Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5492 No. 4: 7 Aug. 2024
Type: Article
Published: 2024-08-07
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1
Page range: 451-504
Abstract views: 22
PDF downloaded: 3

Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini)

Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; CP 19020; 81531–980 Curitiba; Paraná; Brazil
Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; CP 19020; 81531–980 Curitiba; Paraná; Brazil
Departamento de Entomología; Museo de Historia Natural; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; Apartado 14-0434; Lima- 14; Peru
Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; CP 19020; 81531–980 Curitiba; Paraná; Brazil
Lepidoptera Bromeliaceae Geographic distribution Taxonomy Type material

Abstract

Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Brassolini) is an exclusively Neotropical genus, occurring from Mexico to Argentina. Adults have crepuscular habits, while the larvae are unique in Brassolini in feeding on bromeliads (Bromeliaceae). Until now, Dynastor contained three species, nine subspecies, and five synonyms (two of them generic synonyms). The present study analyzed information on the immature stages and adult morphology, with molecular and distribution data, to provide a revised taxonomic hypothesis for Dynastor species and subspecies. Analyses of approximately 380 specimens, including all species and subspecies known for the genus, supported the reinstatement of the statuses of three species: Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest., Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 stat. rest., and Dynastor strix (Bates, 1864) stat. rest. One subspecies is here treated as a species: Dynastor pharnaces Stichel, 1908 stat. nov. Three new synonyms are proposed: Papilio anaxarete Cramer, 1776 syn. nov., Dynastor darius ictericus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov. and Dynastor darius faenius Fruhstorfer, 1912 syn. nov. of Dynastor darius (Fabricius, 1775). To ensure unambiguous identification of names, two neotypes were designated for: Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus Niepelt, 1922 and Dynastor populus Röber, 1927, and nine lectotypes for: Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849], Papilio darius Fabricius, 1775, Papilio anaxarete, Dynastor mardonius Fruhstorfer, 1911, Dynastor darius faenius, Brassolis macrosiris Westwood, 1851, Dynastor hannibal, Brassolis strix, and Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. The proposed taxonomic checklist for Dynastor includes seven species, more than double the previous proposals, and eight subjective synonyms (two of them generic synonyms).

 

References

  1. Aiello, A. & Silberglied, R.E. (1978) Life History of Dynastor darius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Brassolinae) in Panama. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 85 (4), 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1155/1978/70262
  2. Andrade, M.G. (2002) Biodiversidad de las mariposas (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) de Colombia. In: Costa, C., Vanin, S.A., Lobo, J.M. & Melic, A. (Eds.), Proyecto de Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografía y Entomología Sistemática. PrIBES 2002. Vol. 2. Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, Zaragoza, pp. 153–172.
  3. Bates, H.W. (1864) New species of butterflies from Guatemala and Panamá. Entomologist’s monthly Magazine, 1 (7), 161–164.
  4. Benson, D.A., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Lipman, J., Ostell, J. & Wheeler, D. (2005) GenBank. Nucleic Acids Research, 33, D34–D38. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki063
  5. Biezanko, C.M. (1960a) Satyridae, Morphidae et Brassolidae da Zona Missioneira do Rio Grande do Sul (Contribuição ao conhecimento da fisiografia do Rio Grande do Sul). Arquivos de Entomologia. Escola de Agronomia “Eliseu Maciel”, Series B, 4, 1–10.
  6. Biezanko, C.M. (1960b) Satyridae, Morphidae et Brassolidae da Zona Sueste do Rio Grande do Sul (Contribuição ao conhecimento da fisiografia do Rio Grande do Sul). Arquivos de Entomologia. Escola de Agronomia “Eliseu Maciel”, Series A, 4, 1–12.
  7. Blandin, P. (1977) La distribution géographique des Brassolinae (Lepidoptera, Satyridae). faits et problèmes. Publications du Laboratoire de Zoologie de l’Ecole normale supérieure, Paris, 9, 161–218.
  8. Burmeister, H.C.C. (1873) Description de Morphonides brésiliens. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, 3 (1), 17–47.
