Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5511 No. 1: 17 Sept. 2024
Type: Monograph
Published: 2024-09-17
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5511.1.1
Page range: 1-95
Abstract views: 353
PDF downloaded: 23

Chironomidae (Diptera: Insecta) of Alaska, USA, with descriptions of new species and a checklist

Department of Environmental and Life Sciences; Trent University; 1600 West Bank Drive; Peterborough; ON; Canada
5597 New Meadow Drive; Ypsilanti; MI 48197
Alaska Center for Conservation Science; University of Alaska Anchorage; 3211 Providence Drive; Beatrice McDonald Hall; Anchorage; Alaska
16455 Point Lena Loop Rd.; Juneau; AK 99801
Diptera Checklist new species new faunistic records bioregions Nearctic USA

Abstract

The current study results from the collection of Chironomidae, which began in 1994 and continued until the present time in six biogeographical regions of Alaska, USA. We established that 427 species are currently reported from Alaska, adding 154 new faunistic records and six new species. In this study, we described Chaetocladius (Chaetocladius) kimfrangosi sp. nov., Chaetocladius (Chaetocladius) mendenhallensis sp. nov., Chaetocladius (Chaetocladius) tonitrus sp. nov., Corynoneura palus sp. nov., Stilocladius keithsomersi sp. nov., and Paratanytarsus giminilacus sp. nov.. Additionally, we describe the larva of a pupa Roback (1971) thought likely to belong to Krenopelopia narda Roback, 1971, the female of Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) scaturigineus (Makarchenko & Makarchenko, 2014), and the female and pupa of Heleniella parva Sæther, 1985. For the first time, we provided a checklist of Chironomidae with distributional records from Alaska.

 

References

  1. Acton, A.B. (1962) Incipient taxonomic divergence in Chironomus (Diptera). Evolution, 16, 330–337. https://doi.org/10.2307/2406282
  2. Ambient Water Quality Monitoring System (AWQMS) database (2005). State of Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. Available from: https://awqms2.goldsystems.com/Login.aspx (accessed 2 November 2021)
  3. Andersen, T., Cranston, P.S. & Epler, J.H (2013a) The larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic region – Keys and diagnoses. Insect Systematics & Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 1–573.
  4. Andersen, T., Sæther, O.A., Cranston, P.S. & Epler, J.H. (2013b) The larvae of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region-Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P.S. & Epler, J.H. (Eds.), The larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic region – Keys and diagnoses. Insect Systematics & Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 189–385.
  5. Armitage, P.D. (1995) Behaviour and ecology of adults. In: Armitage, P.D., Cranston, P.S. & Pinder, L.C.V. (Eds.), The Chironomidae: Biology and ecology of non-biting midges. Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, pp. 194–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0715-0_9
  6. Arctos (2023) Collaborative Collection Management Solution; 2023. Available from: https://arctos.database.museum/search.cfm (accessed 2 November 2023)
  7. Ashe, P. & O’Connor, J.P. (2009) A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 1. Buchonomyiinae, Chilenomyiinae, Podonominae, Aphroteniinae, Tanypodinae, Usambaromyiinae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae and Telmatogetoninae. Irish Biogeographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 448 pp.
  8. Ashe, P. & O’Connor, J.P. (2012) A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 2. A and B. Orthocladiinae. Irish Biogeographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 968 pp.
  9. Berg, M.B. (1995) Larval food and feeding behaviour. In: Armitage, P.D., Cranston, P.S. & Pinder, L.C.V. (Eds.), The Chironomidae. Biology and ecology of non-biting midges. Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, pp. 136–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0715-0_7
  10. Bilyj, B. (1984) Descriptions of two new species of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from southern Indian Lake, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 41, 659–671. https://doi.org/10.1139/f84-077
  11. Bilyj, B. (1985) New placement of Tanypus pallens Coquillett, 1902 nec Larsia pallens (Coq.) sensu Roback 1971 (Diptera: Chironomidae) and redescription of the holotype. The Canadian Entomologist, 117, 39–42. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent11739-1
  12. Bode, R. W. (1980) Larvae and pupae of Eukiefferiella (Diptera: Chironomidae) found in New York State. Thesis, Cornell University.
  13. Bode, R.W. (1983) Larvae of the North American Eukiefferiella and Tvetenia (Diptera: Chironomidae). New York State Museum Bulletin, 452, 1–40.
  14. Bolton, M.J. & Jacobsen, R.E. (2010) The immature stages of Chasmatonotus unimaculatus Loew (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) with notes on their habitat. In: Ferrington, L.C. Jr. (Ed.), Proceedings of the XV International Symposium on Chironomidae. Chironomidae Research Group, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, pp. 255-261.
  15. Bowser, M.L., Morton, J.M., Hanson, J.D., Magness, D.R. & Okuly, M. (2017) Arthropod and oligochaete assemblages from grasslands of the southern Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Biodiversity Data Journal, 5, e10792. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e10792
  16. Bowser, M.L., Brassfield, R., Dziergowski, A., Eskelin, T., Hester, J., Magness, D.R., McInnis, M., Melvin, T., Morton, J.M. & Stone, J. (2020) Towards conserving natural diversity: A biotic inventory by observations, specimens, DNA barcoding and high-throughput sequencing methods. Biodiversity data journal, 5, e10792.
  17. Brabets, T.P. & Ourso, R.T. (2013) Water Quality of Streams Draining Abandoned and Reclaimed Mined Lands in the Kantishna Hills Area, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, 2008-11. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 71 pp. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135048
  18. Brodersen, K.P. & Lindegaard, C. (1999) Mass occurrence and sporadic distribution of Corynocera ambigua Zetterstedt (Diptera, Chironomidae) in Danish lakes. Neo-and palaeolimnological records. Journal of Paleolimnology, 22, 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008032619776
  19. Brundin, L. (1948) Über die Metamorphose der Sectio Tanytarsariae connectentes (Diptera, Chironomidae). Arkiv för Zoologi, 41 (2), 1–22.
  20. Brundin, L. (1949) Chironomiden und andere Bodentiere der südschwedischen Urgebirgsseen: ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der bodenfaunistischen Charakterzüge schwedischer oligotropher Seen. Report of Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm, 30, 1–915.
  21. Brundin, L. (1956) Zur Systematik der Orthocladiinae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Report of Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm, 37, 5–185.
