Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5325 No. 4: 10 Aug. 2023
Type: Article
Published: 2023-08-10
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5325.4.4
Page range: 529-540
Abstract views: 349
PDF downloaded: 25

A new subgenus, Australixodes n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae), for the kiwi tick, Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, and validation of the subgenus Coxixodes Schulze, 1941 with a phylogeny of 16 of the 22 subgenera of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 from entire mitochondrial genome sequences

Department of Parasitology; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane; Qld; 4072; Australia
Department of Parasitology; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane; Qld; 4072; Australia
AgResearch Ltd.; c/o Hopkirk Research Institute; Private Bag 11008; Palmerston North; 4442; New Zealand
Queensland Museum; PO Box 3300; South Brisbane; 4101; Qld; Australia
US National Tick Collection; Institute for Coastal Sciences; Georgia Southern University; Statesboro; GA; 30460; USA; Department of Biology; Georgia Southern University; Statesboro; GA; 30460; USA
Epidemiology; Parasites and Vectors; Agricultural Research Council; Onderstepoort Veterinary Research; Onderstepoort 0110; South Africa; The Department of Life and Consumer Sciences; University of South Africa; Florida 1709; South Africa.
Centre for Bioinnovation; School of Science; Technology and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore; Qld 4556; Australia
CSIRO; Health and Biosecurity; Canberra; ACT; Australia
Department of Parasitology; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane; Qld; 4072; Australia
East Coast Veterinary Clinic; 67 Quail Street; St Helens; 7216; Tas; Australia.
Department of Infectious Diseases; Hokkaido Institute of Public Health; Sapporo; Hokkaido 060–0819; Japan.
School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; The University of Queensland; Gatton; Qld; 4343; Australia.
Department of Parasitology; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane; Qld; 4072; Australia
Department of Infectious Diseases; Hokkaido Institute of Public Health; Sapporo; Hokkaido 060–0819; Japan
Acari new subgenus AcariIxodidae kiwi platypus

Abstract

A new subgenus, Australixodes n. subgen., is described for the kiwi tick, Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904. The subgenus Coxixodes Schulze, 1941 is validated for the platypus tick, Ixodes (Coxixodes) ornithorhynchi Lucas, 1846, sister group of the subgenus Endopalpiger Schulze, 1935. A phylogeny from mitochondrial genomes of 16 of the 22 subgenera of Ixodes (32 spp.) indicates, for the first time, the relationships of the subgenera of Ixodes Latreille, 1795, the largest genus of ticks.

 