  9. Burmeister, H.C.C. (1879) Description physique de la République Argentine d’après des observations personnelles et étrangeres. 5. Lépidoptères. Première partie. Contenant les diurnes, crépusculaires et bombycoïdes; Atlas. P. E. Coni, Paris, F. Savy, Halle and E. Anton, Buenos Aires, (1) + 40 pp., pls. 1–13.
  10. Butler, A.G. (1872) Descriptions of new butterflies from Costa Rica. Cistula entomologica, 1 (4), 72–90.
  11. Camargo, A.J.A. de, Freitas, A.V.L., Iserhard, C.A., Dolibaina, D.R., Carneiro, E., Emery, E. de O., Dias, F.M.S., Romanowski, H.P., Kaminski, L.A., Duarte, M., Uehara-Prado, M., Cardoso, M.Z. & Marini-Filho, O. (2018) Lepidoptera. In: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação (Ed.), Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. ICMBio, Brasília, pp. 377–389.
  12. Campos, F. (1927) Catálogo preliminar de los lepidópteros del Ecuador. Primera parte. Ropalóceros. Revista del Colegio nacional Vicente Rocafuerte, Guayaquil, 9 (27/28), 3–106.
  13. Casagrande, M.M. (1979) Sobre Caligo beltrao (Illiger). III. Morfologia externa do adulto-abdome (Lepidoptera, Satyridae, Brassolinae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 39 (3), 711–716.
  14. Casagrande, M.M. (2002) Naropini Stichel, taxonomia e imaturos (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolinae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 19 (2), 467–569. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752002000200012
  15. Casagrande, M.M. (2004) Tribe Brassolini. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotroprical Lepidoptera 5A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 201–205.
  16. Comstock, J.H. (1918) The wings of insects: an exposition of the uniform terminology of the wing-veins of insects and a discussion of the more general characteristics of the wings of the several orders of insects. Comstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, New York, 470 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.54605
  17. Comstock, J.H. & Needham, J.G. (1898) The wings of insects. Chapter III. The specialization of wings by reduction. The American Naturalist, 32, 231–257. https://doi.org/10.1086/276835
  18. Comstock, J.H. & Needham, J.G. (1899) The wings of insects. The American Naturalist, 33, 845–860. https://doi.org/10.1086/277462
  19. Costa Lima, A.M. (1927) Segundo catalogo systematico dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil e ensaio de bibliographia entomologica brasileira. Arquivos da Escola Superior de Agricultura e Medicina Veterinaria, 8, 69–301.
  20. DeVries, P.J. (1986) Hostplant Records and Natural History notes on Costa Rican Butterflies (Papilionidae, Pieridae & Nymphalidae. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 24 (4), 290–333. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.266791
  21. DeVries, P.J. (1987) The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 327 pp.
  22. Doubleday, E. ([1849]) n.k. In: Westwood, J.O. (Ed.), The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera: comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habits and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus. Vol. 2. Longman, Brown, Green,
  23. and Longmans, London, pls. 45–52 + 56–58 + 60–62 + 64.
  24. Emmel, T.C. (1991) A note on the life history of Dynastor napoleon in southern Brazil (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Brassolinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 2 (2), 151–153.
  25. Fruhstorfer, H. (1912) Brassolidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde.. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 285–332.
  26. Garzón-Orduña, I.J. & Penz, C.M. (2009) Phylogeny of Dynastor and Brassolis butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a tough nut to crack. Zootaxa, 2134 (1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2134.1.1
  27. Glaser, L. (1887) Catalogus etymologicus Coleopterorum et Lepidopterorum. Erklärendes und verdeutschendes Namenverzeichniss der Käfer und Schmetterlinge für Liebhaber und wissenschaftliche Sammler systematisch und alphabetisch zusammengestellt. R. Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin, 396 pp.
  28. Godart, J.B. ([1824]) Papillons. In: Godart, J.B. & Latreille, P. (Eds.), Encyclopédie Méthodique. 9 (2). Veuve Agasse, Paris, pp. 329–828.
