Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5559 No. 1: 24 Dec. 2024
Type: Monograph
Published: 2024-12-24
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5559.1.1
Page range: 1-63
Abstract views: 108
PDF downloaded: 9

Catalogue of the Family Panorpidae (Mecoptera) in Canada, México and the United States

Canadian National Collection of Insects; Arachnids & Nematodes; Neatby Bldg.; C.E.F.; 960 Carling Ave.; Ottawa; ON; Canada K1A 0C6
Mecoptera Scorpionflies North America Nearctic

Abstract

Panorpa is the sole genus of the family Panorpidae (Mecoptera) occurring in North America. Here is presented a new catalogue that updates the list of Panorpa species present in Canada, México and the United States, last summarized by Penny and Byers (1979) and Penny (1997) and, for México, by Byers (2011) and Contreras-Ramos et al. (2014). In 1979 there were 46 species listed, but since then identifications of new species and new synonymies have brought the total count to 91 species. This catalogue provides for each species its valid name, complete bibliography, type specimen depository, type locality, distribution by province/state, and a synonymy of names applied.

 

References

  1. Adams, J.R., Whitcomb, R.F., Tully, J.G., Clark, E.A., Henegar, R.B. & Williamson, D.L. (1997) Spiroplasma alleghenense sp. nov., a new species from the scorpion fly Panorpa helena (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 47 (3), 759–762. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-47-3-759
  2. Aranguren, A.M. (1987) A Review of the Order Mecoptera in Canada. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Department of Entomology, Macdonald College, McGill University Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, 242 pp.
  3. Atchley, W.R. & Jackson, R.C. (1970) Cytological observations on spermatogenesis in four species of Mecoptera. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 12, 264–272. https://doi.org/10.1139/g70-039
  4. Banks, N. (1892) A synopsis, catalogue, and bibliography of the neuropteroid insects of temperate North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 19, 327–373, plus erratum.
  5. Banks, N. (1895) New Neuropteroid insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 22, 313–316.
  6. Banks, N. (1900) New genera and species of Nearctic Neuropteroid insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 26, 239–309.
  7. Banks, N. (1904) Notes and News. Entomological News, 15, 171–172.
  8. Banks, N. (1905) Descriptions of new species of Neuropterous insects from the Black Mountains, NC. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 21, 215–218.
  9. Banks, N. (1906) Three new species of Neuroptera. Psyche, 13 (4), 98–100. https://doi.org/10.1155/1906/584520
  10. Banks, N. (1907) Catalogue of the neuropteroid insects (except Odonata) of the United States. American Entomological Society, p. 33. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.32399
  11. Banks, N. (1908) A list of neuropteroid insects from North Carolina. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 9, 149–156.
  12. Banks, N. (1911) Descriptions of new species of North American Neuropteroid insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 37, 335–360.
  13. Banks, N. (1913) Synopses and descriptions of exotic Neuroptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 39 (3&4), 201–234.
  14. Banks, N. (1918) Descriptions of new species of Neuropterous insects from the Black Mountains, NC. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoolögy. 62, 1–22.
  15. Barnes, J.W. (1956) Notes on Minnesota Mecoptera. Entomological News, 67 (7), 191–192.
  16. Bicha, W. (1983) A new species of scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) from North Carolina. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 85 (1), 152–155.
  17. Bicha, W. (2006) New scorpionflies (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) from Jalisco, Michoacán, and Oaxaca, Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 108 (1), 24–34.
  18. Bicha, W., Schiff, N., Lancaster, A. & Scheffler, B. (2015) A nearly cryptic scorpionfly, Panorpa cryptica n. sp. (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) from North America. Zootaxa, 3973 (3), 591–600. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3973.3.12
  19. Bicha, W.J. (2018) Biodiversity of Mecoptera. In: Footit, R.G. & P.H. Adler (Eds). Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume 2, First Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Oxford, UK, pp. 705–720. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945582.ch23
  20. Bicha, W. & Schiff, N. (2019) A new species of scorpionfly from the Bluegrass region of Kentucky (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Entomological News, 128 (4), 356–364. https://doi.org/10.3157/021.128.0408
  21. Bicha, W., Chui, Y., Nakamura, T. & Almquist, D. (2020) Unusual scorpionfly collection techniques. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 122 (4), 1001–1004. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.122.4.1001
  22. Boese, A.E. (1973) Descriptions of larvae and key to fourth instars of North American Panorpa (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 50 (4), 163–186.
