Wong, T.K.F., von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L.S. (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods, 14, 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
  52. Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
  53. Klapálek, F. (1909) Vorläufiger Bericht über exotische Plecopteren. Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 28 (7 & 8), 215–232. [imprint on pp. 215: "25. September 1909"]
  54. Klapálek, F. (1910) 14. Pseudoneuroptera. 3. Plecoptera. In: Sjöstedt, Y. (Ed.), Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas, 1905–1906, unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Yngve Sjöstedt. 2 (14). P. Palmquists aktiebolag, Stockholm, pp. 55–58.
  55. Klapálek, F. (1911) Neoperla leroiana n. sp. Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 30, 103–104.
  56. Klapálek, F. (1912) Plecoptera. In: Schubotz, H. (Ed.), Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1907-1908 unter Führung Adolf Friedrichs, Herzogs zu Mecklenburg. Zoologie. 3 (13). Klinkhardt & Biermann, Leipzig, pp. 447–452.
  57. Klapálek, F. (1913) Plecoptera II. H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Supplementa entomologica, Berlin, 2, 112–127.
  58. Klapálek, F. (1914) Berichtigung. Supplementa entomologica, Berlin, 3, 118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prac.19140900104
  59. Klapálek, F. (1921) Plécoptères nouveaux. Annales de la Société entomologique Belgique, 61, 320–327.
  60. Klapálek, F. (1923a) Plécoptères II. Fam. Perlidae. Subfam. Perlinae Monographische Revision. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys-Longchamps, 4 (2), 1–120, figs. 1–85.
  61. Klapálek, F. (1923b) Plécoptères II. Fam. Perlidae. Subfam. Neoperlinae Monographische Revision. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys-Longchamps, 4 (2), 121–193, figs.1–61.
  62. Larsson, A. (2014) AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets. Bioinformatics, 30, 3276–3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
  63. Lestage, J.A. (1921) Une perlide nouvelle du Congo Français. Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique, 61,151–153.
  64. Li, W.-H. & Li, X.-P. (2013) A new species of the genus Neoperla (Plecoptera, Perlidae) from China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 38 (1), 75–77.
  65. Lillehammer, A. (1974) Norwegian stoneflies. I. Analysis of the variations in morphological and structural characters used in taxonomy. Norsk entomologisk Tidsskrift, 21, 59–107.
  66. Ludwig, H.W. & Schmidbauer, B. (1967) Safraninfärbung für Mazerationspräparate von Anoplura und anderen Kleinarthropoda. Mikroskopie, 21 (11/12), 323–327.
  67. Mauch, E. (1976) Leitformen der Saprobität für die biologische Gewässeranalyse. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 21, i–xxvii + 1–797.
  68. McGuire, J.A., Linkem, C.W., Koo, M.S., Hutchison, D.W., Lappin, A.K., Orange, D.I., Lemos-Espinal, J., Riddle, B.R. & Jaeger, J.R. (2007) Mitochondrial introgression and incomplete lineage sorting through space and time: Phylogenetics of crotaphytid lizards. Evolution, 61, 2879–2897. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00239.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00239.x
  69. Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg, M.B. (Eds.) (2019) An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. 5th Edition. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 1480 pp.
  70. Miller, A. (1939) The egg and early development of the stonefly, Pteronarcys proteus Newman (Plecoptera). Journal of Morphology, 64, 555–609. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050640308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050640308
  71. Minh, B.Q., Schmidt, H.A., Chernomor, O., Schrempf, D., Woodhams, M.D., von Haeseler, A. & Lanfear, R. (2020) IQ-TREE 2: New Models and Efficient Methods for Phylogenetic Inference in the Genomic Era. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 37, 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015
  72. Monserrat, J.J.B. (1989) Longinos Navás científico jesuita. Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 229 pp.
  73. Moog, O. & Hartmann, A. (2017) Fauna Aquatica Austriaca. A Comprehensive Species Inventory of Austrian Aquatic Organisms with Ecological Notes. 3rd Edition. Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft, Wien. [unknown pagination]
  74. Moore, T. (1991) Eggs of African Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Honors Research Paper at Mississippi College, Clinton. Unpublished manuscript, III + 40 pp.