  29. Godman, F.D.C. & Salvin, O. (1881) n.k. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Vol. 1. Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch, London, pp. 121–136.
  30. Guindon, S., Dufayard, J.-F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W. & Gascuel, O. (2010) New Algorithms and Methods to Estimate Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies: Assessing the Performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology, 59, 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq010
  31. Hayward, K.J. (1951) Catálogo sinonímico de los ropalóceros argentinos excluyendo “Hesperiidae.” Acta zoologica Lilloana, 9, 85–281.
  32. Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L. & deWaard, J.R. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270, 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
  33. Hemming, F. (1943) Notes on the generic nomenclature of the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, II. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Series B, Taxonomy 12 (2), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1943.tb00739.x
  34. Hemming, Francis. (1967) The generic names of the butterflies and their type-species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology Supplement, 9, 1–509. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.78596
  35. Jałoszyński, P., Wanat, A. & Wanat, M. (2014) The Lepidoptera collection of Friedrich Wilhelm Niepelt in the Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław. Genus, 25 (4), 601–614.
  36. Janzen, D.H. & Hallwachs, W. (2009) Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. Available from: http://janzen.sas.upenn. edu (accessed 15 January 2023)
  37. Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
  38. Kirby, W.F. (1879) Catalogue of the collection of diurnal Lepidoptera formed by the late William Chapman Hewitson of Oatlands, Walton-on-Thames; and bequeathed by him to the British Museum. John Van Voorst, London, 246 pp.
  39. Klimaitis, J.F., Núñez-Bustos, E.O., Klimaitis, C. & Güller, R. (2018) Mariposas de Argentina: guía de identificacíon. 1st Edition. Vázquez Mazzini Editores, Buenos Aires, 328 pp.
  40. Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., Tamura, K. & Battistuzzi, F.U. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
  41. Lamas, G. (2024) An Annotated Bibliography of the Neotropical Butterflies and Skippers (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Revised electronic edition. Available from: http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/docs/Neotropical-Bibliography-2024.pdf (accessed 24 Jun3 2024)
  42. Lanfear, R., Frandsen, P.B., Wright, A.M., Senfeld, T. & Calcott, B. (2016) PartitionFinder 2: New Methods for Selecting Partitioned Models of Evolution for Molecular and Morphological Phylogenetic Analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 34 (3), 772–773. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw260
  43. Matos-Maraví, P., Wahlberg, N., Freitas, A.V.L., DeVries, P., Antonelli, A. & Penz, C.M. (2021) Mesoamerica is a cradle and the Atlantic Forest is a museum of Neotropical butterfly diversity: insights from the evolution and biogeography of Brassolini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 133 (3), 704–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab034
  44. Maza E., R.G. de la & Maza E., J. de la (1993) Mariposas de Chiapas. Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas, México, 224 pp.
  45. Maza Ramírez, R.F. de la (1987) Mariposas mexicanas. Guía para su colecta y determinación. Fondo de Cultura Económica, México, D.F., 304 pp.
  46. Miller, J.C., Janzen, D.H. & Hallwachs, W. (2006) 100 caterpillars: portraits from the tropical forests of Costa Rica. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 264 pp.
  47. Minh, B.Q., Nguyen, M.A.T. & von Haeseler, A. (2013) Ultrafast Approximation for Phylogenetic Bootstrap. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 1188–1195. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst024
  48. Minh, B.Q., Schmidt, H.A., Chernomor, O., Schrempf, D., Woodhams, M.D., von Haeseler, A. & Lanfear, R. (2020) IQ-TREE 2: New Models and Efficient Methods for Phylogenetic Inference in the Genomic Era. In: Teeling, E. (Ed.), Molecular Biology and Evolution, 37, pp. 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015
  49. Monte, O. (1934) Borboletas que vivem em plantas cultivadas. Boletim de Agricultura, Zootechnia e Veterinária, Belo Horizonte, 7 (3), 145–165.