  23. Britton, W.E. (1920) Check-list of the Insects of Connecticut. State Geological and Natural History Survey, Bulletin No. 31, 7–363. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48679
  24. Brodie, W. & White, J.E. (1883) Checklist of Insects of the Dominion of Canada. Compiled by the Natural History Society of Toronto. Printed by C. Blackett Robinson, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 77 pp.
  25. Byers, G.W. (1954) Notes on North American Mecoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 47, 484–510. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/47.3.484
  26. Byers, G.W. (1958) Descriptions and distributional records of American Mecoptera. Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 31 (3), 213–222.
  27. Byers, G.W. (1962a) Type specimens of Nearctic Mecoptera in European museums, including descriptions of new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55, 466–476. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/55.4.466
  28. Byers, G.W. (1962b) Descriptions and distributional records of American Mecoptera. II. Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 35 (3), 299–307.
  29. Byers, G.W. (1963) The life history of Panorpa nuptialis (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 56, 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/56.2.142
  30. Byers, G.W. (1969) Ecological and Geographical Relationships of Southern Appalachian Mecoptera (Insecta). In Holt, P.C. (Ed.). The Distributional History of the Biota of the Southern Appalachians, Part I: Invertebrates. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Research Division Monograph 1. pp. 265–276.
  31. Byers, G.W. (1973) Descriptions and distributional records of American Mecoptera. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 46 (3), 362–375.
  32. Byers, G.W. (1974) Synonymy in North American Panorpidae (Mecoptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 74 (1), 22–25.
  33. Byers, G.W. (1988) Geographic affinities of the North American Mecoptera. The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 144, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.4039/entm120144025-1
  34. Byers, G.W. (1993) Autumnal Mecoptera of Southeastern United States. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55 (2), 57–90. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.773
  35. Byers, G.W. (1996) Descriptions and distributional records of American Mecoptera. IV. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55 (14), 519–547. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.782
  36. Byers, G.W. (1997) Four puzzling new species of Mecoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 99 (4), 681–692.
  37. Byers, G.W. (2000) Four new Mecoptera from Mexico. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 73 (2), 77–83.
  38. Byers, G.W. (2001) New Mexican Mecoptera. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 74 (2), 92–200.
  39. Byers, G.W. (2002) A new Appalachian scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 75 (3), 185–187.
  40. Byers, G.W. (2011) Additions to the Mecoptera of Mexico. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 84 (1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES080923.1
  41. Byers, G.W. (2013) Two new species of Panorpa (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) from Mexico. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 86 (1), 84–88. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES120809.1
  42. Byers, G.W. & Covell, C.V., Jr. (1981) An annotated checklist of the scorpionflies (Mecoptera) of Kentucky. Entomological News, 92 (5), 196–198.
  43. Carpenter, F.M. (1931) Revision of the Nearctic Mecoptera. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, 71 (6), 205–277, 8 plates.
  44. Carpenter, F.M. (1932) Additional notes on Nearctic Mecoptera. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 27, 149–151.
  45. Carpenter, F.M. (1935) New Nearctic Mecoptera, with notes on other species. Psyche, 42, 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1155/1935/29562
  46. Carpenter, F.M. (1936) Descriptions and Records of Nearctic Mecoptera. Psyche, 43, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1155/1936/26817
  47. Carpenter, F.M. (1939) Records and notes of Nearctic Mecoptera and Raphidiodea. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 34, 162–166.
  48. Cheung, D.K.B., Marshall, S.A. & Webb, D.W. (2006) Mecoptera of Ontario. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 1, 1–13.