  75. Navás, R.P.L. (1912) Notes sur quelques Névroptères d'Afrique. Revue Zoologique Africaine, 1, 401–410, pl. XXI.
  76. Navás, R.P.L. (1915) Neurópteros nuevos o poco conocidos (Cuarta Serie). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, Series 3, 11 (23), 373–398.
  77. Navás, L. (1916) Neuroptera nova africana. Serie 07. Memorie della Pontificia Accademia Romana dei Nuovi Lincei, 2 (2), 51–58.
  78. Navás, L. (1919) Insecta nova. Memorie della Pontificia Accademia Romana dei Nuovi Lincei, 2 (5), 2–7.
  79. Navás, L. (1920) Comunicaciones entomológicas (1). 3. Insectos exóticos. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas, Quimicas y Naturales de Zaragoza, 4, 287–306.
  80. Navás, L. (1923) Insecta nova. X. Series. Memorie della Pontificia Accademia Romana dei Nuovi Lincei, 2 (6), 1–27.
  81. Navás, L. (1926) Algunos insectos del Museo de Paris. Brotéria, Série Zoológica, 23, 95–115.
  82. Navás, R.P.L. (1930) Insectes du Congo Belge (Serie IV). Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines, 19, 305–336.
  83. Navás, R.P.L. (1931) Insectes du Congo Belge (Série VI). Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines, 21 (2), 123–144. [1931/1932]
  84. Navás, L. (1932) Insectes du Congo Belge. Plécoptères. Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines, 22 (1), 269–290. [1932/1933]
  85. Navás, R.P.L. (1933) Décadas de insectos nuevos. Década 24. Brotéria, Série trimestral, Ciêncías naturaís, 2, 101–110.
  86. Navás, R.P.L. (1934) Décadas de insectos nuevos. Década 25. Brotéria, Série trimestral, Ciêncías naturaís, 3, 15–24.
  87. Navás, L. (1936) Neuroptera, Embioptera, Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera et Trichoptera. Mission scientifique de l'Omo 3 (19). Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 4, 101–128.
  88. Needham, J.G. (1905) New genera and species of Perlidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 18, 107–110.
  89. Needham, J.G. (1920) African stoneflies and may-flies collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 43, 35–38
  90. Needham, J.G. (1925) Some aquatic neuropteroid insects of Lake George. Plecoptera: Stoneflies. Entomological News, 36, 110–116.
  91. Newman, E. (1839) On the synonymy of Perlites, together with brief characters of the old, and of a few new species. The Annals and magazine of natural history, London, 2 (3), 32–37 + 84–90.
  92. Ogbogu, S.S. (2006) First Report of the Nymph of Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria. Illiesia, 2 (4), 27–30.
  93. Picker, M. (1980) Neoperla spio (Plecoptera): a species complex? Systematic Entomology, 5, 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1980.tb00409.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1980.tb00409.x
  94. Pictet, F.-J. (1841) Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des insectes Névroptères. Famille des Perlides. Kessmann, Genève, Baillère, Paris, VIII + 423 + 23 pp., 53 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.124172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.124172
  95. Pictet, F.J. de la R. & Hagen, H.A. (1856) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Neuropteren der Vorwelt. 2 (Abt. 2) [2]. In: Berendt, G.C. (Ed.), Die im Bernstein befindlichen organischen Reste der Vorwelt gesammelt, in Verbindung mit Mehreren bearbeitet und herausgegeben. 2 (Abt. 1 & 2). Nicolai'sche Buchhandlung, Berlin, pp. 41–126, pls V–VIII.
  96. Price, M.N., Dehal, P.S. & Arkin, A.P. (2010) FastTree 2—Approximately Maximum-Likelihood Trees for Large Alignments. PLoS ONE, 5, e9490. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009490
  97. Regier, J.C. & Shi, D. (2005) Increased yield of PCR product from degenerate primers with nondegenerate, nonhomologous 5′ tails. BioTechniques, 38, 34–38. https://doi.org/10.2144/05381BM02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2144/05381BM02
  98. Regier, J.C., Shultz, J.W., Ganley, A.R.D., Hussey, A., Shi, D., Ball, B., Zwick, A., Stajich, J.E., Cummings, M.P., Martin, J.W. & Cunningham, C.W. (2008) Resolving Arthropod Phylogeny: Exploring Phylogenetic Signal within 41 kb of Protein-Coding Nuclear Gene Sequence. Systematic Biology, 57, 920–938. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802570791 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802570791
  99. Rościszewska, E. (1987) Ultrastructure of the attachment disc in Perla sp. (Plecoptera) egg. Proceedings of the Arthropodan Embryological Society of Japan, 22, 281–286.