  22. Butler, M.G. (1980a) The population ecology of some arctic Alaskan Chironomidae (Diptera). Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. [unknown paginatinon]
  23. Butler, M.G. (1980b) Emergence phenologies of some arctic Alaskan Chironomidae. In: Murray, D.E. (Ed.), Chironomidae Ecology, Systematics Cytology and Physiology. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Chironomidae, Dublin, August 1979, pp. 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-025889-8.50048-9
  24. Butler, M.G. (1982a) A 7-year life cycle for two Chironomus species in arctic Alaskan tundra ponds (Diptera: Chironomidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1139/z82-008
  25. Butler, M.G. (1982b) Morphological and phenological delimitation of Chironomus prior sp. n. and C. tardus sp. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae), sibling species from arctic Alaska. Aquatic Insects, 4, 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650428209361108
  26. Butler, M.G. (1982c) Production dynamics of some arctic Chironomus larvae. Limnology and Oceanography, 27, 728–736. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1982.27.4.0728
  27. Butler, M.G. (2000) Tanytarsus aquavolans, spec. nov. and Tanytarsus nearcticus, spec. nov., two surface-swarming midges from arctic tundra ponds (Insecta, Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana, 23, 211–218.
  28. Butler, M.G. & Braegelman, S.D. (2018) Pre-emergence growth and development in the arctic midge Trichotanypus alaskensis Brundin. Journal of Limnology, 77, 266–307. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2018.1836
  29. Butler, M.G., Miller, M.C. & Mozley, S. (1980) Macrobenthos. In: Hobbie, J.E. (Ed.), Limnology of Tundra Ponds: Barrow Alaska. US/IBP Synthesis Series 13. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, pp. 297–339.
  30. Caldwell, B.A. (2007) Morphological variation, additional distribution records, and notes on ecology of Pagastia orthogonia Oliver (Diptera: Chironomidae). In: Ekrem, T. (Ed.), Contributions to the Systematics and Ecology of Aquatic Diptera–A Tribute to Ole A. Saether. The Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 69–72.
  31. Carlson, K.R. (1997) Invertebrate habitat complexity in Southeast Alaskan karst ecosystems. In: Stitt R. R. (Ed). Proceedings of the 1997 karst and cave management symposium and 13th national cave management symposium. Bellingham, Washington and Chilliwack and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, pp. 34–43.
  32. Coquillett, D.W. (1900) Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. IX. Entomological results (3): Diptera. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 2, 389–464.
  33. Coquillett, D.W. (1902) New Diptera from North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 25, 83–126. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.25-1280.83
  34. Cranston, P.S. (1988) Aquatic xylophagous Orthocladiinae-systematics and ecology (Diptera: Chironomidae). Spixiana Supplement, 14, 143–154.
  35. Cranston, P.S. (1999) Nearctic Orthocladius subgenus Eudactylocladius revised (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 71, 272–295.
  36. Cranston, P.S. & Epler, J.H. (2013) The larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region-Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P.S. & Epler, J.H. (Eds.), The larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic region – Keys and diagnoses. Insect Systematics & Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 39–136.
  37. Cranston, P.S. & Judd, D.D. (1987) Metriocnemus (Diptera: Chironomidae): an ecological survey and description of a new species. Journal of New York Entomological Society, 95, 534–546.
  38. Cranston, P.S. & Krosch, M.N. (2015) DNA sequences and austral taxa indicate generic synonymy of Paratrichocladius Santos-Abreu with Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 40, 719–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12130
  39. Cranston, P.S. & Martin, J. (1989) 26. Family Chironomidae. Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanic Region, Bishop Museum Special Publications, 86, 252–274.
  40. Cranston, P.S. & Oliver, D.R. (1988) Additions and corrections to the Nearctic Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Canadian Entomologist, 120, 425–462. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent120425-5
  41. Cranston, P.S. & Sæther, O.A. (1982) A redefinition of Acamptocladius Brundin, 1956 (syn. Phycoidella Sæther, 1971, n. syn.) (Diptera: Chironomidae), with the description of A. reissi n. sp. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 13, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631282X00507
  42. Cranston, P.S., Benigno, G.M. & Dominguez, M.C. (2007) Hydrobaenus saetheri Cranston, new species, an aestivating, winter-emerging chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) from California. In: Andersen, T. (Ed.), Contributions to the systematics and ecology of aquatic Diptera. A tribute to Ole A. Sæther. Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 73–79.
  43. Cranston, P.S., Hardy, N.B., Morse, G.E., Puslednik, L. & McCluen, S.R. (2010) When molecules and morphology concur: the ‘Gondwanan’ midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 35, 636–648. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00531.x
  44. Cuppen, H. & Tempelman, D. (2022) Identification keys for the 4th stage larvae and pupal exuviae of northwest European species of Orthocladius van der Wulp, 1874 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae). Lauterbornia, 88, 83–124.
  45. Danks, H.V. (1971) Overwintering of some north temperate and Arctic Chironomidae: II. Chironomid biology. Canadian Entomologist, 103, 1875–1910. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent1031875-12
  46. Darby, R. (1962) Midges associated with California rice fields, with special reference to their ecology (Diptera: Chironomidae). Hilgardia, 32, 1–206. https://doi.org/10.3733/hilg.v32n01p001
  47. Dettinger-Klemm, P.M.A. (2001) The Metamorphosis of Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) holsatus Goetghebuer, 1937, with the Description of Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) lunzensis sp. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 23, 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1076/aqin.23.1.45.4930
  48. Dinulescu, G. (1932) Sur la biologie d’un Chironomide nouveau, Cardiocladius leoni, Goetghebuer et Dinulescu ordinairement confondu avec la mouche de Golubatz Simulium columbacensis. Diptera, 6, 1–9.
  49. Doughman, J.S. (1983) A Guide to the Larvae of the Nearctic Diamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae): The Genera Boreoheptagyia, Protanypus, Diamesa, and Pseudokieffiefferiella. US Geological Survey. Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4006. US Geological Survey, Doraville, Georgia, 62 pp.
  50. Edwards, F.W., Krüger, F.W.C. & Thienemann, A. (1939) Lapposmittia parvibarba n. sp. Chironomiden aus Lappland. V. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 127, 259–264.