  49. Chou L., Lee, T.Y., Tsai,Y.M. & Kuo, C.H. (2019) Complete genome sequence of Spiroplasma alleghenense PLHS-1T (ATCC 51752), a bacterium isolated from scorpion fly (Panorpa helena). Microbiology Resource Announcements, 8, 17–19. https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00317-19
  50. Cole, A.C. & Gillespie, D.S. (1950) Mecoptera records from Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 25 (1), 84–85.
  51. Contreras-Ramos, A., Sarmiento-Cordero, M.A. & Penny, N.D. (2014) Biodiversidad de Mecoptera en México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, Suplemento, 85, S339–S344. https://doi.org/10.7550/rmb.35747
  52. Curtis, J. (1838) British Entomology: Being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 15, Published by the author, London, pls. 674–721.
  53. Enderlein, G. (1910) Über die Phylogenie und Klassifikation der Mecopteren unter Berücksichtigung der fossilen Formen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 35, 385–399.
  54. Engelhardt, G.P. (1915) Mecaptera of the Eastern United States. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 10 (5), 106–112.
  55. Esben-Petersen, P. (1915) A synonymic list of the Order Mecoptera. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 10, 216–242.
  56. Esben-Petersen, P. (1921) Mecoptera. Monographic revision. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. De Selys Longchamps. Catalogue Systématique et Descriptif, 5, 1–172.
  57. Evans, A.V. & Flint, O.S., Jr. (2009) The mourning scorpionfly, Panorpa lugubris, in Virginia (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Banisteria, 33, 58–60.
  58. Fabricius, J.C. (1793) Entomologia Systematica Emendata et Aucta. Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species. Tom. 2 Hafniae (=Copenhagen) Proft. viii + 519 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.125869
  59. Felt, E.P. (1895) The Scorpion-flies. Tenth Report of the State Entomologist on the injurious and other insects of the State of New York. State of New York, 68, 463–473.
  60. Flint, O.S., Jr. (2013) Notes on some Panorpa from northeastern North America with the description of Panorpa insolens (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 126 (2), 120–136. https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X-126.2.120
  61. Flint, O.S., Jr., Byers, G.W. & Bicha, W.J. (2020) Scorpionflies, Hangingflies and Allies of Virginia (Insecta: Mecoptera). The Insects of Virginia, Number 16. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, Virginia. 43 pp.
  62. Frost, S.W. & Brown, J.P. (1955) A preliminary study of Pennsylvania Mecoptera. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 63, 53–58.
  63. Gassner, G. III. (1963) Notes on the biology and immature stages of Panorpa nupitalis (sic) Gerstaecker (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). The Texas Journal of Science, 15 (2), 143–154.
  64. Gassner, G., Breland, O.P. & Biesele, J.J. (1972) The Spermatozoa of the Scorpionfly Panorpa nuptialis: A Transmission Electron Microscope Study. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65 (6), 1302–1309. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/65.6.1302
  65. Garza-Sánchez, J., Coronado-Blanco, J.M., Ruíz-Cancino, E., Cervantes-Castro, R.D. & Garza-Torres, H.A. (2019) Géneros de Mecoptera (Insecta) en la zona árida y semiárida de Tamaulipas, México. Entomología mexicana, 6, 626–632.
  66. Gerstaecker, A. (1863) Ueber einige neue Planipennien aus den Familien der Hemerobiiden und Panorpiden. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 24, 168–188.
  67. Gray, G. (1832) The Class Insecta. The Animal Kingdom, 15, 323–324, 14, Plate 105, fig 2.
  68. Griffiths, J.W. (1995) A Faunal Study of the Mecoptera (Insecta) of Rocky Branch Nature Preserve, Clark County, Illinois. Masters Thesis 2297. Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, 70 pp. Available from: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/2297 (accessed December 4, 2023).
  69. Gurney, A.B. (1937) A new species of Panorpa from Utah, with notes on other Nearctic species (Mecoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 39 (8), 22–27.
  70. Gurney, A.B. (1938) Synonymy in the genus Panorpa (Mecoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 40 (2), 52.