References

  1. Bansal, N., Pomroy, W.E., Heath, A.C.G. & Castro, I. (2021) Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field. Parasites & Vectors, 14 (85), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04601-z
  2. Barker, S.C. & Barker, D. (2023) Ticks of Australasia: 125 species of ticks in and around Australia. Zootaxa, 5253 (1), 1–670. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5253.1.1
  3. Barker, D., Seeman, O.D. & Barker, S.C. (2021) The development of tick taxonomy and systematics in Australia and contributors and with comments on the place of Australasia in the study of the phylogeny and evolution of the ticks. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 26, 1793–1832. https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.26.10.1
  4. Barker, D., Kelava, S., Shao, R.F., Seeman, O.D., Jones, M.K., Nakao, R., Barker, S.C. & Apanaskevich, D.A. (2022) Description of the female, nymph and larva and mitochondrial genome, and redescription of the male of Ixodes barkeri Barker, 2019 (Acari: Ixodidae), from the short-beaked echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus, with a consideration of the most suitable subgenus for this tick. Parasites & Vectors, 15, 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05165-2
  5. Bernt, M., Donath, A., Jühling, F., Externbrink, F., Florentz, C., Fritzsch, G., Pütz, J., Middendorf, M. & Stadler, P.F. (2013) MITOS: Improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 69, 313–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.08.023
  6. Campbell, N.J.H. & Barker, S.C. (1998) An unprecedented major rearrangement in an arthropod mitochondrial genome. Molecular Biology & Evolution, 15, 1786–1787. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025904
  7. Camicas, J.L., Hervy, J.P., Adam, F. & Morel, P.C. (1998) Les tiques du monde (Acarida, Ixodida). Nomenclature, stades decrits, hotes, repartition (especes decrites avant le 1/01/96). Orstom Editions, Paris, 233 pp.
  8. Camicas, J.L. & Morel, P.C. (1977) Position systématique et classification des tiques (Acarida: Ixodida). Acarologia, 18, 410–420.
  9. Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Silla-Martínez, J.M. & Gabaldón, T. (2009) trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses, Bioinformatics, 25, 1972–1973. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp348
  10. Chen, Y., Ye, W., Zhang, Y. & Xu, Y. (2015) High speed BLASTN: An accelerated MegaBLAST search tool. Nucleic Acids Research, 43, 7762–7768. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv784
  11. Chilton, C. (1904) A species of Ixodes parasitic on the grey duck. Transactions & Proceedings of the NZ Institute, 36, 201–202.
  12. Clifford, C.M., Sonenshine, D.E., Keirans, J.E. & Kohls, G.M. (1973) Systematics of the subfamily Ixodinae (Acarina: Ixodidae). I. The subgenera of Ixodes. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 66, 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/66.3.489
  13. Dumbleton, L.J. (1953) The ticks (Ixodoidea) of the New Zealand sub-region. New Zealand Cape Expedition Series Bulletin, 14, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779962.1952.9722706
  14. Filippova, N.A. (1977) Ixodid ticks of the subfamily Ixodinae. Vol. 4. Nauka Publishing House, Leningrad, 396 pp.
  15. Guglielmone, A.A., Robbins, R.G., Apanaskevich, D.A., Petney, T.N., Estrada-Peña, A. & Horak, I.G. (2014) The hard ticks of the world. Dordrecht Heidelberg Springer, New York, London, 738 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7497-1
  16. Guglielmone, A.A., Petney, T.N., Mastropaolo, M. & Robbins, R.G. (2017) Genera, subgenera, species and subspecies of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) described, named, renamed or given new rank by Paul Schulze (1887–1949) and their current status. Zootaxa, 4325 (1), 1–66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4325.1.1
  17. Guglielmone, A.A., Petney, T.N. & Richard, G.R. (2020) Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019. Zootaxa, 4871 (1), 1–322. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4871.1.1
  18. Guglielmone, A.A., Nava, S. & Robbins, R.G. (2023) Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa, 5251 (1), 1–274. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
  19. Harris, D.J. & Carretero, M.A. (2003) Comments on the taxonomic value of (sub) genera within the family Lacertidae (Reptilia). Amphibia-Reptilia, 24, 119–122. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853803763806975
  20. Heath, A.C.G. (1977) Zoogeography of the New Zealand tick fauna. Tuatara, 23, 26–39.
  21. Heath, A.C.G. (2010a) Checklist of ectoparasites of birds in New Zealand: additions and corrections. Surveillance, 37, 12–17.
  22. Heath, A.C.G. (2010b) A review of ectoparasites of Apteryx spp. (kiwi) in New Zealand, with new host records, and the biology of Ixodes anatis (Acari: Ixodidae). Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 21, 147–159.
  23. Heath, A.C.G., Palma, R.L., Cane, R.P. & Hardwick, S. (2011) Checklist of New Zealand ticks (Acari: Ixodidae, Argasidae). Zootaxa, 2995 (1), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2995.1.4
  24. Kearse, M., Moir, R., Wilson, A., Stones-Havas, S., Cheung, M., Sturrock, S., Buxton, S., Cooper, A., Markowitz, S., Duran, C., Thierer, T., Ashton, B., Meintjes, P. & Drummond, A. (2012) Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics, 28, 1647–1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199