  51. Eiseman, C.S., Namayandeh, A., Linden, J.V. & Palmer, M.W. (2023) Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae. Zootaxa, 5249 (1), 41–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5249.1.3
  52. Ekrem, T. (2007) A taxonomic revision of the genus Stempellinella (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Natural History, 41, 1367–1465. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930701437360
  53. Ekrem, T., Sublette, M.F. & Sublette, J.E. (2003) North American Tanytarsus I. Descriptions and keys to species in the eminulus, gregarius, lugens and mendax species groups (Diptera: Chironomidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 96, 265–328. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0265:NATIDA]2.0.CO;2
  54. Epler, J.H. (2001) Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina. St. Johns River Water Management District Special Publication SJ2001-SP13. St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Florida, 526 pp.
  55. Epler, J.H., Ekrem, T. & Cranston, P.S. (2013) The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera) of the Holarctic region – Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P.S. & Epler, J.H. (Eds.), The larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic region – Keys and diagnoses. Insect Systematics & Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 387–556.
  56. Fasbender, A. (2020) Oropuella, a new genus of Orthocladiinae from the western Nearctic. CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research, 33, 17–30. https://doi.org/10.5324/cjcr.v0i33.3068
  57. Ferrington Jr, L. C. (1984) Evidence for the hyporheic zone as a microhabitat of Krenosmittia spp. larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 2, 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1984.9664613
  58. Ferrington Jr., L.C. (1987) Microhabitat preference of larvae of three Orthocladinae species (Diptera, Chironomidae) in Big Springs, a sandbottom spring in the high plains of western Kansas. Entomologica Scandinavica, 29, 361–368.
  59. Ferrington Jr., L.C. (2008) Global diversity of non-biting midges (Chironomidae; Insecta-Diptera) in freshwater. In: Balian, E.V., Lévêque, C., Segers, H. & Martens, K. (Eds.), Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 447–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_45
  60. Ferrington Jr., L.C. & Saether, O.A. (2011) A revision of the genera Pseudosmittia Edwards, 1932, Allocladius Kieffer, 1913, and Hydrosmittia gen. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa, 2849 (1), 1–314. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2849.1.1
  61. Fittkau, E.J. (1957) Thienemannimyia und Conchapelopia, zwei neue Gattungen innerhalb der Ablabesmyia-costalis-Gruppe (Diptera: Chironomidae). Chironomidenstudien VII. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 53, 313–322.
  62. Fittkau, E.J. & Murray, D.A. (1986) The pupae of Tanypodinae-Keys and diagnoses In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region – Keys and diagnoses, Part 2. Pupae. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 28 pp. 31–113.
  63. Fittkau, E.J. & Reiss, F. (1976) Die Chironomidentypen und ihr Erhaltungszustand in der Sammlung des Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Chironomus, 1, 146–150.
  64. Fu, Y., Fang, X. & Wang, X. (2019) Taxonomy of Corynoneura Winnertz (Diptera: Chironomidae). Academic Press, London, Sandiego, Cambridge and Oxford, 341 pp.
  65. Garrett, C.B.D. (1925) Seventy New Diptera: Key to the Pseudoleria Helomyzidae. Tipulidae, Chiromidae, Dixinae, Orphnephilidae, Mycetophilidae. Courier Print, Cranbrook, 16 pp.
  66. Grodhaus, G. (1976) Two species of Phaenopsectra with drought-resistant larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 405–418.
  67. Grodhaus, G. (1987) Endochironomus Kieffer, Tribelos Townes, Synendotendipes, n. gen., and Endotribelos, n. gen. (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Nearctic region. Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 60, 167–247.
  68. Halvorsen, G.A. & Sæther, O.A. (1987) Redefinition and revision of the genus Tokunagaia Sæther, 1973. Entomologica Scandinavica, 29, 173–188.
  69. Hamerlík, L., Veselská, M., Novikmec, M. & Svitok, M. (2019) Lasiodiamesa (Podonominae, Chironomidae), first record of the genus from Slovakia. CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research, 32, 79–82. https://doi.org/10.5324/cjcr.v0i32.3361
  70. Hansen, D.C. & Cook, E.F. (1976) The systematics and morphology of the Nearctic species of Diamesa Meigen, 1835 (Diptera: Chironomidae). American Entomological Society, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 208 pp.
  71. Harper, P.P. & Cloutier, L. (1986) Spatial structure of the insect community of a small dimictic lake in the Laurentians (Quebec). Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 71, 655–685. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19860710505
  72. Hayford, B.L., Newell, R.L. & Crete, Z.J. (2014) Survey of chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) from the Kuskokwim River watershed in western Alaska. Western North American Naturalist, 74, 208–215. https://doi.org/10.3398/064.074.0206
  73. Hershey, A.E. (1985) Littoral chironomid communities in an arctic Alaskan lake. Ecography, 8, 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1985.tb01150.x
  74. Hirvenoja, M. (1973) Revision der Gattumg Cricotopus van der Wulp und ihrer Verwandten (Diptera, Chironomidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici, 10, 1–363.
  75. Hudson, P.L., Lenat, D.R., Caldwell, B.A. & Smith, D. (1990) Chironomidae of the southeastern United States: a checklist of species and notes on biology, distribution, and habitat. US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., 46 pp.
  76. Inkscape Project (2023) Inkscape. Available from: https://inkscape.org (accessed 22 July 2024)
  77. Ilyashuk, B.P., Ilyashuk, E.A., Makarchenko, E.A. & Heiri, O. (2010) Midges of the genus Pseudodiamesa Goetghebuer (Diptera, Chironomidae): current knowledge and palaeoecological perspective. Journal of Paleolimnology, 44, 667–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-010-9446-0
  78. Jacobsen, R.E. (1998) Taxonomy of the Genus Platysmittia Sæther (Diptera: Chironomidae), with Comments on its Ecology and Phylogenetic Position. Aquatic Insects, 20, 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1076/aqin.20.4.239.4467
  79. Johannsen, O. A. (1926) Diamesa (Psilodiamesa) lurida Garrett. Bulletin of Brooklyn Entomological Society, 21, 205.
  80. Kaufman, D.S., Axford, Y., Anderson, R.S., Lamoureux, S.F., Schindler, D.E., Walker, I.R. & Werner, A.I. (2012) A multi-proxy record of the Last Glacial Maximum and last 14,500 years of paleoenvironmental change at Lone Spruce Pond, southwestern Alaska. Journal of Paleolimnology, 48, 9–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-012-9607-4
  81. Kessel, B. & Gibson, D.D. (1978) Status and distribution of Alaska birds. Studies in Avian Biology, 1, 1–100.
  82. Kiknadze, I.I., Butler, M.G., Aimanova, K.G., Gunderina, L.I. & Cooper, J.K. (1996) Geographic variation in the polytene chromosome pattern of the Holarctic midge Chironomus (Camptochironmus) tentans (Fabricius). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 171–191. https://doi.org/10.1139/z96-022
  83. Kling, G.W., O’Brien, W.J., Miller, M.C. & Hershey, A.E. (1992) The biogeochemistry and zoogeography of lakes and rivers in arctic Alaska. In: O’Brien, W.J. (Ed.), Toolik Lake. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2720-2_1
  84. Klink, A. (1989) The Lower Rhine: Palaeoecological Analysis. In: Petts, G.E., Möller, H. & Roux, A.L. (Eds.), Historical Change of Large Alluvial Rivers: Western Europe. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., UK, Chichester, pp. 183–201.