  71. Hagen, H. (1861) Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America with a list of the South American species. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution, 1861. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 1862 Vol 4, 1–347. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22092
  72. Handfield, L. & Handfield, D. (2020) The curious, and incorrect, case of “St. Martin’s Falls”, a type locality for many insect species described by Francis Walker. Zootaxa, 4786 (3), 437–443. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4786.3.10
  73. Hepburn, H.R. (1969) The skeleton-muscular system of Mecoptera: The head. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 47 (17), 721–765.
  74. Hepburn, H.R. (1970) The skeleton-muscular system of Mecoptera: The thorax. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 4 (21), 801–844.
  75. Hine, J.S. (1901) A review of the Panorpidae of North America. Bulletin of the scientific laboratories of Denison University, Ohio, 11 (10), 240–264, 24 figures.
  76. Hu, G., Yan, G., Xu, H. & Hua, B.Z. (2015) Molecular phylogeny of Panorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 85, 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.01.009
  77. Jones, J.R. (2010) Intraspecific variation in a scorpionfly newly recorded from Texas and the state of taxonomy of North American Panorpidae (Mecoptera). Psyche, 2010 (1), 152981, 5 pp. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/152981
  78. Keller, O. & Somma, L.A. (2023) An annotated catalog of the type material of Mecoptera deposited in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods in Gainesville, Florida, USA. Zootaxa, 5352 (3), 399–410. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5352.3.4
  79. Keiper, J.B. & Ivanov, K. (2020) Field Observations of Scorpionflies (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) and Signal Flies (Diptera: Platystomatidae) at Animal Carcasses. Entomological News, 129 (3), 301–306. https://doi.org/10.3157/021.129.0308
  80. Klug, F. (1836) [1838] Versuch einer systematischen Feststellung der Insecten-Familie: Panorpatae und Auseinandersetzung ihrer Gattungen und Arten. Koniglichen Akademie Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Aus dem Jahre 1836. Gedruckt in der Druckerei der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1838. pp 81–108, 1 pl.
  81. Leach, W.E. (1815) The zoological miscellany; being descriptions of new, or interesting animals. Vol. 2. Printed by B. McMillan, Bow-Street, London, 154 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.41372
  82. Lindgren, K., Bucheli, S.R., Archambeault, D. & Bytheway, J.A. (2020) Three unique insect-cadaver interactions in the Pineywoods ecoregion of Texas. Conference: Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting 2010. [Unpaginated abstract, not formally published].
  83. Lindgren, N.K., Sisson, M.S., Archambeault, A.D., Rahlwes, B.C., Willett, J.R. & Bucheli, S.R. (2015) Four Forensic Entomology Case Studies: Records and Behavioral Observations on Seldom Reported Cadaver Fauna With Notes on Relevant Previous Occurrences and Ecology. Journal of Medical Entomology, 52 (2), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tju023
  84. Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum caracteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Edition 10, Vol. 1. L. Salvii, Holmiae [=Stockholm]. 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
  85. Magnier, B.R. & Montgomery, G. (2017) Novel wing-flashing behavior in a Scorpionfly (Panorpa debilis) may be competitive. Journal of Insect Behavior, 30 (3), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-017-9613-5
  86. Mampe, C.D. & Neunzig, H.H. (1965) Larval descriptions of two species of Panorpa (Mecoptera: Panorpidae), with notes on their biology. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 58 (6), 843–849. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/58.6.843
  87. Manwaring, K.F., Whiting, M.F., Wilcox, E. & Bybee, S.M. (2016) A study of common scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) visual systems reveals the expression of a single opsin. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution, 16, 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0241-7
  88. McCabe, T.L. & Johnson, L.M. (1980) Catalogue of the types in the New York State Museum insect collection. Bulletin Number 434. New York State Museum. The University of the State of New York, Albany, New York, USA, 38 pp.