  100. Rościszewska, E. (1991) Ultrastructural and histochemical studies of the egg capsules of Perla marginata (Panzer, 1799) and Dinocras cephalotes (Curtis, 1827) (Plecoptera: Perlidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 20 (4/5), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(91)90009-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(91)90009-X
  101. Rościszewska, E. (1995) Oogenesis of Stone Flies. Development of the follicular epithelium and formation of the eggshell in ovaries of Perla marginata (Panzer) and Perla pallida Guérin (Plecoptera: Perlidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 24 (3), 253–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(95)00003-M DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(95)00003-M
  102. Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (1997) Nematomorpha. In: Schwoerbel, J. & Zwick, P. (Eds), Süßwasserfauna von Mitteleuropa, 04/4. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1–128.
  103. Shimodaira, H. & Hasegawa, M. (1999) Multiple Comparisons of Log-Likelihoods with Applications to Phylogenetic Inference. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16, 1114–1116. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026201
  104. Shokralla, S., Porter, T.M., Gibson, J.F., Dobosz, R., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Golding, G.B. & Hajibabaei, M. (2015) Massively parallel multiplex DNA sequencing for specimen identification using an Illumina MiSeq platform. Scientific Reports, 5, 9687. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09687 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09687
  105. Sivec, I. (1984) Study of the genus Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from the Philippines. Scopolia, 7, 1–44.
  106. Sivec, I., Stark, B.P. & Uchida, S. (1988) Synopsis of the world genera of Perlinae (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Scopolia, 16, 1–66.
  107. Sivec, I. & Zhiltzova, L.A. (1996) Description of Neoperla ussurica sp.n. from the Russian Far East (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Acta Entomologica Slovenica, 4 (1), 13–18.
  108. Stark, B.P. (1990) Neoperla clymene revisited: Systematics of the nearctic species complexes (Plecoptera: Perlidae). In: Campbell, I.C. (Ed.), Mayflies and stoneflies: life histories and biology. Proceedings of the 5th International Ephemeroptera Conference and the 9th International Plecoptera Conference. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 299–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2397-3_36 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2397-3_36
  109. Stark, B.P. & Baumann, R.W. (1978) New species of nearctic Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae), with notes on the genus. Great Basin Naturalist, 38 (1), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.23777 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.23777
  110. Stark, B.P. & Green, S. (2011) Eggs of western Nearctic Acroneuriinae (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia, 7 (17), 157–166.
  111. Stark, B.P. & Szczytko, S.W. (1988) Egg morphology and phylogeny in Arcynopterygini (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 61 (2), 143–160.
  112. Straub, S.C.K., Parks, M., Weitemier, K., Fishbein, M., Cronn, R.C. & Liston, A. (2012) Navigating the tip of the genomic iceberg: Next-generation sequencing for plant systematics. American Journal of Botany, 99, 349–364. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1100335 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1100335
  113. Tillyard, R.J. (1931) On a collection of stone-flies (Order Perlaria) from South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 30 (1931–1934), 109–130.
  114. Uchida, S. (1990) A revision of the Japanese Perlidae (Insecta: Plecoptera) with special reference to their phylogeny. PhD, Department of Natural History, Faculty od Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 228 pp.
  115. Uchida, S. & Yamasaki, T. (1989) Some Perlinae (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from the Malay Peninsula and Thailand with the redescription of Neoperla hamata from Assam [India]. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 44, 135–144.
  116. Viets, K.O. & Böttger, K. (1974) Zur Systematik und Ökologie rheophiler Hydrachnellae (Acari) Zentralafrikas Teil I. Acarologica, 16 (1), 106–159.
  117. Vojnits, A. (1990) Zoological Collectings by the Hungarian Scientific Africa Expedition. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 51, 127–136.