  85. Lackmann, A.R. & Butler, M.G. (2018) Breaking the rule: Five larval instars in the podonomine midge Trichotanypus alaskensis Brundin from Barrow, Alaska. Journal of Limnology, 77 (S1). [published online] https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2018.1758
  86. Lackmann, A.R., McEwen, D.C. & Butler, M.G. (2020) Evidence of parthenogenetic populations from the Paratanytarsus laccophilus species group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the Alaskan Arctic. CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research, 33, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.5324/cjcr.v0i33.3478
  87. Langton, P.H. & Cranston, P.S. (1991) Pupae in nomenclature and identification: West Palaearctic Orthocladius s.str. (Diptera: Chironomidae) revised. Systematic Entomology, 16, 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1991.tb00686.x
  88. Langton, P.H. & Visser, H. (2003) Chironomidae exuviae: a key to pupal exuviae of the West Palaearctic Region. Expert Center for Taxonomic Identification, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20033093180 (accessed 3 January 2024)
  89. Lehman, J. (1972) Revision der europäischen Arten (Puppen ♂♂ und Imagines ♂♂) der Gattung Eukiefferiella Thienemann (Diptera: Chironomidae). Beitraege zur Entomologie, 22, 347–405.
  90. LeSage, C.M., Merritt, R.W. & Wipfli, M.S. (2005) Headwater riparian invertebrate communities associated with red alder and conifer wood and leaf litter in Southeastern Alaska. Northwest Science, 79, 218–232.
  91. LeSage, L. & Harrison, A.D. (1980) The Biology of Cricotopus (Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) in an Algal-Enriched Stream. I: Normal Biology. Archiv für Hydrobiologie Supplement, 5, 375–418.
  92. Lin, X., Stur, E. & Ekrem, T. (2018) Molecular phylogeny and temporal diversification of Tanytarsus van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) support generic synonymies, a new classification and center of origin. Systematic Entomology, 43, 659–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12292
  93. Lindeberg, B. (1974) Parthenogenetic and normal populations of Abiskomyia virgo Edw. (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologisk Tidskrift Supplement, 95, 157–161.
  94. Lindegaard, C. (1992) Zoobenthos ecology of Thingvallavatn: vertical distribution, abundance, population dynamics and production. Oikos, 64, 257–304. https://doi.org/10.2307/3545055
  95. Liu, W., Ferrington, L.C. & Wang, X. (2016) First record of Odontomesa Pagast from China, with description of the immature stages of O. ferringtoni Sæther (Diptera, Chironomidae, Prodiamesinae). Zootaxa, 4132 (1), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4132.1.12
  96. Livingstone, D.A., Bryan, K. & Leahy, R.G. (1958) Effects of an Arctic Environment on the Origin and Development of Freshwater Lakes1. Limnology and Oceanography, 3, 192–214. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1958.3.2.0192
  97. Lougheed, V.L., Butler, M.G., McEwen, D.C. & Hobbie, J.E. (2011) Changes in tundra pond limnology: Re-sampling Alaskan ponds after 40 years. Ambio, 40, 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0165-1
  98. Mackey, A.P. (1977) Growth and development of larval Chironomidae. Oikos, 28, 270–275. https://doi.org/10.2307/3543981
  99. Madder, M.C.A., Rosenberg, D.M. & Wiens, A.P. (1977) Larval cocoons in Eukiefferiella claripennis (Diptera: Chironomidae). Canadian Entomologist, 109, 891–892. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent109891-6
  100. Makarchenko, E.A. (1983) Arctodiamesa gen.nov. – a new genus of Diamesinae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Proceedings of the 10th Symposium of the Biological Problems of the North. Part 2. Magadan, Russia, p. 264.
  101. Makarchenko, E.A. (2005) A new species of Arctodiamesa Makarchenko (Diptera: Chirono-midae: Diamesinae) from the Russian Far East, with a key to known species of the genus. Zootaxa, 1084 (1), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1084.1.5
  102. Makarchenko, E.A. (2021) Confirmation of a species status of Diamesa leoniella Hansen, 1976, stat. resurr. (Diptera, Chironomidae) from North America. Zootaxa, 4985 (3), 439–442. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4985.3.11
  103. Makarchenko, E.A. & Makarchenko, M.A. (2000) Revision of Pagastia Oliver, 1959 (Diptera, Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region. In: Hoffrichter, O. (Ed.), Late 20th century research on Chironomidae: an anthology from the 13th International Symposium on Chironomidae. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, pp. 171–176.
  104. Makarchenko, E.A. & Makarchenko, M.A. (2003) A new and little-known species of Stilocladius Rossaro, 1979 (Diptera, Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) from the Russian Far East. Euroasian Entomological Journal, 2, 135–140.
  105. Makarchenko, E.A. & Makarchenko, M.A. (2011) Review of the genus Krenosmittia Thienemann et Kruger, 1939 (Diptera, Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) from the Russian Far East and bordering territory. Euroasian Entomological Journal, 10, 495–506.
  106. Makarchenko, E.A. & Makarchenko, M.A. (2014) Paratrichocladius fontinalis sp. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from springs of Amur River basin (Russian Far East). Euroasian Entomological Journal, 13, 280–285.
  107. Makarchenko, E.A. & Makarchenko, M.A. (2015a) A new name for Paratrichocladius fontinalis Makarchenko et Makarchenko, 2014, a secondary homonym of Syncricotopus fontinalis Sæther, 1969 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Far Eastern Entomologist, 287, 23–24.