  89. Miao, Y., Wang, J.S. & Hua, B.Z. (2019) Molecular phylogeny of the scorpionflies Panorpidae. (Insecta: Mecoptera) and chromosomal evolution. Cladistics, 35, 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12357
  90. Miller, D.G., Sandberg, J. & Mabry, J. (2014) Interception of an eastern North American scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) captured in California. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 90 (2), 107–109. https://doi.org/10.3956/2014-90.2.107
  91. Misof, B., Erpenbeck, D. & Sauer, K.P. (2000) Mitochondrial gene fragments suggest paraphyly of the genus Panorpa (Mecoptera, Panorpidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17 (1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2000.0817
  92. Missoweit, M. & Sauer, K.P. (2007) Not all Panorpa (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) scorpionfly mating systems are characterized by resource defence polygyny. Animal Behaviour, 74, 1207–1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.10.028
  93. Navás, L. (1912) Une Panorpide nouvelle de la faune russe Neuroptera). Revue Russe d’Entomologie, 12 (2), 356–357.
  94. Ning, L., Hu, G.L. & Hua, B.Z. (2019) Complete mitochondrial genomes of Bittacus strigosus and Panorpa debilis and genomic comparisons of Mecoptera. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 140, 672–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.152
  95. Otanes, F.Q. (1922) Head and mouthparts of Mecoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 15, 310–323, 61 figures. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/15.4.310
  96. Packard, A.S. (1889) On the occurrence of organs probably of taste in the epipharynx of the Mecaptera (Panorpa and Boreus). Psyche, 5, 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1155/1889/82953
  97. Penny, N.D. & Byers, G.W. (1979) A Check-List of Mecoptera of the World. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 365–388. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921979092365
  98. Penny, N.D. (1997) World checklist of extant Mecoptera species: Panorpa. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20051128095201/http://www.calacademy.org/research/entomology/Entomology_Resources/mecoptera/panorpa.htm (accessed 1 January 2024)
  99. Pettit, J. (1874) List of Neuroptera collected by J. Pettit, Grimsby, Ont. The Canadian Entomologist, 6 (1), 45. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent645-3
  100. Pothier, G. (1997) Les Mécoptères du Québec. Bulletin de l’entomofaune, 19, 1–2.
  101. Provancher, m. l’Abbé. (1877) Faune Canadienne. Les Insectes. Néuroptères, 9 (7), 209–217.
  102. Radermacher, J.C.M. (1825) Register der Geslagten van de drie ryken der natuur, Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Eerste Deel). Ter Lands Drukkerij, The Batvia, 248 pp + XXVII pp.
  103. Rambur, J.P. (1842) Histoire Naturelles des Insectes. Néuroptères. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret. Paris, xvii + 534 pp., 12 pls.
  104. Reeves, W.K. & Robinson, M.A. (1999) Type Specimens in the Clemson University Arthropod Collection. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 125 (4), 459–466.
  105. Robison, H.W., Byers, G.W. & Carlton, C.A. (1997) Annotated checklist of the Mecoptera (Scorpionflies) of Arkansas. Entomological News, 108 (4), 313–317.
  106. Sherman, F.S., Jr. (1908) The Panorpidae (Scorpion-flies) of North Carolina with Notes on the Species. Entomological News, 19 (2), 50–54.
  107. Smith, J.B. (1900) Insects of New Jersey; a list of the species occurring in New Jersey, with notes on those of economic importance. Supplement to the Twenty-seventh Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 1899. State of New Jersey, Treton, pp. 59–60.
  108. Smith, R.C. (1934) Notes on the Neuroptera and Mecoptera of Kansas, with Keys for the Identification of Species. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 7 (4), 120–145.
  109. Snodgrass, R.E. (1927) Morphology and Mechanism of the Insect Thorax. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, 80 (1), 1–208.
  110. Snodgrass, R.E. (1935) Principles of Insect Morphology. McGraw- Hill Book Company, Inc., London, 667 pp.
  111. Somma, L.A. (2010) A State Record for the Oconee Scorpionfly, Panorpa oconee Byers (Mecoptera: Panorpidae), in Florida. Insecta Mundi, 0135, 1–4.