  50. Montero-Ramírez, J.J. (2010) Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Morphinae, Dynastor macrosiris strix (Bates, 1864): a new report for Costa Rican butterflies. Check List, 6 (4), 679–680. https://doi.org/10.15560/6.4.679
  51. Moss, A.M. (1935) Some details concerning the brassolid butterfly, Dynastor macrosiris, its early stages, life-history and food-plants. Proceedings of the entomological Society of London, Series A, 9 (3), 97–102.
  52. Müller, C.J. & Tennent, W.J. (2018) Polyura inopinatus Röber, 1940; a remarkable butterfly mystery resolved. ZooKeys, 774, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.774.26458
  53. Nguyen, L.-T., Schmidt, H.A., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2015) IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32, 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300
  54. Otero, L.S., Brown Jr., K.S., Mielke, O.H.H., Monteiro, R.F., Costa, J.M., Macêdo, M.V., Maciel, N.C., Becker, J., Salgado, N.C., Santos, S.B., Moya, G.E., Almeida, J.M. & Silva, M.D. (2000) Invertebrados terrestres. In: Bergallo, H. de G., da Rocha, C.F., Alves, M.A.S. & Van Sluys, M. (Eds.), A fauna ameaçada de extinção do estado do Rio de Janeiro. EdUERJ, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 53–62.
  55. Otero, L.S. & Casagrande, M.M. (1992) Hibridismo em Brassolinae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 36 (4), 723–728.
  56. Palo Jr., H. (2017) Borboletas do Brasil. 3 Vols. Vento Verde Editora, São Carlos, São Paulo, 2400 pp.
  57. Pastrana, J.A. (2004) Los lepidópteros argentinos. Sus plantas hospedadoras y otros sustratos alimenticios. Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, Buenos Aires, 334 pp.
  58. Penz, C.M. (2007) Evaluating the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Brassolini genera (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Systematic Entomology, 32 (4), 668–689. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00391.x
  59. Penz, C.M., Aiello, A. & Srygley, R. (1999) Early stages of Caligo illioneus and C. idomeneus (Nymphalidae, Brassolinae) from Panama, with remarks on larval food plants for the subfamily. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 53 (4), 142–152.
  60. Penz, C.M., Freitas, A., Kaminski, L., Casagrande, M.M. & DeVries, P. (2013) Adult and early‐stage characters of Brassolini contain conflicting phylogenetic signal (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Systematic Entomology, 38 (2), 316–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12000
  61. Piovesan, M., Casagrande, M.M. & Mielke, O.H.H. (2022) Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach. Zootaxa, 5216 (1), 1–278. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1
  62. Ratnasingham, S. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2007) BARCODING: bold: The Barcode of Life Data System (http://www.barcodinglife.org). Molecular Ecology Notes, 7, 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x
  63. Röber, J.K.M. (1889) II. Theil. Die Familien und Gattungen der Tagfalter systematisch und analytisch bearbeitet. In: Staudinger, O. & Schatz, E. (Eds.), Exotische Schmetterlinge. G. Löwensohn, Fürth, pp. 181–224.
  64. Romero, F., Bermúdez, P. & González, J. (2005) Notes on the life history of Dynastor darius darius (Fabricius) (Nymphalidae: Brassolinae) from Venezuela. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 59 (1), 37–39.
  65. Rothschild, L.W. (1916) Notes on Amathusiidae, Brassolidae, Morphidae, etc., with descriptions of new forms. Novitates zoologicae, 23(3), 299–318.
  66. Salazar, J.A. (1993) Una lista comentada de algunas especies de mariposas de distribución restringida o locales en Colombia (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Shilap Revista de lepidopterología, 21(81), 33–46.
  67. Salazar, J.A. (2002) Nuevas citas de localidades para algunas especies de mariposas de distribución restringida o locales en Colombia (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Boletín científico. Museo de Historia Natural. Universidad de Caldas, 6, 153–159.
  68. Salazar, J.A. (2003) Revisión de la lista de algunas especies de mariposas de distribución poco conocida en Colombia (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Shilap Revista de lepidopterología, 31 (124), 317–327.