  108. Makarchenko, E.A. & Makarchenko, M.A. (2015b) Review of the genus Abiskomyia Edwards (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), with description of new taxa from the Russian Far East and bordering territories, Zootaxa, 3919 (1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.2
  109. Makarchenko, E.A. & Semenchenko, A.A. (2023) Morphological redescription and DNA barcoding of Diamesa parancysta Serra-Tosio (Diptera: Chironomidae: Diamesinae). Zootaxa, 5357 (1), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5357.1.8
  110. Makarchenko, E.A., Endo, K., Wu, J. & Wang, X. (2008) A review of Boreoheptagyia Brundin, 1966 (Chironomidae: Diamesinae) from East Asia and bordering territories, with the description of five new species. Zootaxa, 1817 (1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1817.1.1
  111. Makarchenko, E.A., Makarchenko, M.A. & Zorina, O.V. (2011) Checklist of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Russian Far East and Bordering Territories. 2012. Available from: https://www.chironomidae.net/chklists/Checklist%20of%20Far%20Eastern%20Chironomidae.html (accessed 3 January 2024)
  112. Makarchenko, E.A., Semenchenko, A.A. & Palatov, D.M. (2022) Chironomids are commensals of the larvae and pupae of Blephariceridae and Simuliidae from the North Caucasus (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa, 5141 (4), 373–384. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5141.4.5
  113. Malloch, J.R. (1915) Four new North American Diptera. Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington, 28, 45–48.
  114. Malloch, J.R. (1919) The Diptera collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918 (excluding the Tipulidae and Culicidae) Part C. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913–1918, 3, 34–41.
  115. Malloch, J.R. (1923) Insects, arachnids, and chilopods of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Diptera (except Tipulidae, Rhyphidae and Calliphoridae). North American Fauna, 46, 170–227.
  116. Martin, J. (2023) North American Species of the Genus Chironomus as recognized by morphology and larval cytology (includes Chaetolabis, Lobochironomus and Einfeldia (sens. lat.) and species included in Tendipes by Townes (1945) but now placed in other genera). Available from: https://www.chironomidae.net/Martin/NACytfiles/NAChiron.html (accessed 3 January 2024)
  117. Maschwitz, D.E. & Cook, E.F. (2000) Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the subgenera P. (Polypedilum) Kieffer and P. (Uresipedilum) Oyewo and Sæether. Ohio Biological Survey, College of Biological Sciences. Vol. 12. No. 3. Ohio Biological Survey, College of Biological Sciences, Hilliard, Ohio, 135 pp.
  118. Milner, A.M. (1994) Colonization and succession of invertebrate communities in a new stream in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Freshwater Biology, 32, 387–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1994.tb01134.x
  119. Moller Pillot, H.K.M. (2008) Identification and ecology of the genus Smittia Holmgren in the Netherlands (Diptera: Chironomidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 151, 245–270.
  120. Moller Pillot, H.K.M. (2014) Chironomidae Larvae. Vol. 3. Orthocladiinae: Biology and Ecology of the Aquatic Orthocladiinae. KNNV Publishing, Zeist, 314 pp. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004278059
  121. Morley, R.L. & Ring, R.A. (1972a) The Intertidal Chironomidae (Diptera) of British Columbia: I. Keys to Their Life Stages. The Canadian Entomologist, 104, 1093–1098. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent1041093-7
  122. Morley, R.L. & Ring, R.A. (1972b) The Intertidal Chironomidae (Diptera) of British Columbia: II. Life History and Population Dynamics. The Canadian Entomologist, 104, 1099–1121. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent1041099-7
  123. Moore, J.W. (1979) Some factors influencing the distribution, seasonal abundance and feeding of subarctic Chironomidae (Diptera). Archive für Hydrobiologie, 85, 302–325.
  124. Morozova, E.E. (2000) Morphology of Cryptochironomus defectus (Diptera, Chironomidae) female. Entomology Review, 80, 482–484.
  125. Namayandeh, A. & Beresford, D.V. (2019) Chironomidae of Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island: first female description of Chaetocladius (Chaetocladius) glacialis (Lundström, 1915) (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) and new faunistic records from the Nunavut (Canada) and the Nearctic Region. Aquatic Insects, 40, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2018.1523435
  126. Namayandeh, A. & Beresford, D.V. (2021) Review of the genus Doncricotopus (Orthocladiinae: Chironomidae): with the description of a new species from Canada. Journal of Natural History, 55, 1195–1211. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2021.1939186
  127. Namayandeh, A. & Beresford, D.V. (2022) New knowledge on the family Chironomidae (Diptera) from Far Northern Ontario, Canada, with a description of new species and new faunistic records. Aquatic Insects, 43, 213–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2022.2050261
  128. Namayandeh, A., Bilyj, B., Beresford, D.V., Somers, K.M. & Dillon, P.J. (2012) Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae of Precambrian Shield headwater streams, Canada. Zootaxa, 3324 (1), 1–65. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3324.1.1
  129. Namayandeh, A. & Hudson, P.L. (2022) Two new Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) collected in overlooked places of Midwest USA. Zootaxa, 5099 (1), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5099.1.5
  130. Namayandeh, A., Hudson, P.L., Ghaderi, E., Vasquez, A.A. & Ram, J.L. (2023) Alaskacladius gen. nov., (Diptera: Chironomidae), a unique new orthoclad from Alaska. Zootaxa, 5325 (4), 571–581. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5325.4.7
  131. Niitsuma, H. & Watson, C.N. (2009) Bilyjomyia, a new genus of the tribe Macropelopiini from the Holarctic (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 2166 (1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2166.1.5
  132. Nolte, U. (1993) Egg masses of Chironomidae (Diptera). A review including new observations and a preliminary key. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 43, 1–75.
  133. O’Brien, W.J., Bahr, M., Hershey, A.E., Hobbie, J.E., Kipphut, G.W. & Kling, G.W. (1997) The Limnology of Toolik Lake. In: Milner, A.M. & Oswood, M.W. (Eds.), Freshwaters of Alaska. Springer, New York, New York, pp. 61–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0677-4_3
  134. O’Clair, C.E. (1977) Marine invertebrates in rocky intertidal communities. In: Merritt, M.L. & Fuller, R.G., The Environment of Amchitka Island, Alaska. Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, D.C., pp. 395–450.
  135. Oliver, D.R. (1959) Some Diamesini (Chironomidae) from the Nearctic and Palaearctic. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 80, 48–64.