  112. Somma, L.A. (2011) The correct publication date for Mecopteran insects (Choristidae, Bittacidae and Panorpidae) described by John Obadiah Westwood, resurrecting Panorpa confusa Westwood, 1841, the confused scorpionfly. Zootaxa, 3121, 61–65. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3121.1.2
  113. Somma, L.A. (2012) The dates of Westwood’s Mecoptera (Insecta) publications reexamined and further corrected. Zootaxa, 3332, 67–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3332.1.5
  114. Somma, L.A. & Dunford, J.C. (2008) Preliminary Checklist of the Mecoptera of Florida: Earwigflies, Hangingflies, and Scorpionflies. Insecta Mundi, 567. [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/567]
  115. Somma, L.A. & Dunford, J.C. (2009a) The Florida Scorpionfly, Panorpa floridana Byers (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Entomology Circulars, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, 1. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomolcirc/1
  116. Somma, L.A. & Dunford, J.C. (2009b) Records for Bittacus Hangingflies and Panorpa Scorpionflies (Mecoptera: Bittacidae and Panorpidae) in Florida. Insecta Mundi, 0084, 1–5.
  117. Somma, L.A. & Dunford, J.C. (2012) Florida scorpionfly, Panorpa floridana Byers (Insecta: Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Publication # EENY-538. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension, University of Florida; Gainesville,4 pp. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-in949-2012
  118. Somma, L.A., Creswell, S. & Dunford, J.C. (2013) Rediscovery of the Florida Scorpionfly, Panorpa floridana Byers (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Insecta Mundi, 00303, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.7934/P879
  119. Stark, B.P., Lago, P.K., Harrison, A.B. & Smith, W.E. (2016) A Preliminary Annotated Checklist of Mississippi Mecoptera (Insecta). Insecta Mundi, 0469, 1–15.
  120. Swederus, N.S. (1787) Fortsättning af Beskrisningen pa 50 nya species af Insecter. Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar, 8, 278–279.
  121. Thornhill, R. (1979) Male Pair-Formation Pheromones in Panorpa Scorpionflies (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Environmental Entomology, 8, 886–888. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/8.5.886
  122. Thornhill, R. (1980a) Competition and coexistence among Panorpa scorpionflies (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Ecological Monographs, 50 (2), 179–197. https://doi.org/10.2307/1942478
  123. Thornhill, R. (1980b) Rape in Panorpa Scorpionflies and a general rape hypothesis. Animal Behavior, 28, 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80007-8
  124. Thornhill, R. (1981) Panorpa (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) Scorpionflies: Systems for understanding resource-defense polygyny and alternative male reproductive efforts. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 12, 355–386. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.12.110181.002035
  125. Thornhill, A.R. & Johnson, J.B. (1974) The Mecoptera of Michigan. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 7 (2), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1203
  126. Turton, W. MD. (1802) A General System of Nature, through the three Grand Kingdoms of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species and varieties with their Habitations, Manners, Economy, Structure, and Peculiarities. Translated from Gamelin’s last edition of the celebrated Systema Naturae, by Sir Charles Linné, amended and enlarged by the improvements and discoveries of later naturalists and societies, by William Turton, MD. Vol. III.. Lackington, Allen, and Co., London, 784 pp.
  127. Walker, F. (1852) Catalogue of the specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the collection of the British museum. Part I. (Phryganides-Perlides). Printed by Order of the Trustees. London, 192 pp.
  128. Wang, J.S. & Hua, B.Z. (2021) Morphological phylogeny of Panorpidae (Mecoptera: Panorpoidea). Systemic Entomology, 46, 526–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12474
  129. Webb, D.W. (1974) New species of Panorpa (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Entomological News, 85 (5 & 6), 171–173.
  130. Webb, D.W. (1980) Primary Insect Types in the Illinois Natural History Survey Collection, exclusive of the Collembola and Thysanoptera. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, 32 (2), 55–137. https://doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v32.142
  131. Webb, D.W., Penny, N.D. & Marlin, J.C. (1975) The Mecoptera, or Scorpionflies, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, 31, 251–316. https://doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v31.151
  132. Westwood, J.O. (1841) Monograph of the genus Panorpa, with descriptions of some species belonging to other genera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 4, 184–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1846.tb01352.x
  133. Whiting, M.F. (2002) Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera. Zoologica Scripta, 31, 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x