  25. Kelava, S., Mans, B.J., Shao, R., Moustafa, M.A.M., Matsuno, K., Takano, A., Kawabata, H., Sato, K., Fujita, H., Ze, C., Plantard, O., Hornok, S., Gao, S., Barker, D., Barker, S.C. & Nakao, R. (2021) Phylogenies from mitochondrial genomes of 120 species of ticks: Insights into the evolution of the families of ticks and of the genus Amblyomma. Tick Ticks & Tick Borne Diseases, 12, 101577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101577
  26. Kelava, S., Mans, B. J., Shao, R., Barker, D., Teo, E.J.M., Chatanga, E., Gofton, A.W., Moustafa, M.A.M., Nakao, R. & Barker, S.C. (2023) Seventy-eight entire mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes provide insight into the phylogeny of the hard ticks, particularly the Haemaphysalis species, Africaniella transversale and Robertsicus elaphensis. Ticks &Tick Borne Diseases, 14, 102070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102070
  27. Klompen, J.S.H. (1999) Phylogenetic relationships in the family Ixodidae with emphasis on the genus Ixodes (Parasitiformes: Ixodidae). In: Needham, G.R., Mitchell, R., Horn, D.J. & Welbourn, W.C. (Eds.), Acarology 9. Vol. 2. Symposia. Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 349–354.
  28. Kwak, M.L., Beveridge, I., Koehler, A.V., Malipatil, M., Gasser, R.B. & Jabbar, A. (2017) Phylogenetic analysis of the Australasian paralysis ticks and their relatives (Ixodidae: Ixodes: Sternalixodes). Parasites & Vectors, 10, 122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2045-4
  29. Kwak, M.L. & Heath, A.C.G. (2018) Redescription of the kiwi tick Ixodes anatis (Acari: Ixodidae) from New Zealand, with notes on its biology. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 74, 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-018-0214-6
  30. Lanfear, R., Frandsen, P.B., Wright, A.M., Senfeld, T. & Calcott, B. (2016) PartitionFinder 2: New methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology & Evolution, 34, 772–773. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw260
  31. Lowe, T.M. & Chan, P.P. (2016) tRNAscan-SE On-line: integrating search and context for analysis of transfer RNA genes. Nucleic Acids Research, 44, W54–W57. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw413
  32. Lucas, H. (1846) Sur quelques espèces nouvelles d’Ixodes qui vivent parasites sur les serpens (Boa constrictor et Python sebae) et sur l’ornythorhynque (Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, Blum). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 4, 53–64.
  33. Neumann, L.G. (1899) Revision de la familles des Ixodes. Memoires de la Société Zoologique de France, 12, 107–294.
  34. Neumann, L.G. (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich, 26, 1–169. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22339
  35. Nuttall, G.H.F. & Warburton, C. (1911) Ticks. A monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part II. The Ixodidae. Section II Genus I. Ixodes. Latreille 1795. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 133–293. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.24075
  36. Pagenstecher, H.A. (1861) Beiträge zur Anatomie der Milben. Heft II. Ixodes ricinus. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 45 pp.
  37. Rambaut, A. (2009) TRACER. Version 1.7.1. 1 May 2018. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer/ (accessed 18 June 2023)
  38. Rambaut, A. (2012) FigTree. Version 1.4.4. 25 November 2018. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/FigTree/ (accessed 18 June 2023)
  39. Roberts, F.H.S. (1960) A systematic study of the Australian species of the genus Ixodes (Acarina: Ixodidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 8, 392–485. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9600392
  40. Roberts, F.H.S. (1970) Ticks of Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, 267 pp.
  41. Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology, 61, 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
  42. Schulze, P. (1936) Zur vergleichenden anatomie der zecken. (Das sternale, die mundwerkzeuge, analfurchen und analbeschilderung, ihre bedeutung, ursprünglichkeit und luxurieren.). Zoomorphology, 30, 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00418067
  43. Schulze, P. (1941) Das Geruchsorgan der Zecken. Untersuchungen über die Abwandlungen eines Sinnesorgans und seine. Stammesgeschichtliche Bedeutung. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 37, 491–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00408327
  44. Shao, R. & Barker, S.C. (2007) Mitochondrial genomes of parasitic arthropods: implications for studies of population genetics and evolution. Parasitology, 134, 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182006001429
  45. Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics, 30, 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
  46. Swift, R.J., Heath, A.C.G. & Jamieson, S.E. (2015) The kiwi tick, Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidae): aspects of its biology and ecology. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 20, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.20.1.1
  47. Teta, P. (2019) The usage of subgenera in mammalian taxonomy. Mammalia, 83, 209–211. https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2018-0059
  48. Zumpt, F. (1951) Phylogenie der Zecken und “Natürliches System”. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 15, 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00261877