  136. Oliver, D.R. (1976) Chironomidae (Diptera) of Char Lake, Cornwallis Island, NWT, With Descriptions of Two New Species. Canadian Entomologist, 108, 1053–1064. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent1081053-10
  137. Oliver, D.R. (1983) The larvae of Diamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 19, pp. 115–138.
  138. Oliver, D.R. & Dillon, M.E. (1988) Review of Cricotopus (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Nearctic arctic zone with description of two new species. Canadian Entomologist, 120, 463–496. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent120463-5
  139. Oliver, D.R. & Dillon, M.E. (1997) Chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Yukon Arctic North Slope and Herschel Island. In: Downes, J.A. & Danks, H.V. (Eds.), Insects of Yukon. Biological Survey of the Canadian Terrestrial Arthropods, Ottawa, pp. 615–635.
  140. Oliver, D.R., Dillon, M.E. & Cranston, P.S. (1990) A catalog of Nearctic Chironomidae. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1857/B. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, 89 pp.
  141. Oliver, D.R. & Roussel, M.E. (1983) Redescription of Brillia Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with descriptions of Nearctic species. Canadian Entomologist, 115, 257–279. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent115257-3
  142. Parker, C.R. & Voshell Jr., J.R. (1979) Cardiocladius (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae ectoparasitic on pupae of Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera). Environmental Entomology, 8, 808–809.
  143. Parma, S. & Krebs, B.P.M. (1977) The distribution of chironomid larvae in relation to chloride concentration in a brackish water region of the Netherlands (Dipt.) Hydrobiologia, 52, 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02658088
  144. Pinder, L.C.V. (1995) The habitats of chironomid larvae. In: Armitage, P.D., Cranston P.S. & Pinder, L.C.V. (Eds.), The Chironomidae: Biology and ecology of non-biting midges. Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, pp. 107–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0715-0_6
  145. Proulx, I., Martin, J., Carew, M. & Hare, L. (2013) Using various lines of evidence to identify Chironomus species (Diptera: Chironomidae) in eastern Canadian lakes. Zootaxa, 3741 (4), 401–458. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.1
  146. Roback, S.S. (1957) The Immature Tendipedids of the Philadelphia area (Diptera: Tendipedidae). Monographs, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9, 1–152.
  147. Roback, S.S. (1971) Adults of the Subfamily Tanypodinae (Pelopinae) in North America (Diptera: Chironomidae). Monographs, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 17, 1–414.
  148. Roback, S.S. (1977) The immature chironomids of the eastern United States III. Tanypodinae-Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini and Natarsiini. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 129, 151–202.
  149. Roback, S.S. (1980) The immature chironomids of the eastern United States IV. Tanypodinae-Procladiini. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 132, 1–63.
  150. Roback, S.S. (1981) The immature chironomids of the eastern United States V. Pentaneurini-Thienemannimyia group. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 133, 73–128.
  151. Roback, S.S. (1983) Krenopelopia hudsoni: a new species from the eastern United States (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 135, 254–260.
  152. Roback, S.S. (1984) Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Afognak and Kodiak Islands, Alaska. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 136, 12–23.
  153. Roback, S.S. (1985) The immature chironomids of the eastern United States VI. Pentaneurini-genus Ablabesmyia. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 137, 153–212.
  154. Roback, S.S. (1986) Reomyia a new genus of Tanypodinae-Pentaneurini (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana, 9, 283–284.
  155. Roback, S.S. (1987) The immature chironomids of the Eastern United States IX. Pentaneurini: Genus Labrundinia with the description of some Neotropical material. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 139, 159–209.
  156. Rossaro, B. (1979) Stilocladius montanus n. gen., n. sp.: description of a new genus and new species of Orthocladiinae from the Italian Alps (Diptera, Chironomidae). Bollettino-Museo civico di storia naturale di Verona, 5, 347–342.
  157. Rossaro, B. (1984) Stilocladius Rossaro, 1979 reconsidered, with descriptions of the female and larva of S. montanus Rossaro (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 15, 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631284X00145
  158. Rossaro, B., Lencioni, V. & Casalegno, C. (2003) Revision of West Palaearctic species of Orthocladius s. str. van der Wulp, 1874 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), with a new key to species. Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali, Acta Biologica, 79, 213–241.
  159. Rozell, N. (2016) Foam on the water a sign of life and death. Juneau Empire, 10 June 2016. Available from: https://www.juneauempire.com/life/foam-on-the-water-a-sign-of-life-and-death/ (accessed 22 July 2024)
  160. Sæther, O.A. (1970) Chironomids and other invertebrates from north Boulder Creek, Colorado. Series in Biology Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Contribution No. 49. Limnology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 114 pp.
  161. Sæther, O.A. (1971) Four new and unusual Chironomidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist, 103, 1799–1827. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent1031799-12
  162. Sæther, O.A. (1973) Taxonomy and ecology of three new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer, with keys to Nearctic and Palaearctic species of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 30, 665–679. https://doi.org/10.1139/f73-115
  163. Sæther, O.A. (1975) Nearctic and Palaearctic Heterotrissocladius (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 193, 1–67.
  164. Sæther, O.A. (1976) Revision of Hydrobaenus, Trissocladius, Zalutschia, Paratrissocladius, and some related genera (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 195, 1–287.
  165. Sæther, O.A. (1977a) Female genitalia in Chironomidae and other Nematocera: morphology, phylogenies, keys. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 197, 1–220.
  166. Sæther, O.A. (1977b) Taxonomic studies on Chironomidae: Nanocladius, Pseudochironomus, and the Harnischia complex. Bulletin of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 196, 1–287.
  167. Sæther, O.A. (1980) Glossary of chironomid morphology terminology (Diptera, Chiromodiae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 14, 1–51.
  168. Sæther, O. (1981) Doncricotopus bicaudatus n. gen., n. sp. (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) from the Northwest Territories, Canada. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 12, 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631281794709845
  169. Sæther, O.A. (1982) Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from SE USA, with descriptions of Plhudsonia, Unniella and Platysmittia n. genera and Atelopodella n. subgen. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 13, 465–510. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631282X00309
  170. Sæther, O.A. (1985) Heleniella parva sp. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae) from South Carolina and Tennessee, USA. Entomologica Scandinavica, 15, 532–535.
  171. Sæther, O.A. (1986) A review of Odontomesa Pagast, 1947 (Diptera, Chironomidae, Prodiamesinae). In: Fittkau, E.J. (Ed.), Beiträge zur Systematik der Chironomidae, Diptera. Spixiana, Supplement 11, pp. 15–29.