  118. Westheide, W. & Rieger, R. (Eds.) (1996) Spezielle Zoologie Erster Teil: Einzeller und Wirbellose Tiere. G. Fischer, Stuttgart, XXI + 910 pp.
  119. Winterbourn, M.J. (2005) Dispersal, feeding and parasitism of adult stoneflies (Plecoptera) at a New Zealand forest stream. Aquatic Insects, 27 (3), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650420500062840 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01650420500062840
  120. Wu, C.F. & Claassen, P.W. (1934) New species of Chinese stoneflies. Bulletin of the Peking Society of Natural History, 9 (1934–35), 111–129.
  121. Xu, H., Luo, X., Qian, J., Pang, X., Song, J., Qian, G., Chen, J. & Chen, S. (2012) FastUniq: A Fast De Novo Duplicates Removal Tool for Paired Short Reads. PLoS ONE, 7, e52249. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052249
  122. Zwick, A., Regier, J.C. & Zwickl, D.J. (2012) Resolving Discrepancy between Nucleotides and Amino Acids in Deep-Level Arthropod Phylogenomics: Differentiating Serine Codons in 21-Amino-Acid Models. PLoS ONE, 7, e47450. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047450 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047450
  123. Zwick, P. (1972) Notes on African Neoperla (Ins., Plecoptera). International Congress of Entomology, Canberra, Abstracts, 14, 102.
  124. Zwick, P. (1973a) Die Plecopteren-Arten Enderleins (Insecta); Revision der Typen. Annales zoologici Warszawa, 30, 471–507.
  125. Zwick, P. (1973b) Entomological Explorations in Ghana by Dr. S. Endrödy-Younga. 27. Notes on some species of Neoperla (Plecoptera). Folia entomologica Hungarica, Series Nova, 26 (Supplement), 381–398.
  126. Zwick, P. (1973c) Insecta Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich. 94. W. de Gruyter, Berlin, XXXII + 465 pp.
  127. Zwick, P. (1976a) Neoperla (Plecoptera, Perlidae) emerging from a mountain stream in Central Africa—Schlitzer produktionsbiologische Studien (19). Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie, 61, 683–697. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.3510610513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.3510610513
  128. Zwick, P. (1976b) Mißbildungen, speziell zwei Atavismen, bei Steinfliegen (Insecta, Plecoptera). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 197, 219–224.
  129. Zwick, P. (1977) Ergebnisse der Bhutan-Expedition 1972 des Naturhistorischen Museums in Basel. Plecoptera. Entomologica Basiliensia, 2, 85–134.
  130. Zwick, P. (1980) Plecoptera (Steinfliegen). In: Handbuch der Zoologie. 4 (2). 2/7. W. de Gruyter, Berlin, 115 pp.
  131. Zwick, P. (1982a) A revision of the Oriental stonefly genus Phanoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Systematic Entomology, 7, 87–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1982.tb00128.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1982.tb00128.x
  132. Zwick, P. (1982b) Contribution to the Knowledge of Chinoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Neoperlini). Aquatic Insects, 4 (3), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650428209361102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01650428209361102
  133. Zwick, P. (1983) The Neoperla of Sumatra and Java (Indonesia) (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Spixiana, 6, 167–204.
  134. Zwick, P. (1986) The Bornean Species of the Stonefly Genus Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Aquatic Insects, 8, 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650428609361227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01650428609361227
  135. Zwick, P. (1987) Notes on Plecoptera (14). Neoperla occipitalis (Pictet, 1841). Aquatic Insects, 9, 16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650428709361263 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01650428709361263
  136. Zwick, P. (1988) Species of Neoperla from the South-East Asian mainland (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 18, 393–407. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631287X00214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187631287X00214
  137. Zwick, P. (1999) Egg diapause, egg swelling and mother-child size relationships in Plecoptera (Insecta). Archiv für Hydrobiologie Special Issues Advances in Limnology, 54, 373–386.
  138. Zwick, P. (2000) Phylogenetic System and Zoogeography of the Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 45, 709–746. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.709 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.709
  139. Zwick, P. (2016) Designation of a type species for Formosita Klapálek, 1914 (Perlidae: Perlinae). Illiesia, 12 (5), 25–26.