Abstract
Electrocerus brevifuniculatus Simutnik gen. et sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a female specimen from late Eocene Baltic amber. Placement of the new genus in the subfamily Encyrtinae is supported by the presence of a filum spinosum on the linea calva and the hypopygium not reaching the metasomal apex. A key to the genera of late Eocene Encyrtinae is provided. The new taxon differs from all known extinct and most extant encyrtids by its four-segmented female funicle.
References
- Bouček, Z. & Graham, M.W.R. de V. (1978) British check-list of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): taxonomic notes and additions. Entomologist’s Gazette, 29 (4), 225–235.
- Cruaud, A., Rasplus, J.-Y., Zhang, J., Burks, R., Delvare, G., Fusu, L., Gumovsky, A., Huber, J.T., Janšta, P., Mitroiu, M.-D., Noyes, J.S., van Noort, S., Baker, A., Böhmová, J., Baur, H., Blaimer, B.B., Brady, S.G., Bubeníková, K., Chartois, M., Copeland, R.S., Dale-Skey Papilloud, N., Dal Molin, A., Dominguez, C., Gebiola, M., Guerrieri, E., Kresslein, R.L., Krogmann, L., Lemmon, E., Murray, E.A., Nidelet, S., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., Perry, R.K., Peters, R.S., Polaszek, A., Sauné, L., Torréns, J., Triapitsyn, S., Tselikh, E.V., Yoder, M., Lemmon, A.R., Woolley, J.B. & Heraty, J.M. (2023) The Chalcidoidea bush of life: evolutionary history of a massive radiation of minute wasps. Cladistics, 1–30. Early view. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12561
- Erdös, J. (1957) Series Encyrtidarum novarum hungaricarum. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 3 (1/2), 5–87.
- Erdös, J. & Novicky, S. (1955) Genera Encyrtidarum regionis palaearcticae. Beiträge zur Entomologie, 5, 165–202.
- Gibson, G.A.P. (1997) Chapter 2, Morphology and terminology. In: Gibson, G.A.P, Huber, J.T. & Woolley, J.B. (Eds.), Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 16–45, 794 pp.
- Heraty, J.M. (2009) Parasitoid biodiversity and insect pest management. In: Foottit, B & Adler, P. (Eds.), Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Springer-Verlag, The Hague, pp. 445– 462. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444308211.ch19
- Heraty, J.M., Burks, R.A., Cruaud, A, Gibson, G.A., Liljeblad, J., Munro, J., Rasplus, J.Y., Delvare, G., Janšta, P., Gumovsky, A, Huber, J.T., Woolley, J.B., Krogmann, L., Heydon, S., Polaszek, A., Schmidt, S., Darling, D.C., Gates, M.W., Mottern, J., Murray, E., Dal Molin, A., Triapitsyn, S., Baur, H., Pinto, J.D., van Noort, S., George, J. & Yoder, M. (2013) A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics, 29 (5), 466–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006
- Iakovleva, A.I., Aleksandrova, G.N. & Mychko, E.V. (2022) Late Eocene (Priabonian) dinoflagellate cysts from Primorsky quarry, southeast Baltic coast, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. Palynology, 46 (2), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2021.1980743
- Munro, J.B., Heraty, J.M., Burks, R.A., Hawks, D., Mottern, J., Cruaud, A. & Rasplus, J-Y. (2011) A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS ONE, 6 (11): e27023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027023
- Noyes, J.S. (2004) Encyrtidae of Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), 2. Metaphycus and related genera, parasitoids of scale insects (Coccoidea) and whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) 73. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 459 pp.
- Noyes, J.S. (2019) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids]
- Noyes, J.S. (2023) Encyrtidae of Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), 4. Subfamily Encyrtinae: tribes Arrhenophagini, Habrolepidini, Cerapterocerini, Cheiloneurini, Trechnitini, Cercobelini, Polaszekiini, Protyndarichoidini, Gahaniellini and Syrphophagini (part), mainly primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Coccoidea and Psylloidea (Hemiptera). Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical Hymenoptera, 2, 921 pp. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8074943
- Noyes, J.S. & Hayat, M. (1994) Oriental mealybug parasitoids of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Wallingford. Oxon: CAB International, [viii +] 554 pp.
- Peters, R., Niehuis, O., Gunkel, S., Bläser, M., Mayer, C., Podsiadlowski, L., Kozlov, A., Donath, A., van Noort, S. & Liu, S. (2018) Transcriptome sequence-based phylogeny of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) reveals a history of rapid radiations, convergence, and evolutionary success. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 120, 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.005
- Simutnik, S.A. (2014) The first record of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) from the Sakhalin Amber. Paleontological Journal. 48 (6), 621–623. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030114060124
- Simutnik, S.A. (2021) The earliest Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Historical Biology. 33 (11), 2931–2950. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1835887
- Simutnik, S.A. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2023) Description of a new genus and species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Danish amber, based on a male specimen featuring an antenna with a distinct anellus. Zootaxa, 5369 (3), 437–445. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5369.3.7
- Simutnik, S.A., Perkovsky, E.E. & Gumovsky, A.V. (2014) Review of the Late Eocene Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) with a description of the first fossil genus with filum spinosum. Paleontological Journal, 48 (1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030114010122
- Simutnik, S.A., Perkovsky, E.E., Khomych, M.R. & Vasilenko, D.V. (2021a) First record of the Sulia glaesaria Simutnik, 2015 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) from Rovno amber. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 88, 85-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.88.75941
- Simutnik, S.A., Perkovsky, E.E. & Vasilenko, D.V. (2021b) Sakhalinencyrtus leleji Simutnik gen. et sp. nov. of earliest Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) from Sakhalinian amber. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 84, 361–372. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.84.66367
- Simutnik, S.A., Perkovsky, E.E., Khomych, M.R. & Vasilenko, D.V. (2022a) Two new genera of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) with reduced ovipositor sheaths. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 89, 47–60. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.89.79180
- Simutnik, S.A., Perkovsky, E.E., & Vasilenko, D.V. (2022b) Protaphycus shuvalikovi Simutnik gen. et sp. n. (Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae, Encyrtinae) from Rovno amber. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 91, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.91.81957
- Simutnik, S.A., Perkovsky, E.E. & Vasilenko, D.V. (2022c) Balticalcarus archibaldi Simutnik gen. et sp. n. (Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) with the unusually small mesotibial spur from Baltic amber. Life, 12 (12), 2028. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122028
- Simutnik, S.A., Perkovsky, E.E. & Vasilenko, D.V. (2022d) Electronoyesella antiqua Simutnik, gen. et sp. nov. (Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) from Rovno amber. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 94, 105–120. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94773
- Trjapitzin, V.A. (1968) The problems of morphological evolution and the classification of the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Readings in Memory of N.A. Kholodkovsky (1967), 44–62. [in Russian]
- Trjapitzin, V.A. (1989) Parasitic Hymenoptera of the Fam. Encyrtidae of Palaearctics. Opredeliteli po faune, SSSR izdavaemiye Zoologicheskim institutom AN SSSR, 158, 1–489. [in Russian]