  172. Sæther, O.A. (1989) Metriocnemus van der Wulp: a new species and a revision of species described by Meigen, Zetterstedt, Stæger, Holmgren, Lundström and Strenzke (Diptera: Chironomidae). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 19, 393–430. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631289X00528
  173. Sæther, O.A. (1990) A review of the genus Limnophyes Eaton from the Holarctic and Afrotropical regions (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 35, 1–139.
  174. Sæther, O.A. (1995) Metriocnemus van der Wulp: Seven new species, revision of species, and new records (Diptera: Chironomidae). Annals of Limnology, 31, 35–64. https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/1995002
  175. Sæther, O.A. (2004a) A Review of Orthocladius subgen. Symposiocladius Cranston (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 25, 281–317. https://doi.org/10.1076/aqin.25.4.281.26221
  176. Sæther, O.A. (2004b) Three new species of Orthocladius subgenus Eudactylocladius (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Norway. Zootaxa, 508 (1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.508.1.1
  177. Sæther, O.A. (2005) A new subgenus and new species of Orthocladius van der Wulp, with a phylogenetic evaluation of the validity of the subgenera of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 974 (1), 1–56. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.974.1.1
  178. Sæther, O.A. (2009) Cryptochironomus Kieffer from Lake Winnipeg, Canada, with a review of Nearctic species (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 2208 (1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2208.1.1
  179. Sæther, O.A. & Andersen, T. (2013) The larvae of Diamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic Region-Keys and Diagnosis. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P.S. & Epler, J.H. (Eds.), The larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic region – Keys and diagnoses. Insect Systematics & Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 145–178.
  180. Sæther, O.A. & Halvorsen, G.A. (1981) Diagnoses of Tvetenia Kieff. emend., Dratnalia n. gen., and Eukiefferiella Thien. emend., with a phylogeny of the Cardiocladius group (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 15, 269–285.
  181. Sæther, O.A., Sublette, J.E. (1983) A review of the genera Doithrix n. gen., Georthocladius Strenzke, Parachaetocladius Wülker, and Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplements, 20, 1–100.
  182. Sæther, O.A. & Wang, X. (1995) Revision of the genus Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924 of the world (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 48, 1–69.
  183. Sæther, O.A. & Willassen, E. (1985) The first record of Protanypus pseudomorio Makarchenko (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Nearctic, with a description of the female and a revised key to males of the genus. Aquatic Insects, 7, 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650428509361213
  184. Sæther, O.A. & Willassen, E. (1988) A review of Lappodiamesa Serra Tosio, with the description of L. boltoni spec. nov. from Ohio. Spixiana Supplement, 14, 75–84.
  185. Sæther, O.A., Andersen, T., Pinho, L.C. & Mendes, H.F. (2010) The problems with Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae), with the description of Probolum subgen. n. Zootaxa, 2497 (1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2497.1.1
  186. Säwedal, L. (1982) Taxonomy, morphology, phylogenetic relationships and distribution of Micropsectra Kieffer, 1909 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 13, 371–400. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631282X00228
  187. Saunders, L.G. (1928) Some marine insects of the Pacific coast of Canada. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 21, 521–545. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/21.4.521
  188. Schlee, D. (1968) Vergleichende Merkmalsanalyse zur Morphologie und Phylogenie der Corynoneura-Gruppe (Diptera, Chironomidae). Zugleich eine Allgemeine Morphologie der Chironomiden-Imago. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Stuttgart, 180, 1–150.
  189. Schultz, M.E. & De Santo, T.L. (2006) Comparison of terrestrial invertebrate biomass and richness in young mixed red alder-conifer, young conifer, and old conifer stands of Southeast Alaska. Northwest Science, 80, 120–132.
  190. Shilova, A.I. & Shobanov, N.A. (1996) Katalog khironomid roda Chironomus Meigen 1803 (Diptera, Chironomidae) Rossii i byvshikh respublik SSSR. (Catalogue of chironomids of the genus Chironomus Meigen 1803 (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Russia and the former USSR republics. In: Shobanov, N.A. & Zinchenko, T.D. (Eds.), Ekologiya, evolyutsiya i sistematika khironomid. Volzh. Basseina, Tol’yatti, Inst. Biol. vnutr. Vod, Borok, pp. 28–43.
  191. Serra-Tosio, B. (1968) Taxonomie phylogénétique des Diamesini: les genres Potthastia Kieffer, Sympotthastia Pagast, Parapotthastia ng et Lappodiamesa ng (Diptera, Chironomidae). Travaux du Laboratoire d’Hydrobiologie et de Pisciculture de l’Université de Grenoble, 59, 117–164.
  192. Serra-Tosio, B. (1989) Écologie et biogéographie des Boreoheptagyia (Diptera, Chironomidae, Diamesinae). In: Dévai, Gy. (Ed.), Advances in Chironomidology. Faunistics, population dynamics, ecology, production and community structure. Proceeding of the 10th International Symposium of Chironomidae, Debrecen. Pt. 2. Acta Biologica Debrecina Supplementum Oecologica Hungarica, 3, pp. 289–294.
  193. Sikes, D.S., Bogan, D., Bickford, C., Slowik, J. & Peek, S. (2016) Non-marine invertebrates of the St. Matthew Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska. Newsletter of the Alaska Entomological Society, 9, 11–20.
  194. Sikes, D.S., Bowser, M., Morton, J.M., Bickford, C., Meierotto, S. & Hildebrandt, K. (2017) Building a DNA barcode library of Alaska’s non-marine arthropods. In: Hausmann, A. (Ed.), Genome, 60, pp. 248–259. https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0203
  195. Silva, F.L. & Ekrem, T. (2016) Phylogenetic relationships of nonbiting midges in the subfamily Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) inferred from morphology. Systematic Entomology 41, 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12141
  196. Singh, M.P. & Harrison, A.D. (1984) The chironomid community (Diptera: Chironomidae) in a Southern Ontario stream and the annual emergence patterns of common species. Archiv für Hydrobiologi, 99, 221–253.
  197. Smith, G. (2006) Appendix 3. Species list of aquatic macroinvertebrates found in the Indian River basin, Baranof Island, Sitka, Alaska List compiled by Geoffrey Smith, Biologist, Sitka National Historical Park Collection Period April 4, 2002 through July 22, 2005. In: Eckert, G., Hood, E., Talus, C. & Nagorski, S. (Eds.), Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions at Sitka National Historical Park, Alaska. Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR-2006/347. Pacific Northwest Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit, National Park Service, Department of Interior, Washington, Fort Collins, Denver, pp. 73–75.