  69. Salinas-Gutiérrez, J.L., Luis-Martínez, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2004) Papilionoidea of the evergreen tropical forests of Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 58 (3), 125–142.
  70. Schneider, C.A., Rasband, W.S. & Eliceiri, K.W. (2012) NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods, 9, 671–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089
  71. Scudder, S.H. (1875) Historical Sketch of the generic names proposed for butterflies, A contribution to systematic nomenclature. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (2), 91–293. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9688
  72. Scudder, S.H. ([1884]) Nomenclator Zoologicus. An alphabetical list of all generic names that have been employed by naturalists for recent and fossil animals from the earliest times to the close of the year 1879. II. Universal index to genera in Zoology. Complete list of generic names employed in Zoology and Paleontology to the close of the year 1879, as contained in the nomenclators of Agassiz, Marschall, and Scudder, and in the Zoological Record. Bulletin of the United States national Museum, 19 (2), 1–340.
  73. Shorthouse, D.P. (2010) SimpleMappr, an online tool to produce publication-quality point maps. Available from: https://www.simplemappr.net/ (accessed 24 June 2024)
  74. Staudinger, O. (1887) I. Theil. Exotische Tagfalter in systematischer Reihenfolge mit Berücksichtigung neuer Arten. In: Staudinger, O. & Schatz, E. (Eds.), Exotische Schmetterlinge. G. Löwensohn, Fürth, pp. 195–234, pls. 86–95.
  75. Stichel, H. (1902) Aufteilung der Gattung Opsiphanes Westw., Beschreibung neuer Brassoliden und synonymische Notizen. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 46 (4), 487–524.
  76. Stichel, H. (1904) Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, Fam. Nymphalidae, Subfam. Brassolinae. In: Wytsman, P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum, Fascicule XX. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles, pp. 1–48, 5 pls.
  77. Stichel, H. (1908) Brassoliden-Studien. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 52 (3), 160–179.
  78. Stichel, H. (1909) Brassolidae. Das Tierreich, 25, i–xiv + 1–244 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1235
  79. Stichel, H. (1932) n.k. In: Strand, E. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus Pars 51. Brassolidae. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1–115.
  80. Tamura, K. & Nei, M. (1993) Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10 (3), 512–526. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040023
  81. Urich, F.C. & Boos, J.O. (1982) Metamorphosis of Dynastor macrosiris Westw. (Lepidoptera Brassolidae). Living World, 1981–1982, 3–4.
  82. Urich, F.C. & Emmel, T.C. (1991a) Life histories of Neotropical butterflies from Trinidad 4. Dynastor macrosiris (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Brassolinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 2 (2), 141–144.
  83. Urich, F.C. & Emmel, T.C. (1991b) Life histories of Neotropical butterflies from Trinidad 5. Dynastor darius darius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Brassolinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 2 (2), 145–149.
  84. Vaughan, E.R., Teshera, M.S., Kusamba, C., Edmonston, T.R. & Greenbaum, E. (2019) A remarkable example of suspected Batesian mimicry of Gaboon Vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae: Bitis gabonica ) by Congolese Giant Toads (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Sclerophrys channingi ). Journal of Natural History, 53, 1853–1871. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2019.1669730
  85. Westwood, J.O. (1851) n.k. In: Doubleday, E., The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera: comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habits and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus. Vol. 1. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, pp. 327–466, pls. 59, 67.
  86. Young, A.M. & Muyshondt, A. (1975) Studies on the Natural History of Central American Butterflies in the Family Cluster Satyridae‐Brassolidae‐Morphidae (Lepidoptera: Nymphaloidea). III. Opsiphanes tamarindi and Opsiphanes cassina in Costa Rica and El Salvador. Studies on Neotropical Fauna, 10 (1), 19–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650527509360481
  87. Zhang, D., Gao, F., Jakovlić, I., Zou, H., Zhang, J., Li, W.X. & Wang, G.T. (2020) PhyloSuite: An integrated and scalable desktop platform for streamlined molecular sequence data management and evolutionary phylogenetics studies. Molecular Ecology Resources, 20, 348–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13096