  198. Sommerman, K.M. & Simmet, R.P. (1965) Car-top insect trap with terminal cage in auto. Mosquito News, 2, 172–182.
  199. Soponis, A.R. (1977) A revision of the Nearctic species of Orthocladius (Orthocladius) van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae). The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 109, 1–187.
  200. Soponis, A.R. (1990) A Revision of the Holarctic Species of Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) (Diptera: Chironomidae). Spixiana Supplement, 13, 1–56. https://doi.org/10.4039/entm109102fv
  201. Strenzke, K. (1950) Systematik, Morphologie und Ökologie der terrestrischen Chironomiden. Archiv für Hydrobiologie Supplement, 18, 207–414, pls. V–VI.
  202. Stur, E. & Spies, M. (2011) Description of Chaetocladius longivirgatus sp. n., with a review of C. suecicus (Kieffer) (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 2762 (1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2762.1.3
  203. Stur, E. & Ekrem, T. (2015) A review of Norwegian Gymnometriocnemus (Diptera, Chironomidae) including the description of two new species and a new name for Gymnometriocnemus volitans (Goetghebuer) sensu Brundin. ZooKeys, 508, 127–142. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.508.9874
  204. Stur, E., da Silva, F.L. & Ekrem, T. (2019) Back from the past: DNA barcodes and morphology support Ablabesmyia americana Fittkau as a valid species (Diptera: Chironomidae). Diversity 11, 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11090173
  205. Tarkowska-Kukuryk, M. & Mieczan, T. (2014) Distribution and environmental determinants of chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) in Sphagnum microhabitats. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 23, 483–490.
  206. Thienemann, A. (1926) Hydrobiologische Untersuchungen an den kalten Quellen und Bächen der Halbinsel Jasmund auf Rügen. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 17, 221–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.192619260102
  207. Thienemann, A. (1936) Chironomiden—Metamorphosen. XI. Die Gattung Eukiefferiella. Mit Beschreibung neuer Arten durch M. Goetghebuer. Gent. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 97, 43–65.
  208. Thompson, F.C. & Epler, J.H. (2009) Diptera (flies) of Attu: the first assessment of the entomofauna of the last place on earth. Studia dipterologica, 15, 267–275.
  209. Tilley, L.J. (1978) Some larvae of Diamesinae and Podonominae, Chironomidae from the Brooks Range, Alaska, with provisional key (Diptera). Pan Pacific Entomologist, 5, 241–260.
  210. Tilley, L.J. (1979) Some larvae of Orthocladiinae, Chironomidae from Brooks Range, Alaska with provisional key (Diptera). Pan Pacific Entomologist, 55, 127–146.
  211. Tokeshi, M. (1986) Population dynamics, life histories and species richness in an epiphytic chironomid community. Freshwater Biology, 16, 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1986.tb00985.x
  212. Tokeshi, M. (1995) Life cycles and population dynamics. In: Armitage, P.D., Cranston, P.S. & Pinder, L.C.V. (Eds.), The Chironomidae: Biology and ecology of non-biting midges. Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, pp. 225–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0715-0_10
  213. Townes, H.K. (1945) The Nearctic species of Tendipedini [Diptera, Tendipedidae (= Chironomidae)]. The American Midland Naturalist, 34, 1–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/2421112
  214. Tucker, T.R., Hudson, P.L. & Riley, S.C. (2016) Observations of cocooned Hydrobaenus (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae in Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 42, 1129–1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2016.07.013
  215. Tuxen, S.L. (1944) The hot springs, their animal communities and their zoogeographical significance. The Zoology of Iceland Part 11. Ejnar Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 216 pp.
  216. USGS (2024) National Water Information System. USGS Surface-Water Data for Alaska. Available from: https://waterdata.usgs.gov/ak/nwis/sw (accessed 3 January 2024)
  217. Vallenduuk, H.J. & Moller Pillot, H.K.M. (2007) Chironomidae Larvae. Vol. 1. Tanypodinae: General Ecology and Tanypodinae. Knnv Publishing, Zeist, 214 pp. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004278035
  218. Walker, I.R., Oliver, D.R. & Dillon, M.E. (1992) The larva and habitat of Parakiefferiella nigra Brundin (Diptera: Chironomidae). Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 26, 527–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02255286
  219. Walker, L.R., Sikes, D.S., Degange, A.R., Jewett, S.C., Michaelson, G., Talbot, S.L., Talbot, S.S., Wang, B. & Williams, J.C. (2013) Biological legacies: direct early ecosystem recovery and food web reorganization after a volcanic eruption in Alaska. Ecoscience, 20, 240–251. https://doi.org/10.2980/20-3-3603
  220. Wang, X. (1998) Description of a new species of Stilocladius from China (Diptera, Chironomidae). Studia dipterological, Bd 5, 81–83.
  221. Wang, Q., Kong, F. & Wang, X. (2012) Chaetocladius Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) in China. Entomologica Fennica, 23, 42–48. https://doi.org/10.33338/ef.84563
  222. Wang, X.H., Liu, Z. & Epler, J.H. (2004) New species of Bryophaenocladius Thienemann from the Nearctic Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa, 581 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.581.1
  223. Watson, C.N. (1999) Description of the larva of Apsectrotanypus algens (Coquillett) with a review of the generic placement of the species (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 241–246.
  224. Watson, D.G., Hanson, W.C., Davis, J.J. & Cushing, C.E. (1966) Limnology of tundra ponds and Ogotoruk Creek In: Wilimovsky, N.J. & Wolfe, J.N. (Eds.), Environment of the Cape Thompson Region, Alaska. PNE-481. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C., pp. 415–435.
  225. Webb, J.M., Cole, M.B. & Simmons, T. (2022) DNA barcoding takes bioassessment further: new distribution records for aquatic macroinvertebrates from Alaskan National Parks. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 124, 131–149. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.124.1.131
  226. Willassen, E. (1985) A review of Diamesa davisi Edwards and davisi group. Spixiana Supplement, 11, 109–137.
  227. Wirth, W.W. & Sublette, J.E. (1970) A review of the Podonominae of North America with descriptions of three new species of Trichotanypus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological society, 43, 335–354.
  228. Zavřel, J. (1939) Chironomidarum Larvae et Nymphae II.: (Genus Eukiefferiella Th.). Mor. přírodovědecká společnost. Práce Moravské Přírodovědecké, 11, 1–29.